Download or read book Synthesis of a Titanium Nano oxo Cluster Ti IV Mediated Transamidation Reactions and Attempts Towards the Synthesis of Nitrogen doped TiO2 written by Siddieg Omer Elsiddieg and published by . This book was released on 2009 with total page 144 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Improving the Optoelectronic Property and Photoactivity of Nano structured Titanuim Dioxide written by Hong-Ying Lin and published by ProQuest. This book was released on 2008 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Titanium dioxide (TiO 2) has been proven to be one of the most important and widely used photocatalyst for applications such as gas/liquid phase environmental cleaning, solar hydrogen generation, sensitized solar cell, UV filtration, etc. The biggest challenge in the applications of this semiconductor photocatalyst is its large band gap (~ 3.2 eV) which limits the utilizable spectrum of photons from the solar light (~ 4 to 5 %). To improve the optical sensitivity of TiO 2 in the visible light region, the band gap of TiO 2 needs to be tailored. The reduction of TiO 2 band gap can be achieved by controlling of its electronic structure via two routes: changing the particle size and doping it with impurities. To precisely control the size of TiO 2 particles, anatase TiO 2 nanocrystallines (17 to 29 nm) were synthesized by metallo-organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) method with moderate control on system parameters (i.e. pressure and gas flow rates). The results of band gap change as a function of particle size agreed well with what was predicted using the Brus' effective mass model (EMM). However, the observations from photocatalytic oxidation of 2-chlorophenol (2-CP) showed that the smaller the particle size, the faster the degradation rate. This is attributed in part to the combined effect of band gap change relative to the spectrum of the light source and the specific surface area (or particle size) of the photocatalysts. Our results indicate that the gain in specific surface area due to the smaller particle size outweighs the improvement on its optical property (e.g. reduction in bandgap) under similar experimental condition. Our observation also showed the secondary particle size to be time dependent due to the aggregation and is highly correlated with its primary particle size. The nitrogen doped TiO 2 thin film synthesis was carried out with two different approaches: (1) oxidation of the titanium nitride (TiN) thin film and (2) reactive pulsed laser deposition (PLD). Nitrogen doping of TiO 2 in the former approach was done by the oxidation of TiN thin films at 800 ̊C in ambient air. The phase transformation of TiN to TiO 2 appears to be a function of annealing time. The X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) studies have shown that the substitutionally doped TiO 2-x N x (N 1 s ~ 396 eV) remains stable only for the first two minutes of annealing. As the annealing proceeds, the N 1s XPS peak shifts to higher binding energy (N1 s ~ 400 and 402 eV) which indicates that binding energy of N atom shifted from substitutional site (Ti-N) to chemisorbed site (N=-N) when annealing process exceeds five minutes due to the substitution of Ti-N bond by Ti-O bond. Results from both depth profile XPS and cross-section TEM showed that the formation of TiO 2-x N x depends on the distance from the film surface. Film structure studied by X-ray diffraction (XRD) showed that mixed TiN and rutile TiO 2 phases formed between four and twenty four hours of annealing time. The optical properties were examined using UV-VIS spectroscopy. The most visible light sensitive samples showed ~65 to 105 nm red-shift on its absorption edges from that of pure TiO 2, which is equivalent to ~0.47 to 0.73 eV reduction in the effective bandgap. Our results suggest that surface oxidation of TiN is an effective method for the synthesis of band gap tailored oxides which have applications in photocatalysis, photovoltaic, etc. Doping of N into TiO 2 lattice was also achieved using the reactive pulsed laser deposition technique. The N concentration was controlled by adjusting the mixing ratio of make-up (N 2) and buffer (1:1 O 2 and Ar mixture) gases during laser ablation. (Abstract shortened by UMI.).

Download or read book Organic Reactions in Water written by U. Marcus Lindstrom and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2008-04-15 with total page 424 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Volatile organic solvents are the normal media used in both research scale and industrial scale synthesis of organic chemicals. Their environmental impact is significant, however, and so the development of alternative reaction media has become of great interest. Developments in the use of water as a solvent for organic synthesis have reached the point where it could now be considered a viable solvent for many organic reactions. Organic Reactions in Water demonstrates the underlying principles of using water as a reaction solvent and, by reference to a range of reaction types and systems, it’s effective use in synthetic organic chemistry. Written by an internationally respected team of contributors, and with a strong focus on the practical use of water as a reaction medium, this book illustrates the enormous potential of water for the development of new and unique chemistries and synthetic strategies, while at the same time offering a much reduced environmental impact.

