Download or read book Telecommunications Relay Services and Speech To Speech Services for Individuals with Hearing and Speech Disabilities E911 Requirements Us Federal Communications Commission Regulation Fcc 2018 Edition written by The Law The Law Library and published by Createspace Independent Publishing Platform. This book was released on 2018-10-15 with total page 24 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Telecommunications Relay Services and Speech-to-Speech Services for Individuals With Hearing and Speech Disabilities - E911 Requirements (US Federal Communications Commission Regulation) (FCC) (2018 Edition) The Law Library presents the complete text of the Telecommunications Relay Services and Speech-to-Speech Services for Individuals With Hearing and Speech Disabilities - E911 Requirements (US Federal Communications Commission Regulation) (FCC) (2018 Edition). Updated as of May 29, 2018 In this document, the Commission adopts emergency call handling requirements for Internet-based telecommunications relay service (TRS) providers. These measures will ensure that persons using Internet-based forms of TRS, i.e., Video Relay Service (VRS), Internet Protocol (IP) Relay, and IP captioned telephone relay service (IP CTS), can promptly access emergency services, pending adoption of a solution that will permit Internet-based TRS providers to immediately and automatically place the outbound leg of an emergency call to an appropriate public safety answering point (PSAP), designated statewide default answering point, or appropriate local emergency authority. This book contains: - The complete text of the Telecommunications Relay Services and Speech-to-Speech Services for Individuals With Hearing and Speech Disabilities - E911 Requirements (US Federal Communications Commission Regulation) (FCC) (2018 Edition) - A table of contents with the page number of each section
Download or read book Telecommunications Relay Services Speech To Speech Services E911 Requirements for Ip Enabled Service Providers Us Federal Communications Commission Regulation Fcc 2018 Edition written by The Law The Law Library and published by Createspace Independent Publishing Platform. This book was released on 2018-10-15 with total page 40 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Telecommunications Relay Services, Speech-to-Speech Services, E911 Requirements for IP-Enabled Service Providers (US Federal Communications Commission Regulation) (FCC) (2018 Edition) The Law Library presents the complete text of the Telecommunications Relay Services, Speech-to-Speech Services, E911 Requirements for IP-Enabled Service Providers (US Federal Communications Commission Regulation) (FCC) (2018 Edition). Updated as of May 29, 2018 The Commission addressed several issues relating to the Commission's Internet-based TRS Order, which adopted a system to assign users of Internet-based Telecommunications Relay Service (TRS), specifically Video Relay Service (VRS) and Internet-Protocol (IP) Relay, ten-digit numbers linked to the North American Numbering Plan (NANP). This book contains: - The complete text of the Telecommunications Relay Services, Speech-to-Speech Services, E911 Requirements for IP-Enabled Service Providers (US Federal Communications Commission Regulation) (FCC) (2018 Edition) - A table of contents with the page number of each section
Download or read book Telecommunications Relay Services and Speech To Speech Services for Individuals with Hearing and Speech Disabilities Us Federal Communications Commission Regulation Fcc 2018 Edition written by The Law The Law Library and published by Createspace Independent Publishing Platform. This book was released on 2018-10-15 with total page 28 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Telecommunications Relay Services and Speech-to-Speech Services for Individuals With Hearing and Speech Disabilities (US Federal Communications Commission Regulation) (FCC) (2018 Edition) The Law Library presents the complete text of the Telecommunications Relay Services and Speech-to-Speech Services for Individuals With Hearing and Speech Disabilities (US Federal Communications Commission Regulation) (FCC) (2018 Edition). Updated as of May 29, 2018 In this document, the Commission concludes that its current rules regarding eligibility criteria for compensation from the Interstate Telecommunications Relay Services (TRS) Fund do not reflect advances in the way that TRS is offered, particularly with respect to the two Internet-based forms of TRS, Video Relay Service (VRS) and Internet-Protocol (IP) Relay. Therefore, the Commission amends its rules to permit common carriers desiring to offer VRS and IP Relay service and receive compensation from the Interstate TRS Fund (Fund) to seek certification from the Commission. In doing so, the Commission largely adopts the proposal set forth in the Second Improved TRS Order's NPRM. Through this action, the certification procedure will permit common carriers desiring to offer only VRS and/or IP Relay, and not the other forms of TRS, to receive compensation from the Fund without having to