Download or read book The Arctic Aeromedical Laboratory s Thyroid Function Study written by Committee on Evaluation of 1950s Air Force Human Health Testing in Alaska Using Radioactive Iodine-131 and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 1996-02-09 with total page 117 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: During the 1950s, with the Cold War looming, military planners sought to know more about how to keep fighting forces fit and capable in the harsh Alaskan environment. In 1956 and 1957, the U.S. Air Force's former Arctic Aeromedical Laboratory conducted a study of the role of the thyroid in human acclimatization to cold. To measure thyroid function under various conditions, the researchers administered a radioactive medical trace, Iodine-131, to Alaska Natives and white military personnel; based on the study results, the researchers determined that the thyroid did not play a significant role in human acclimatization to cold. When this study of thyroid function was revisited at a 1993 conference on the Cold War legacy in the Arctic, serious questions were raised about the appropriateness of the activity--whether it posed risks to the people involved and whether the research had been conducted within the bounds of accepted guidelines for research using human participants. In particular, there was concern over the relatively large proportion of Alaska Natives used as subjects and whether they understood the nature of the study. This book evaluates the research in detail, looking at both the possible health effects of Iodine-131 administration in humans and the ethics of human subjects research. This book presents conclusions and recommendations and is a significant addition to the nation's current reevaluation of human radiation experiments conducted during the Cold War.
Download or read book The Arctic Aeromedical Laboratory s Thyroid Function Study written by Committee on Evaluation of 1950s Air Force Human Health Testing in Alaska Using Radioactive Iodine-131 and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 1996-01-30 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: During the 1950s, with the Cold War looming, military planners sought to know more about how to keep fighting forces fit and capable in the harsh Alaskan environment. In 1956 and 1957, the U.S. Air Force's former Arctic Aeromedical Laboratory conducted a study of the role of the thyroid in human acclimatization to cold. To measure thyroid function under various conditions, the researchers administered a radioactive medical trace, Iodine-131, to Alaska Natives and white military personnel; based on the study results, the researchers determined that the thyroid did not play a significant role in human acclimatization to cold. When this study of thyroid function was revisited at a 1993 conference on the Cold War legacy in the Arctic, serious questions were raised about the appropriateness of the activity--whether it posed risks to the people involved and whether the research had been conducted within the bounds of accepted guidelines for research using human participants. In particular, there was concern over the relatively large proportion of Alaska Natives used as subjects and whether they understood the nature of the study. This book evaluates the research in detail, looking at both the possible health effects of Iodine-131 administration in humans and the ethics of human subjects research. This book presents conclusions and recommendations and is a significant addition to the nation's current reevaluation of human radiation experiments conducted during the Cold War.
Download or read book The Arctic Aeromedical Laboratory s Thyroid Function Study written by and published by . This book was released on 1996 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book U S Government s Treatment of Alaska Native Research Subjects in a Thyroid Function Study Involving the Administration of Radioactive Iodine 131 written by Birch, Horton, Bittner, and Cherot and published by . This book was released on 1997 with total page 138 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Research Concerning the Influence of Acute Exposure to Cold on the Thyroid Function written by A. M.. Ermans and published by . This book was released on 1966 with total page 33 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The quantitative aspects of iodine metabolism were evaluated in normal healthy human subjects by means of a tracing method and long-term iodine balance studies. The behavior of the specific activities of hormonal iodine in the intra- and extra-thyroidal compartments cannot be explained on the basis of a relationship of precursor to product when the thyroidal compartments are considered as a whole. On the contrary, experimental findings fit with such a relationship if one considers the fraction of the thyroid compartment which is mobilized by exogenous TSH. A kinetic model of iodine metabolism taking account of such a functional heterogeneity was studied by means of digital and analog computers. One interesting aspect of this heterogeneity is the very high specific activity of the organic iodine released by TSH, when TSH is given a short time after the administration of radioiodine. This approach appears to be a very sensitive method for the detection of any TSH-like effect on the thyroid gland. This property has been used for the estimation of the influence of an acute exposure to cold on the thyroid function of eight volunteers. Twenty-four hours after the administration of I-125 the volunteers were kept for two hours at 4 C.A marked increase of the levels of PBI-125 was observed four hours after the end of cold exposure; plasma PBI-127 was also increased but to a lesser extent; the validity of these findings was checked by a parallel experiment at normal temperature. (Author).