Download or read book Ethics Of Chemistry From Poison Gas To Climate Engineering written by Joachim Schummer and published by World Scientific. This book was released on 2021-02-08 with total page 568 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: 'Overall, this collection of case studies provides an outstanding starting point for understanding the ethics of chemistry. It is an extremely important contribution to the study of chemical ethics … Ethics of Chemistry is a key resource for educators interested in integrating ethics instruction into their chemistry curricula … an important foundation for equipping students with the moral judgement and analytical skills necessary to contend with the ethical issues they are likely to face in their professional lives.'Nature Chemistry'… the book offers a general introduction to many relevant topics concerning the values, responsibilities, and judgements in (and of) chemistry. The volume could be helpful for university students and teachers or even general readers interested in the ethics of chemistry.' [Read Full Review]José Ramón Bertomeu-SánchezAmbixAlthough chemistry has been the target of numerous public moral debates for over a century, there is still no academic field of ethics of chemistry to develop an ethically balanced view of the discipline. And while ethics courses are increasingly demanded for science and engineering students in many countries, chemistry is still lagging behind because of a lack of appropriate teaching material. This volume fills both gaps by establishing the scope of ethics of chemistry and providing a cased-based approach to teaching, thereby also narrating a cultural history of chemistry.From poison gas in WWI to climate engineering of the future, this volume covers the most important historical cases of chemistry. It draws lesson from major disasters of the past, such as in Bhopal and Love Canal, or from thalidomide, Agent Orange, and DDT. It further introduces to ethical arguments pro and con by discussing issues about bisphenol-A, polyvinyl chloride, and rare earth elements; as well as of contested chemical projects such as human enhancement, the creation of artificial life, and patents on human DNA. Moreover, it illustrates chemical engagements in preventing hazards, from the prediction of ozone depletion, to Green Chemistry, and research in recycling, industrial substance substitution, and clean-up. Students also learn about codes of conduct and chemical regulations.An international team of experts narrate the historical cases and analyse their ethical dimensions. All cases are suitable for undergraduate teaching, either in classes of ethics, history of chemistry, or in chemistry classes proper.

Download or read book Catalysis by Materials with Well Defined Structures written by Zili Wu and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2015-03-26 with total page 393 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Catalysis by Materials with Well-Defined Structures examines the latest developments in the use of model systems in fundamental catalytic science. A team of prominent experts provides authoritative, first-hand information, helping readers better understand heterogeneous catalysis by utilizing model catalysts based on uniformly nanostructured materials. The text addresses topics and issues related to material synthesis, characterization, catalytic reactions, surface chemistry, mechanism, and theoretical modeling, and features a comprehensive review of recent advances in catalytic studies on nanomaterials with well-defined structures, including nanoshaped metals and metal oxides, nanoclusters, and single sites in the areas of heterogeneous thermal catalysis, photocatalysis, and electrocatalysis. Users will find this book to be an invaluable, authoritative source of information for both the surface scientist and the catalysis practitioner - Outlines the importance of nanomaterials and their potential as catalysts - Provides detailed information on synthesis and characterization of nanomaterials with well-defined structures, relating surface activity to catalytic activity - Details how to establish the structure-catalysis relationship and how to reveal the surface chemistry and surface structure of catalysts - Offers examples on various in situ characterization instrumental techniques - Includes in-depth theoretical modeling utilizing advanced Density Functional Theory (DFT) methods

