Download or read book Switchgrass Harvest Timing Harvest storage Method Influence Quantity Quality Sustainability Aspects of a Lignocellulosic Ethanol Production System in the Northern Corn Belt Great Lakes Region written by Andrew Brady Adkins and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page 162 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Feasibility of Whole plant Corn Logistics for Biobased Industries written by Asmita Khanal and published by . This book was released on 2022 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Corn (Zea mays L.) grain and stover are the primary feedstock for first- and second-generation biofuel production in the U.S. due to their abundant availability. While corn grain-based biofuel has already reached the mandated target, cellulosic biofuel production from corn stover has been a struggle. Harvest and post-harvest logistics of corn stover is one of the major challenges faced by the cellulosic biofuel producers. Existing corn stover harvest and post-harvest logistics system uses a multi-pass approach to bale the biomass in the field, collects biomass with high soil contamination, and produce bales with low bulk density that doesn’t fulfill the payload capacity of the trucks used for transportation. The novel whole-plant (WP) corn harvest and post-harvest logistics system addresses all of these challenges by cutting the corn plant at the ear level and baling the corn plant with its ear intact corn ear in a single-pass, which also reduces the harvest operations and soil contamination of the biomass. In addition, with the inclusion of corn ear in the bale, the bulk density of the bales produced is increased, which improves the productivity of the post-harvest logistical operations including handling, storage and transportation. Thus, the main objectives of this dissertation were to evaluate the harvest timing and physico-chemical properties of WP corn in season, evaluate the storage characteristics of WP corn when densified into small and large rectangular bales, and assess the techno-economic feasibility and life-cycle energy use and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions associated with the WP corn logistics system. Corn grain and stover harvest timing is mainly dictated by their moisture, where corn grain harvest is followed by stover harvest. Since they are harvested at the same time in this system, it was important to determine the suitable harvest timing for WP corn that would minimize storage losses. Moisture and dry matter of the corn plant were tracked weekly during the dry down period in 2018 and 2019, and a predictive regression model was developed to determine WP corn moisture based on the growing degree days, which had a strong correlation coefficient. The corn plants were fractionated into stover below and above ear, and cob and their structural carbohydrates, lignin, nutrients and ash contents were analyzed as these properties determine the quality of the biomass as well as give an indication of the quantity of biofuels that can be produced from them. The analysis of the carbohydrates and lignin suggested that the stover fraction above the ear level that would be harvested with WP corn had higher concentration of hemicellulose and lower concentration of lignin, making this suitable feedstock for biobased industries. Ash content of the stover fraction above the ear level was less than 10% for both years, which is desirable for biorefineries. Nutrient and carbon analysis of different fractions of the corn plant showed that nitrogen and phosphorus were lower in the stover below ear and cob fraction compared to stover above the ear level. Potassium concentration was higher in the stover fraction below the ear level in 2018, but this trend was not observed in 2019. Carbon content was highest in the cob fraction, compared to stover below ear and was the lowest in the stover fraction above the ear level. Nutrient contents of the different fractions were used to estimate the amount of supplemental fertilizers required with stover and cob removed with WP corn. Corn grain and stover are currently stored separately at different moisture contents in different formats in different storage infrastructures. With WP corn, corn grain and stover were stored together after being densified to small bales in 2018 and 2019, and large rectangular bales in 2020. The bales were stored in aerobic and anaerobic storage conditions with and without preservatives for storage durations of 2-9 months. For the small bales, the moisture content of the bales stabilized between 15-20% after 7 months of storage in aerobic condition despite their different moisture contents at harvest. For the bales stored in anaerobic condition, the moisture content of the bales did not change over the storage duration. Dry matter loss of these bales was statistically significant only for WP corn harvested at the high moisture content of 26-53% and stored in aerobic conditions without preservatives for both storage durations, and for those stored in anaerobic condition without preservatives for 7 months. The structural carbohydrates and lignin content of the stover in the bales did not change for most treatments due to storage. For the large rectangular bales, dry matter loss of the bales was significantly higher for longer storage duration of 8-9 months than for 4-5 months. Dry matter loss of the bales with low bulk density was significantly higher than the dry matter loss of the bales with high bulk density. Similar to small bales, the composition of the corn stover in terms of structural carbohydrates and lignin were not significantly affected by storage for most treatments. The techno-economic feasibility and life-cycle energy use of the WP corn logistics system was evaluated considering that this system would supply enough corn stover to a cellulosic biorefinery with 114 million liters per year production capacity located in the U.S. Midwest. WP corn logistics system considered consisted of single-pass baling of WP corn, in-field bale collection, bale transportation to distributed depots where WP corn bales were stored for up to 6 months and were threshed to separate corn grain and stover. After separation two scenarios were evaluated considering (1) re-baling or (2) pelletization of the corn stover for biorefinery transportation. Corn stover logistics cost using the WP corn logistics system were estimated to be $50-61/dry t and $62-76/dry t for the re-baling and pelletization scenarios, respectively. This was 24-50% lower than the stover logistics cost using the conventional multi-pass harvest and logistics system based on estimates found in the literature, and did not increase the corn grain logistics cost. Life-cycle energy use and GHG emissions associated with the WP corn logistics system were estimated to be 1,069-1,426 MJ/dry t and 1,320-1,749 MJ/dry t, and 78-98 kg-CO2e/dry t and 119-147 kg-CO2e/dry t for the re-baling and pelletization scenarios, respectively. Energy use and GHG emissions associated with the re-baling scenario were 54-61% and 7-19% lower than the conventional corn stover logistics system in bale format. The outcomes of this dissertation supports the techno-economic viability and environmental sustainability of the WP corn logistics system.