meet one of the existing three eligibility criteria set forth in the Commission's rules. Also in this document, the Commission addresses a related issue raised in Hands On Video Relay Services, Inc.'s (Hands On) petition for reconsideration of the 2004 TRS Report and Order, which challenges the Commission's dismissal of Hands On application for certification as a VRS provider eligible for compensation from the Fund. Because the Commission adopts a new eligibility rule that permits Hands On to seek certification as a VRS provider eligible for compensation from the Fund without being part of a certified state TRS, the Commission concludes this issue is moot. Also, in this document, the Commission seeks approval from the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) for any Paperwork Reduction Act (PRA) burdens contained in this document that will modify OMB Control No. 3060-1047. The revised PRA burdens are related to new rules permitting common carriers seeking to offer VRS or IP Relay service, that are not part of a certified state program or have not contracted with an entity that is, to qualify for compensation from the Fund through a Commission-level certification process. This book contains: - The complete text of the Telecommunications Relay Services and Speech-to-Speech Services for Individuals With Hearing and Speech Disabilities (US Federal Communications Commission Regulation) (FCC) (2018 Edition) - A table of contents with the page number of each section
Download or read book Structure and Practices of the Video Relay Service Program Telecommunications Relay Services and Speech To Speech Services for Individuals Us Federal Communications Commission Regulation Fcc 2018 Edition written by The Law The Law Library and published by Createspace Independent Publishing Platform. This book was released on 2018-10-15 with total page 82 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Structure and Practices of the Video Relay Service Program - Telecommunications Relay Services and Speech-to-Speech Services for Individuals (US Federal Communications Commission Regulation) (FCC) (2018 Edition) The Law Library presents the complete text of the Structure and Practices of the Video Relay Service Program - Telecommunications Relay Services and Speech-to-Speech Services for Individuals (US Federal Communications Commission Regulation) (FCC) (2018 Edition). Updated as of May 29, 2018 In this document, the Commission adopts further measures to improve the structure, efficiency, and quality of the video relay service (VRS) program, reducing the inefficiencies in the program, as well as reducing the risk of waste, fraud, and abuse, and ensuring that the program makes full use of advances in commercially-available technology. These measures involve a fundamental restructuring of the program to support innovation and competition, drive down ratepayer and provider costs, eliminate incentives for waste that have burdened the Telecommunications Relay Services (TRS) Fund in the past, and further protect consumers. The Commission adopts several measures in order to: ensure that VRS users can easily select their provider of choice by promoting the development of interoperability and portability standards; enable consumers to use off-the-shelf devices and deploying a VRS application to work with these devices; create a centralized TRS User Registration Database to ensure VRS user eligibility; encourage competition and innovation in VRS call handling services; spur research and development on VRS services by entering into a Memorandum of Understanding with the National Science Foundation; and pilot a National Outreach Program to educate the general public about relay services. In this document, the Commission also adopts new VRS compensation rates that move these rates toward actual costs over the next four years which will better approximate the actual, reasonable costs of providing VRS, and will reduce the costs of operating the program. The Commission takes these steps to ensure the integrity of the TRS Fund while providing stability and certainty to providers. This book contains: - The complete text of the Structure and Practices of the Video Relay Service Program - Telecommunications Relay Services and Speech-to-Speech Services for Individuals (US Federal Communications Commission Regulation) (FCC) (2018 Edition) - A table of contents with the page number of each section