Download or read book Nitroarenes written by Paul C. Howard and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 324 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Prior to 1979, consideration of the problem of the carcinogenicity of the aromatic amine class of chemicals took place primarily in poster sessions and symposia of annual meetings of the American Association for Cancer Research and analogous international associations. In November 1979 the first meeting concerned with the aromatic amines was held in Rockville, Haryland under primary sponsorship of the National Cancer Institute. The proceedings from this meeting were published as Monograph 58 of the Journal of the National Cancel' Institute in 1981. The second meeting in this series, the Second International Conference on N-Substituted Aryl Compounds, was held in March/April of 1982 in Hot Springs, Arkansas. The National Cancer Institute and The National Center for Toxicological Research were the primary sponsors of this meeting. The proceedings were published as Volume 49 of the journal En-vil'onmental Health Perspectives in 1983. The third meeting in this series was held in April of 1987 at the Dearborn Hyatt in Dearborn, Michigan. The principal sponsor of this meeting was the Heyer L. Pre ntis Comprehensive Cancer Center of Metropolitan Detroit. The proceedings, Carcinogenic and Mutagenic Responses to Aromatic Amines and Nitroal'enes, were published in 1987 by Elsevier Press. The fourth meeting was held in Cleveland, Ohio, on July 15-19, 1989.

Download or read book Chitin written by Eugene Khor and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2014-06-12 with total page 155 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The second edition of Chitin underscores the important factors for standardizing chitin processing and characterization. It captures the essential interplay between chitin's assets and limitations as a biomaterial, placing the past promises of chitin in perspective, addressing its present realities and offering insight into what is required to realize chitin's destiny (including its derivative, chitosan) as a biomaterial of the twenty-first century. This book is an ideal guide for both industrialists and researchers with a vested interest in commercializing chitin. - An update on the research since 2001 as it pertains to the biomaterials and biomedical applications of chitin and chitosan - An expanded discussion on positioning chitin and chitosan for biomedical applications - Presents regulatory aspects of chitin and chitosan

Download or read book Handbook of Fluoropolymer Science and Technology written by Dennis W. Smith and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2014-05-05 with total page 671 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Handbook of Fluoropolymer Science and Technology A comprehensive handbook on fluoropolymer synthesis, characterization, and processing Fluoropolymers, one of the more durable classes of polymer materials, are known to enable novel technologies as a result of their remarkable properties. As key components in industry applications, fluoropolymers have established commercial interest and scientists have discovered more efficient approaches of handling them. This book reviews up-to-date fluoropolymer platforms as well as recently discovered methods for the preparation of fluorinated materials. It focuses on synthesis, characterization, and processing aspects, providing guidelines for practicing scientists and engineers. In addition, the book covers: Concepts and studies from leading international laboratories, including academia, government, and industrial institutions Emerging technologies and applications in energy, optics, space exploration, fuel cells, microelectronics, gas separation membranes, biomedical instrumentation, and more Current environmental concerns associated with fluoropolymers, relevant regulations, and growth opportunities Overall, the chapters provide coverage of chemical methods and help the reader further understand how fluoropolymer research provides solutions for material challenges. The concepts in this book also inspire professionals to identify new markets and funding sources for fluoropolymer research and development.

Download or read book Amino Acids Peptides and Proteins written by J S Davies and published by Royal Society of Chemistry. This book was released on 2007-10-31 with total page 455 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Amino Acids, Peptides and Proteins comprises a comprehensive review of significant developments at this biology/chemistry interface. Each volume of this Specialist Periodical Report opens with an overview of amino acids and their applications. Work on peptides is reviewed over several chapters, ranging from current trends in their synthesis and conformational and structural analysis, to peptidomimetics and the discovery of peptide-related molecules in nature. The application of advanced techniques in structural elucidation is incorporated into all chapters, whilst periodic chapters on metal complexes of amino acids, peptides and beta-lactams extend the scope of coverage. Efficient searching of specialist topics is facilitated by the sub-division of chapters into discrete subject areas, allowing annual trends to be monitored. Researchers in the pharmaceutical and allied industries, and at the biology/chemistry interface in academia will find this an indispensable reference source. Specialist Periodical Reports provide systematic and detailed review coverage in major areas of chemical research. Compiled by teams of leading experts in their specialist fields, this series is designed to help the chemistry community keep current with the latest developments in their field. Each volume in the series is published either annually or biennially and is a superb reference point for researchers. www.rsc.org/spr