Download or read book Renewable Fuel Standard written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2012-01-29 with total page 416 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In the United States, we have come to depend on plentiful and inexpensive energy to support our economy and lifestyles. In recent years, many questions have been raised regarding the sustainability of our current pattern of high consumption of nonrenewable energy and its environmental consequences. Further, because the United States imports about 55 percent of the nation's consumption of crude oil, there are additional concerns about the security of supply. Hence, efforts are being made to find alternatives to our current pathway, including greater energy efficiency and use of energy sources that could lower greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions such as nuclear and renewable sources, including solar, wind, geothermal, and biofuels. The United States has a long history with biofuels and the nation is on a course charted to achieve a substantial increase in biofuels. Renewable Fuel Standard evaluates the economic and environmental consequences of increasing biofuels production as a result of Renewable Fuels Standard, as amended by EISA (RFS2). The report describes biofuels produced in 2010 and those projected to be produced and consumed by 2022, reviews model projections and other estimates of the relative impact on the prices of land, and discusses the potential environmental harm and benefits of biofuels production and the barriers to achieving the RFS2 consumption mandate. Policy makers, investors, leaders in the transportation sector, and others with concerns for the environment, economy, and energy security can rely on the recommendations provided in this report.
Download or read book Handbook of Bioenergy Crops written by N. El Bassam and published by Earthscan. This book was released on 2010 with total page 545 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This completely revised second edition includes new information on biomass in relation to climate change, new coverage of vital issues including the "food versus fuel" debate, and essential new information on "second generation" fuels and advances in conversion techniques. The book begins with a guide to biomass accumulation, harvesting, transportation and storage, as well as conversion technologies for biofuels. This is followed by an examination of the environmental impact and economic and social dimensions, including prospects for renewable energy. The book then goes on to cover all the main potential energy crops.
Download or read book Sustainable Development of Algal Biofuels in the United States written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2013-01-18 with total page 247 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Biofuels made from algae are gaining attention as a domestic source of renewable fuel. However, with current technologies, scaling up production of algal biofuels to meet even 5 percent of U.S. transportation fuel needs could create unsustainable demands for energy, water, and nutrient resources. Continued research and development could yield innovations to address these challenges, but determining if algal biofuel is a viable fuel alternative will involve comparing the environmental, economic and social impacts of algal biofuel production and use to those associated with petroleum-based fuels and other fuel sources. Sustainable Development of Algal Biofuels was produced at the request of the U.S. Department of Energy.
Download or read book Negative Emissions Technologies and Reliable Sequestration written by National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2019-04-08 with total page 511 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: To achieve goals for climate and economic growth, "negative emissions technologies" (NETs) that remove and sequester carbon dioxide from the air will need to play a significant role in mitigating climate change. Unlike carbon capture and storage technologies that remove carbon dioxide emissions directly from large point sources such as coal power plants, NETs remove carbon dioxide directly from the atmosphere or enhance natural carbon sinks. Storing the carbon dioxide from NETs has the same impact on the atmosphere and climate as simultaneously preventing an equal amount of carbon dioxide from being emitted. Recent analyses found that deploying NETs may be less expensive and less disruptive than reducing some emissions, such as a substantial portion of agricultural and land-use emissions and some transportation emissions. In 2015, the National Academies published Climate Intervention: Carbon Dioxide Removal and Reliable Sequestration, which described and initially assessed NETs and sequestration technologies. This report acknowledged the relative paucity of research on NETs and recommended development of a research agenda that covers all aspects of NETs from fundamental science to full-scale deployment. To address this need, Negative Emissions Technologies and Reliable Sequestration: A Research Agenda assesses the benefits, risks, and "sustainable scale potential" for NETs and sequestration. This report also defines the essential components of a research and development program, including its estimated costs and potential impact.