Download or read book Thyroid Function in Exercised Rats written by Merva Cottle and published by . This book was released on 1960 with total page 1 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The possibility that the increased metabolic rate produced by exercise (running on a revolving drum) and exercise superimposed upon long-term cold exposure (5 C) results in a consequent increased thyroid secretion rate of rats as indicated by biologic decays has been investigated. Two levels of exercise were used 1-2 hours per day and 4-6 hours per day. Both these levels of activity depressed caloric intake and weight gain but appeared to be insufficient to bring about increased energy output. Initiation of exercise did not bring about significant changes in the biologic decay rates. After exercise of longer duration the biologic half-times tended to be decreased but the difference was not significant at the 5% level from that for the unexercised rats. A relationship between food intake and the biologic decay rates was observed. Rats which ate less due to the limitations imposed by the feeding regime had longer biologic halftimes of I131 than those rats which had a greater caloric intake. (Author).
Download or read book The response of the thyroid gland to a low environmental temperature as studied with radioiodine written by H. G. Schachner and published by . This book was released on 1949 with total page 24 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Limited studies by this laboratory of basal metabolic rates of men exposed to cold in an Arctic environment did not reveal any demonstrable change in energy metabolism. In order to determine the effects of varying amounts of cold exposure on thyroid function, studies were carried out on rats using the uptake of radioiodine as a measure of the functional activity of the gland. Male rats were exposed to 4 + or - 0.5 C for periods of from 2 hours through 60 days. A diminished amount of radioiodine was found to be present in the experimental animals at exposure intervals under 6 hours. The amount present at about 6 hours was the same as for the controls and increased after 12 to 24 hours. The increased uptake was most pronounced at 7 to 9 days and gradually returned to control values by 40 days.
Download or read book Thyroid Activity in Men Exposed to Cold written by Kåre Rodahl and published by . This book was released on 1957 with total page 84 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Frontier Science written by Matthew S. Wiseman and published by University of Toronto Press. This book was released on 2024-03-26 with total page 276 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Between 1945 and 1970, Canada’s Department of National Defence sponsored scientific research into the myriad challenges of military operations in cold regions. To understand and overcome the impediments of the country’s cold climate, scientists studied cold-weather acclimatization, hypothermia, frostbite, and psychological morale for soldiers assigned to active duty in northern Canada. Frontier Science investigates the history of military science in northern Canada during this period of the Cold War, highlighting the consequences of government-funded research for humans and nature alike. The book reveals how under the guise of “environmental protection” research, the Canadian military sprayed pesticides to clear bushed areas, used radioactive substances to investigate vector-borne diseases, pursued race-based theories of cold tolerance, and enabled wide-ranging tests of newly developed weapons and equipment. In arguing that military research in northern Canada was a product of the Cold War, Matthew S. Wiseman tackles questions of government power, scientific authority, and medical and environmental research ethics. Based on a long and deep pursuit of declassified records, archival sources, and oral testimony, Frontier Science is a fascinating new history of military approaches to the human-nature relationship.
Download or read book Environmental Histories of the Cold War written by J. R. McNeill and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2010-04-30 with total page 377 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Explores the links between the Cold War and the global environment, ranging from the environmental impacts of nuclear weapons to the political repercussions of environmentalism.