Download or read book Oxygen written by Nick Lane and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2002-09-26 with total page 385 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Oxygen has had extraordinary effects on life. Three hundred million years ago, in Carboniferous times, dragonflies grew as big as seagulls, with wingspans of nearly a metre. Researchers claim they could have flown only if the air had contained more oxygen than today - probably as much as 35 per cent. Giant spiders, tree-ferns, marine rock formations and fossil charcoals all tell the same story. High oxygen levels may also explain the global firestorm that contributed to the demise of the dinosaurs after the asteroid impact. The strange and profound effects that oxygen has had on the evolution of life pose a riddle, which this book sets out to answer. Oxygen is a toxic gas. Divers breathing pure oxygen at depth suffer from convulsions and lung injury. Fruit flies raised at twice normal atmospheric levels of oxygen live half as long as their siblings. Reactive forms of oxygen, known as free radicals, are thought to cause ageing in people. Yet if atmospheric oxygen reached 35 per cent in the Carboniferous, why did it promote exuberant growth, instead of rapid ageing and death? Oxygen takes the reader on an enthralling journey, as gripping as a thriller, as it unravels the unexpected ways in which oxygen spurred the evolution of life and death. The book explains far more than the size of ancient insects: it shows how oxygen underpins the origin of biological complexity, the birth of photosynthesis, the sudden evolution of animals, the need for two sexes, the accelerated ageing of cloned animals like Dolly the sheep, and the surprisingly long lives of bats and birds. Drawing on this grand evolutionary canvas, Oxygen offers fresh perspectives on our own lives and deaths, explaining modern killer diseases, why we age, and what we can do about it. Advancing revelatory new ideas, following chains of evidence, the book ranges through many disciplines, from environmental sciences to molecular medicine. The result is a captivating vision of contemporary science and a humane synthesis of our place in nature. This remarkable book will redefine the way we think about the world.

Download or read book Biorelated Polymers written by Emo Chiellini and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2001-10-31 with total page 420 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book includes papers on polymeric materials from renewable resources known as `Biorelated Polymers and Plastics', and issues are bound to their utilization and environmental impact in their production, conversions to manufacts and ultimate disposal of post-costume manufacts. Modern industrial developments inspired by the new concepts of sustainability and ecocompatibility require a deeper attention to renewable resources as a new-old source of raw material and feedback. This new trend, occurring not only in industrialized countries but also in emerging countries and countries in transition, thoroughly permeates the polymer and plastic industry, due to the big impact that those materials have on the modern way of life. Plastic waste, specifically that stemming from segments of packaging, containers for solids and liquids and single use items, is attracting much effort from municipality officers, producers and converters, aimed at finding a harmonized solution among the various options available for their appropriate management. In this respect, polymeric materials of natural origin (biopolymers), as well as materials from renewable resources useable for the production of monomeric precursors, or semi-synthetic polymeric materials, constitute a focal point for future industrial development in the production of polymers and plastics. The present book contains much valuable information and scientific hints on a modern approach aimed at designing processes and products with minimal negative environmental impact.

Download or read book Immobilized Catalysts written by Andreas Kirschning and published by Springer. This book was released on 2004-10-07 with total page 341 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Over the last decade the environmental setup has changed for synthetic organ ic chemists to a considerable degree. So far synthetic organic chemistry had focussed on methodology development which mainly deals with the develop ment of new reactions as well as new reagents and catalysts. These ought to be able to perform preferentially highly selective (chemo-, regio-and stereose lective) synthetic transformations, often applied in the context of complex and highly functionalized molecules. Except for the synthesis of peptides and oligonucleic acids, little attention has been spent on the question of how synthesis can be carried out in an envi ronment of sophisticated technologies which includes improved hardware. While peptides and oligonucleotides are conveniently prepared by Merrifield's solid phase technique, solution phase synthesis of most other synthetic targets have not been substantially replaced by this solid phase approach. Without discussing this aspect in detail it is obvious that today a renaissance of sophis ticated solution phase synthesis can be noted. Immobilization of reagents and particularly catalysts, an old concept indeed, recently returned back onto the stage and this is addressed in this volume of Topics in Current Chemistry in a broader sense.