Download or read book Misuse of Internet Protocol Ip Captioned Telephone Service Telecommunications Relay Services and Speech To Speech Services for Individuals Us Federal Communications Commission Regulation Fcc 2018 Edition written by The Law The Law Library and published by Createspace Independent Publishing Platform. This book was released on 2018-10-14 with total page 24 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Misuse of Internet Protocol (IP) Captioned Telephone Service - Telecommunications Relay Services and Speech-to-Speech Services for Individuals (US Federal Communications Commission Regulation) (FCC) (2018 Edition) The Law Library presents the complete text of the Misuse of Internet Protocol (IP) Captioned Telephone Service - Telecommunications Relay Services and Speech-to-Speech Services for Individuals (US Federal Communications Commission Regulation) (FCC) (2018 Edition). Updated as of May 29, 2018 In this document, the Commission adopts interim rules prohibiting all referrals for rewards programs (as described in the synopsis below) and any other form of direct or indirect inducements, financial or otherwise, to subscribe to or use, or encourage subscription to or use of, Internet Protocol Captioned Telephone Service (IP CTS); requiring each IP CTS provider, as a precondition to providing service to new IP CTS users, to register each new IP CTS user, to obtain from the user, as part of the registration process, self-certification that the user has a hearing loss that necessitates IP CTS to communicate in a manner that is functionally equivalent to communication by conventional voice telephone users, and where the consumer accepts IP CTS equipment at a price below $75 from any source other than a governmental program, to also obtain from the user a certification from an independent, third party professional attesting to the same; and requiring IP CTS providers to ensure that equipment and software used in conjunction with their service have a default setting of captions off at the beginning of each call, so that the consumer must take an affirmative step to turn on the captions each time the consumer wishes to use IP CTS. The Commission's action is intended to address certain practices related to the provision and marketing of IP CTS that appear to be contributing to a recent and dramatic spike in reimbursement requests to the Interstate Telecommunications Relay Service Fund (TRS Fund or Fund), of sufficient magnitude to constitute a serious threat to the Fund if not promptly and decisively addressed. This book contains: - The complete text of the Misuse of Internet Protocol (IP) Captioned Telephone Service - Telecommunications Relay Services and Speech-to-Speech Services for Individuals (US Federal Communications Commission Regulation) (FCC) (2018 Edition) - A table of contents with the page number of each section
Download or read book Relay Services for Deaf Blind Individuals Us Federal Communications Commission Regulation Fcc 2018 Edition written by The Law The Law Library and published by Createspace Independent Publishing Platform. This book was released on 2018-10-15 with total page 32 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Relay Services for Deaf-Blind Individuals (US Federal Communications Commission Regulation) (FCC) (2018 Edition) The Law Library presents the complete text of the Relay Services for Deaf-Blind Individuals (US Federal Communications Commission Regulation) (FCC) (2018 Edition). Updated as of May 29, 2018 In this document, the Commission adopts rules to establish the National Deaf-Blind Equipment Distribution Program (NDBEDP) pilot program in accordance with the Twenty-First Century Communications and Video Accessibility Act of 2010 (CVAA). The CVAA adds a new section to the Communications Act of 1934, as amended (the Act). This new section of the Act requires the Commission to establish rules that define as eligible for support those programs approved by the Commission for the distribution of specialized customer premises equipment (CPE) to low-income individuals who are deaf-blind. For these purposes, this new section of the Act authorizes $10 million annually from the Interstate Telecommunications Relay Service (TRS) Fund. The equipment distributed under the NDBEDP pilot program will make telecommunications service, Internet access service, and advanced communications, including interexchange services and advanced telecommunications and information services, accessible to individuals who are deaf-blind. This book contains: - The complete text of the Relay Services for Deaf-Blind Individuals (US Federal Communications Commission Regulation) (FCC) (2018 Edition) - A table of contents with the page number of each section
Download or read book Telecommunications Relay Services Misuse of Internet Protocol Captioned Telephone Service Us Federal Communications Commission Regulation Fcc 2018 Edition written by The Law The Law Library and published by Createspace Independent Publishing Platform. This book was released on 2018-10-15 with total page 32 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Telecommunications Relay Services - Misuse of Internet Protocol Captioned Telephone Service (US Federal Communications Commission Regulation) (FCC) (2018 Edition) The Law Library presents the complete text of the Telecommunications Relay Services - Misuse of Internet Protocol Captioned Telephone Service (US Federal Communications Commission Regulation) (FCC) (2018 Edition). Updated as of May 29, 2018 In this document, the Commission adopts permanent rules addressing marketing, labeling, registration and default equipment-setting requirements for internet protocol captioned telephone relay service (IP CTS). This action is necessary to ensure that persons with hearing disabilities have access to telecommunications relay services (TRS) that address their needs in an efficient manner, in furtherance of the objectives of section 225 of the Communications Act of 1934, as amended (Act), to provide relay services enabling communication that is functionally equivalent to conventional telephone voice services, while at the same time protecting the TRS Fund for all forms of TRS. This book contains: - The complete text of the Telecommunications Relay Services - Misuse of Internet Protocol Captioned Telephone Service (US Federal Communications Commission Regulation) (FCC) (2018 Edition) - A table of contents with the page number of each section