Download or read book Building Public Trust written by DIANE Publishing Company and published by DIANE Publishing. This book was released on 1997-08 with total page 100 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This report is divided into three sections: (1) "openness in government", describes steps the Administration has taken to make government records of human radiation experiments readily available to the public; (2) "protecting future human subjects", sets forth the Administration's actions to strengthen the protection of human subjects; (3) "righting past wrongs", summarizes the Administration's efforts to notify the public and individuals about past human radiation experiments and bring justice to those affected by the government's mistakes. This report presents those actions that are completed or underway.
Download or read book eHealth Solutions for Healthcare Disparities written by Michael Christopher Gibbons and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2007-09-08 with total page 182 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Paralleling emerging trends in cyber-health technology, concerns are mounting about racial and ethnic disparities in health care utilization and outcomes. This book brings these themes together, challenging readers to use, promote, and develop new technology-based methods for closing these gaps. Edited by a leading urban health advocate and featuring 16 expert contributors, the book examines cyber-strategies with the greatest potential toward effective, equitable care, improved service delivery and better health outcomes for all. The rise of e-Patients and the transformation of the doctor-patient relationship are also discussed.
Download or read book The Penn Center Guide to Bioethics written by Vardit Ravitsky, PhD and published by Springer Publishing Company. This book was released on 2009-04-16 with total page 857 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Named an Outstanding Academic Title for 2009 byChoice! "[A] set of almost 70 essays, all well informed and many with attitude." Harold Shapiro, PhD Professor Emeritus and Professor of Economics and Public Affairs Princeton University, Former Chair, National Bioethics Advisory Board "This most noteworthy and authoritative collection of 67 essays...represents 'the Penn way of doing bioethics' ....The Penn Center is widely known for multidisciplinary scholarship that emphasizes empirical inquiry on bioethical issues coupled with practical application(s)....The book provides excellent coverage of...both classical topics (e.g., informed consent, infertility, eugenics) and emerging issues (e.g., cloning, nonprofessional caregiving, privacy of thought in the age of brain imaging). The contributors, including the three editors, are either well-established or emerging scholars. Each essay offers historical background, an overview of relevant issues, a conclusion, and a list of references....Summing Up: Highly recommended."--Choice: Current Reviews for Academic Libraries "This well-written book addresses a wide-ranging assortment of traditional bioethics issues that persist in the field as well as contemporary bioethics concerns that have evolved with new technologies and medical advances. This is a great resource for scholars in bioethics as well as various other relevant disciplines concerned with bioethical issues." Score: 96, 4 stars--Doody's Medical Reviews The Center for Bioethics at the University of Pennsylvania is the internationally recognized leader in bioethical education and research. Its interdisciplinary faculty is drawn from the fields of medicine, law, nursing, education, philosophy, psychology, and religious studies. Arthur L. Caplan, the Center's founding director, is recognized as one of the most influential experts in bioethics. He has authored numerous books and articles, and served as the Chair of the Advisory Committee to the United Nations on human cloning. The Penn Center's leading fellows, Autumn Fiester and Vardit Ravitsky, have combined their expertise with Dr. Caplan and over 80 other contributors to create The Penn Center Guide to Bioethics--the foremost authority on both traditional and cutting-edge bioethical issues. The Penn Guide navigates uncharted ethical terrains, undoubtedly shaping both academic and public discourses on the challenging controversies generated by new technologies, theories, and medical advances. This volume represents the Penn Center's distinct, pioneering approach to bioethics, one that emphasizes empirical treatment of bioethical issues, and the integration of bioethical scholarship with practical application. Learn what the Penn Center has to say about: Neuroethics and brain imaging: Is my mind mine? Choosing future people: reproductive technologies and identity Eugenics and survival of the fittest in the modern world Bioethics and national security Vaccination, abortion, nanotechnology, organ transplantation, end-of-life issues, and more The Penn Guide will be the definitive text for policy makers, health practitioners, researchers, and students. This book will also inform the general public, patients, and family members as they seek answers to the bioethical issues of the day.