Download or read book Cooperative Catalysis written by René Peters and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2015-04-27 with total page 452 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Written by experts in the field, this is a much-needed overview of the rapidly emerging field of cooperative catalysis. The authors focus on the design and development of novel high-performance catalysts for applications in organic synthesis (particularly asymmetric synthesis), covering a broad range of topics, from the latest progress in Lewis acid / Br?nsted base catalysis to e.g. metal-assisted organo catalysis, cooperative metal/enzyme catalysis, and cooperative catalysis in polymerization reactions and on solid surfaces. The chapters are classified according to the type of cooperating activating groups, and describe in detail the different strategies of cooperative activation, highlighting their respective advantages and pitfalls. As a result, readers will learn about the different concepts of cooperative catalysis, their corresponding modes of operation and their applications, thus helping to find a solution to a specific synthetic catalysis problem.

Download or read book Amino Acids Peptides and Proteins written by J S Davies and published by Royal Society of Chemistry. This book was released on 2007-10-31 with total page 352 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In an ever-increasing domain of activity, Amino Acids, Peptides and Proteins provides an annual compilation of the world's research effort into this important area of biological chemistry. Volume 34 provides a review of literature published during 2001. Comprising a comprehensive review of significant developments at this biology/chemistry interface, each volume opens with an overview of amino acids and their applications. Work on peptides is reviewed over several chapters, ranging from current trends in their synthesis and conformational and structural analysis, to peptidomimetics and the discovery of peptide-related molecules in nature. The application of advanced techniques in structural elucidation is incorporated into all chapters, whilst periodic chapters on metal complexes of amino acids, peptides and beta-lactams extend the scope of coverage. Efficient searching of specialist topics is facilitated by the sub-division of chapters into discrete subject areas, allowing annual trends to be monitored. All researchers in the pharmaceutical and allied industries, and at the biology/chemistry interface in academia will find this an indispensable reference source. Specialist Periodical Reports provide systematic and detailed review coverage in major areas of chemical research. Compiled by teams of leading authorities in the relevant subject areas, the series creates a unique service for the active research chemist, with regular, in-depth accounts of progress in particular fields of chemistry. Subject coverage within different volumes of a given title is similar and publication is on an annual or biennial basis.

Download or read book 2019 IEEE 5th International Conference for Convergence in Technology I2CT written by IEEE Staff and published by . This book was released on 2019-03-29 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The scope of conference papers and exhibits including but not limited to the following area related to ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGG, ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING , INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY COMPUTER ENGINEERING WIRELESS NETWORKING COMPUTATIONAL INTELLIGENCE ADVANCED COMPUTING ELECTRONICS AND INTERDISCIPLINARY DATA COMMUNICATION AND NETWORKING RENEWABLE AND SUSTAINABLE ENERGY POWER ENGINEERING AND CONTROL SYSTEM SIGNAL AND IMAGE PROCESSING COMMUNICATION SYSTEM BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING DESIGN, MATERIALS AND MANUFACTURING FLEET TECHNOLOGIES ADVANCES IN CIVIL AND ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING SPECIAL CALL FOR PAPERS CONVERGENCE IN TECHNOLOGY

Download or read book Mitochondria and Endoplasmic Reticulum Dysfunction in Parkinson s Disease written by Sandeep Kumar Barodia and published by . This book was released on 2020 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This eBook is a collection of articles from a Frontiers Research Topic. Frontiers Research Topics are very popular trademarks of the Frontiers Journals Series: they are collections of at least ten articles, all centered on a particular subject. With their unique mix of varied contributions from Original Research to Review Articles, Frontiers Research Topics unify the most influential researchers, the latest key findings and historical advances in a hot research area! Find out more on how to host your own Frontiers Research Topic or contribute to one as an author by contacting the Frontiers Editorial Office: frontiersin.org/about/contact.

Download or read book 2018 IEEE Information Theory Workshop ITW written by IEEE Staff and published by . This book was released on 2018-11-25 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Original papers on Information and Coding Theory are encouraged for submission The scope of submission includes, but is not limited to Information Theory and its Applications Frontiers of Coding Theory and Practice Boundaries between Information Theory and Data Science, Biology and Signal Processing Network Information Theory Network Coding and Distributed Storage Information Theoretic Security