Download or read book Relay Services for Deaf Blind Individuals Implementation of the Twenty First Century Communications and Video Accessibility Act of 2010 Us Federal Communications Commission Regulation Fcc 2018 Edition written by The Law The Law Library and published by Createspace Independent Publishing Platform. This book was released on 2018-10-15 with total page 72 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Relay Services for Deaf-Blind Individuals - Implementation of the Twenty-First Century Communications and Video Accessibility Act of 2010 (US Federal Communications Commission Regulation) (FCC) (2018 Edition) The Law Library presents the complete text of the Relay Services for Deaf-Blind Individuals - Implementation of the Twenty-First Century Communications and Video Accessibility Act of 2010 (US Federal Communications Commission Regulation) (FCC) (2018 Edition). Updated as of May 29, 2018 In this document, the Federal Communications Commission (Commission) adopts rules to convert the National Deaf-Blind Equipment Distribution Program (NDBEDP) from a pilot program to a permanent program. The NDBEDP supports the distribution of communications devices to low-income individuals who are deaf-blind. This book contains: - The complete text of the Relay Services for Deaf-Blind Individuals - Implementation of the Twenty-First Century Communications and Video Accessibility Act of 2010 (US Federal Communications Commission Regulation) (FCC) (2018 Edition) - A table of contents with the page number of each section
Download or read book In the Matter of Telecommunication Services for Individuals with Hearing and Speech Disabilities written by United States. Federal Communications Commission and published by . This book was released on 1991 with total page 31 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Implementation of the Net 911 Improvement ACT 2008 Us Federal Communications Commission Regulation Fcc 2018 Edition written by The Law The Law Library and published by Createspace Independent Publishing Platform. This book was released on 2018-10-08 with total page 30 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Implementation of the Net 911 Improvement Act (2008) (US Federal Communications Commission Regulation) (FCC) (2018 Edition) The Law Library presents the complete text of the Implementation of the Net 911 Improvement Act (2008) (US Federal Communications Commission Regulation) (FCC) (2018 Edition). Updated as of May 29, 2018 The Federal Communications Commission (Commission) has adopted rules implementing certain key provisions of the New and Emerging Technologies 911 Improvement Act of 2008 (NET 911 Act), which was enacted on July 23, 2008. Congress directed the Commission to issue rules implementing certain key provisions of the NET 911 Act no later than October 21, 2008. In particular, to effectuate the statutory requirement that providers of interconnected voice over Internet Protocol (interconnected VoIP) service provide 911 and enhanced 911 (E911) service in full compliance with the Commission's rules, Congress mandated that the Commission issue regulations in this time frame that, among other things, ensure that interconnected VoIP providers have access to any and all capabilities they need to satisfy that requirement. This book contains: - The complete text of the Implementation of the Net 911 Improvement Act (2008) (US Federal Communications Commission Regulation) (FCC) (2018 Edition) - A table of contents with the page number of each section
Download or read book Communications Assistance for Law Enforcement ACT and Broadband Access and Services Us Federal Communications Commission Regulation Fcc 2018 Edition written by The Law The Law Library and published by Createspace Independent Publishing Platform. This book was released on 2018-10-06 with total page 32 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Communications Assistance for Law Enforcement Act and Broadband Access and Services (US Federal Communications Commission Regulation) (FCC) (2018 Edition) The Law Library presents the complete text of the Communications Assistance for Law Enforcement Act and Broadband Access and Services (US Federal Communications Commission Regulation) (FCC) (2018 Edition). Updated as of May 29, 2018 In this document, the Federal Communications Commission (Commission) adopts a rule establishing that providers of facilities-based broadband Internet