Download or read book Rethinking Clinical Trials and Redefining Responsibility for Research Participants written by Ike Iyioke and published by Ethics International Press. This book was released on 2023-11-25 with total page 261 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This is a new treatment of clinical research ethics in an African context, and an indispensable resource for researchers, students, policy makers and research institutions interested in African research ethics. In re-appraising the African philosophical notion of selfhood, it argues for the need to re-conceptualize responsibility in clinical trials, pushing researchers to go beyond autonomy-based considerations based on the individual only, and to develop clinical trials that appropriately embed research subjects within their community and their environment. The African standpoint stresses communalism and communitarianism. As such, responsibility for, and by, the individual can only make sense through the community in which the individual is rooted. The book emphasizes the African viewpoint by making explicit the importance of the self in the re-contextualized arena of the community. It forces research ethicists to go beyond autonomy-based considerations for the individual only, and to appropriately embed research subjects within their community and their environment.
Download or read book Human Radiation Experiments written by DIANE Publishing Company and published by DIANE Publishing. This book was released on 1998-04 with total page 437 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Examines progress that the U.S. government has made to identify and catalog the many radiation experiments carried out in the U.S. involving human subjects and to establish an effective set of policies and procedures to protect citizens from dangerous and unethical research practices. Presents testimony from representatives from the Republic of the Marshall Islands, the State of Alaska, the Task Force on Radiation and Human Rights, Concerned Relatives of Cancer Study Patients, the National Institute of Health (Office for Protection from Research Risks), the Dept. of Energy, the General Accounting Office, and the Dept. of Defense.
Download or read book Human Radiation Experiments written by United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on Governmental Affairs and published by . This book was released on 1996 with total page 438 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book The Plutonium Files written by Eileen Welsome and published by Delta. This book was released on 2010-10-20 with total page 724 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: When the vast wartime factories of the Manhattan Project began producing plutonium in quantities never before seen on earth, scientists working on the top-secret bomb-building program grew apprehensive. Fearful that plutonium might cause a cancer epidemic among workers and desperate to learn more about what it could do to the human body, the Manhattan Project's medical doctors embarked upon an experiment in which eighteen unsuspecting patients in hospital wards throughout the country were secretly injected with the cancer-causing substance. Most of these patients would go to their graves without ever knowing what had been done to them. Now, in The Plutonium Files, Pulitzer Prize-winning reporter Eileen Welsome reveals for the first time the breadth of the extraordinary fifty-year cover-up surrounding the plutonium injections, as well as the deceitful nature of thousands of other experiments conducted on American citizens in the postwar years. Welsome's remarkable investigation spans the 1930s to the 1990s and draws upon hundreds of newly declassified documents and other primary sources to disclose this shadowy chapter in American history. She gives a voice to such innocents as Helen Hutchison, a young woman who entered a prenatal clinic in Nashville for a routine checkup and was instead given a radioactive "cocktail" to drink; Gordon Shattuck, one of several boys at a state school for the developmentally disabled in Massachusetts who was fed radioactive oatmeal for breakfast; and Maude Jacobs, a Cincinnati woman suffering from cancer and subjected to an experimental radiation treatment designed to help military planners learn how to win a nuclear war. Welsome also tells the stories of the scientists themselves, many of whom learned the ways of secrecy on the Manhattan Project. Among them are Stafford Warren, a grand figure whose bravado masked a cunning intelligence; Joseph Hamilton, who felt he was immune to the dangers of radiation only to suffer later from a fatal leukemia; and physician Louis Hempelmann, one of the most enthusiastic supporters of the plan to inject humans with potentially carcinogenic doses of plutonium. Hidden discussions of fifty years past are reconstructed here, wherein trusted government officials debated the ethical and legal implications of the experiments, demolishing forever the argument that these studies took place in a less enlightened era. Powered by her groundbreaking reportage and singular narrative gifts, Eileen Welsome has created a work of profound humanity as well as major historical significance. From the Hardcover edition.