access services and providers of interconnected voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) services-meaning VoIP service that allows a user generally to receive calls originating from and to terminate calls to the public switched telephone network (PSTN)-must comply with the Communications Assistance for Law Enforcement Act (CALEA). This new rule will enhance public safety and ensure that the surveillance needs of law enforcement agencies continue to be met as Internet-based communications technologies proliferate. This book contains: - The complete text of the Communications Assistance for Law Enforcement Act and Broadband Access and Services (US Federal Communications Commission Regulation) (FCC) (2018 Edition) - A table of contents with the page number of each section
Download or read book Wireless E911 Location Accuracy Requirements Us Federal Communications Commission Regulation Fcc 2018 Edition written by The Law The Law Library and published by Createspace Independent Publishing Platform. This book was released on 2018-10-16 with total page 28 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Wireless E911 Location Accuracy Requirements (US Federal Communications Commission Regulation) (FCC) (2018 Edition) The Law Library presents the complete text of the Wireless E911 Location Accuracy Requirements (US Federal Communications Commission Regulation) (FCC) (2018 Edition). Updated as of May 29, 2018 In this document, the Federal Communications Commission (Commission) amends its rules in order to require wireless Enhanced 911 (E911) Phase II location accuracy and reliability standards at a geographical level defined by the coverage area of a Public Safety Answering Point (PSAP). The Commission takes this step in order to ensure an appropriate and consistent compliance methodology with respect to location accuracy standards. This book contains: - The complete text of the Wireless E911 Location Accuracy Requirements (US Federal Communications Commission Regulation) (FCC) (2018 Edition) - A table of contents with the page number of each section
Download or read book Service Rules for the 698 806 MHz Band and Revision of the Commissions Rules Regarding Enhanced 911 Emergency Calling Systems Us Federal Communications Commission Regulation Fcc 2018 Edition written by The Law The Law Library and published by Createspace Independent Publishing Platform. This book was released on 2018-10-15 with total page 62 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Service Rules for the 698-806 MHz Band and Revision of the Commissions Rules Regarding Enhanced 911 Emergency Calling Systems (US Federal Communications Commission Regulation) (FCC) (2018 Edition) The Law Library presents the complete text of the Service Rules for the 698-806 MHz Band and Revision of the Commissions Rules Regarding Enhanced 911 Emergency Calling Systems (US Federal Communications Commission Regulation) (FCC) (2018 Edition). Updated as of May 29, 2018 In this document, the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) adopts final rules governing wireless licenses in the 698-806 MHz Band (i.e., the 700 MHz Band). This spectrum is currently occupied by television broadcasters and is being made available for wireless services, including public safety and commercial services, as a result of the digital television ("DTV") transition. This book contains: - The complete text of the Service Rules for the 698-806 MHz Band and Revision of the Commissions Rules Regarding Enhanced 911 Emergency Calling Systems (US Federal Communications Commission Regulation) (FCC) (2018 Edition) - A table of contents with the page number of each section
Download or read book Ensuring Continuity of 911 Communications Us Federal Communications Commission Regulation Fcc 2018 Edition written by The Law The Law Library and published by Createspace Independent Publishing Platform. This book was released on 2018-10-07 with total page 34 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Ensuring Continuity of 911 Communications (US Federal Communications Commission Regulation) (FCC) (2018 Edition) The Law Library presents the complete text of the Ensuring Continuity of 911 Communications (US Federal Communications Commission Regulation) (FCC) (2018 Edition). Updated as of May 29, 2018 In this document the Federal Communications Commission (FCC or Commission) adopts rules to promote continued access to 911 during commercial power outages by requiring providers of facilities-based, fixed residential voice services, which are not line powered, to offer subscribers the option to purchase a backup solution capable of 8 hours of standby power, and within three years, an additional solution capable of 24 hours of standby power. The item also promotes consumer education and choice by requiring providers of covered services to disclose to subscribers the following information: availability of backup power sources; service limitations with and without backup power during a power outage; purchase and replacement options; expected backup power duration;) proper usage and storage conditions for the backup power source; subscriber backup power self-testing and monitoring instructions; and backup power warranty details, if any. This book contains: - The complete text of the Ensuring Continuity of 911 Communications (US Federal Communications Commission Regulation) (FCC) (2018 Edition) - A table of contents with the page number of each section
Download or read book Federal State Joint Board on Universal Service Ip Enabled Services Us Federal Communications Commission Regulation Fcc 2018 Edition written by The Law The Law Library and published by Createspace Independent Publishing Platform. This book was released on 2018-10-07 with total page 34 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Federal-State Joint Board on Universal Service - IP-Enabled Services (US Federal Communications Commission Regulation) (FCC) (2018 Edition) The Law Library presents the complete text of the Federal-State Joint Board on Universal Service - IP-Enabled Services (US Federal Communications Commission Regulation) (FCC) (2018 Edition). Updated as of May 29, 2018 In this document, the Federal Communications Commission (Commission or FCC) adopts rules that make interim modifications to the existing approach for assessing contributions to the federal universal service fund (USF or Fund) in order to provide stability while the Commission continues to examine more fundamental reform. First, the Commission raises the interim wireless safe harbor from its current 28.5 percent level to 37.1 percent. Second, the Commission establishes universal service contribution obligations for providers of interconnected voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) service. These rules are essential for securing the viability of universal service-a fundamental goal of communications policy as expressed in the Communications Act-in the near-term. This book contains: - The complete text of the Federal-State Joint Board on Universal Service - IP-Enabled Services (US Federal Communications Commission Regulation) (FCC) (2018 Edition) - A table of contents with the page number of each section
Download or read book The Telecommunication Relay Service TRS Handbook written by Franklin H. Silverman and published by . This book was released on 1998-08 with total page 132 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Telecommunication Relay Services (TRS) allow the hearing or speech impaired to communicate with anyone in the world. This handbook shows both impaired and non-impaired people how to communicate with one another to their mutual benefit.
Download or read book Deaf Culture written by Irene W. Leigh and published by Plural Publishing. This book was released on 2020-11-12 with total page 409 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A contemporary and vibrant Deaf culture is found within Deaf communities, including Deaf Persons of Color and those who are DeafDisabled and DeafBlind. Taking a more people-centered view, the second edition of Deaf Culture: Exploring Deaf Communities in the United States critically examines how Deaf culture fits into education, psychology, cultural studies, technology, and the arts. With the acknowledgment of signed languages all over the world as bona fide languages, the perception of Deaf people has evolved into the recognition and acceptance of a vibrant Deaf culture centered around the use of signed languages and the communities of Deaf peoples. Written by Deaf and hearing authors with extensive teaching experience and immersion in Deaf cultures and signed languages, Deaf Culture fills a niche as an introductory textbook that is more inclusive, accessible, and straightforward for those beginning their studies of the Deaf-World. New to the Second Edition: *A new co-author, Topher González Ávila, MA *Two new chapters! Chapter 7 “Deaf Communities Within the Deaf Community” highlights the complex variations within this community Chapter 10 “Deaf People and the Legal System: Education, Employment, and Criminal Justice” underscores linguistic and access rights *The remaining chapters have been significantly updated to reflect current trends and new information, such as: Advances in technology created by Deaf people that influence and enhance their lives within various national and international societies Greater emphasis on different perspectives within Deaf culture Information about legal issues and recent political action by Deaf people New information on how Deaf people are making breakthroughs in the entertainment industry Addition of new vignettes, examples, pictures, and perspectives to enhance content interest for readers and facilitate instructor teaching Introduction of theories explained in a practical and reader-friendly manner to ensure understanding An updated introduction to potential opportunities for professional and informal involvement in ASL/Deaf culture with children, youth, and adults Key Features: *Strong focus on including different communities within Deaf cultures *Thought-provoking questions, illustrative vignettes, and examples *Theories introduced and explained in a practical and reader-friendly manner