Download or read book Biofuels and Bioenergy written by Baskar Gurunathan and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2021-10-17 with total page 562 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Biofuels and Bioenergy: Opportunities and Challenges is the first of two volumes that address the technological developments and challenges in the production of a broad range of biofuels and bioenergy products from renewable feedstock. The book emphasizes the opportunities and challenges involved in various processes including fermentation, transesterification, microbial fuels cells, liquefaction, gasification, and pyrolysis. These are also considered from a biorefinery perspective and discuss all common biomass feedstocks. In addition, the book presents new research on microalgae from waste water treatment, large scale production of microalgae, microbial biooil production, biogas production, computational tools for manipulation of metabolic pathway for enhanced biogas production, production of biofuel from genetically modified microalgal biomass, techno-economic analysis, environmental impact and life cycle analysis. Biofuels and Bioenergy is an ideal reference on the latest research for researchers and students working in the area of biofuels and renewable energy. Addresses biological and chemical methods of biofuel and bioenergy production Provides industry case studies alongside in-depth techno-economic analysis, environmental impact, and life cycle assessment of biofuels production Focuses on the commercial viability of production processes
Download or read book Biofuel Co products as Livestock Feed written by Harinder P. S. Makkar and published by Food & Agriculture Organization of the UN (FAO). This book was released on 2012 with total page 556 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This publication covers a wide array of co-products.
Download or read book Biofuels in Africa written by Donald Mitchell and published by World Bank Publications. This book was released on 2010-11-24 with total page 220 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A new economic opportunity for sub-Saharan Africa is looming large: biofuel production. Rapidly rising energy prices are expected to remain high for an extended period of time because of the increasing demand in prospering and populous countries such as China and India, the depletion of easily accessible supplies of crude oil, and concern over global climate change. As a result, there is renewed interest in biofuels as an alternative to fossil fuels. Africa is uniquely positioned to produce these new cash crops for both domestic use and export. The region has abundant land resources and preferential access to protected markets with higher-than-world-market prices. The rapid growth in the demand for transport fuels in Africa and high fuel prices create domestic markets for biofuels. The European Union and the United States have approved legislation that requires large increases in the consumption of biofuels over at least the next decade. Imports are expected to be needed to meet these mandates, thus opening the door to African and other developing countries that can produce biofuels or feedstocks for biofuels competitively. Expanding the production of crops for biofuels will affect the entire rural sector in Africa as resources are shifted away from traditional crops and the prices of all agricultural commodities rise. Even smallholders can participate in producing biofuel crops. To promote the sustainability and significant contribution of this enterprise, Biofuels in Africa provides guidance in formulating suitable policy regimes, which are based on protecting the rights of current land users, developing revenue-sharing schemes with local communities, safeguarding the environment and biodiversity, expanding institutional capacity, formulating new regulations and procedures, and emulating best practices from experienced countries. This volume will be of value to anyone interested in biofuels, including policy makers, development practitioners, private investors, researchers, and the general public. Now that African countries are trying to significantly increase their energy supply systems, biofuels are an attractive option using both dedicated crops and agricultural waste. This book provides guidance for them to develop a suitable policy regime for a significant contribution by biofuels. Professor Ogunlade R. Davidson, Minister of Energy and Water Resources, Sierra Leone Biofuels in Africa is a sorely needed resource for our understanding of the problems of expanding biofuels production in Africa. A high point of the book is a description of the projects that were started in several countries. A very useful book! Professor Jos Goldemberg, University of S o Paulo, Brazil As Africa most likely will play the same role for global biofuels as the Middle East does for oil, this comprehensive book on African biofuels should be compulsory reading for anyone interested in either African development or biofuels. The book captures the essence of long-term drivers and opportunities as well the complex challenges for investors and society of this huge emerging industry. Per Carstedt, Executive Chairman, EcoEnergy Africa
Download or read book Supply Chain Management for Sustainable Food Networks written by Eleftherios Iakovou and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2016-01-19 with total page 335 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: An interdisciplinary framework for managing sustainable agrifood supply chains Supply Chain Management for Sustainable Food Networks provides an up-to-date and interdisciplinary framework for designing and operating sustainable supply chains for agri-food products. Focus is given to decision-making procedures and methodologies enabling policy-makers, managers and practitioners to design and manage effectively sustainable agrifood supply chain networks. Authored by high profile researchers with global expertise in designing and operating sustainable supply chains in the agri-food industry, this book: Features the entire hierarchical decision-making process for managing sustainable agrifood supply chains. Covers knowledge-based farming, management of agricultural wastes, sustainability, green supply chain network design, safety, security and traceability, IT in agrifood supply chains, carbon footprint management, quality management, risk management and policy- making. Explores green supply chain management, sustainable knowledge-based farming, corporate social responsibility, environmental management and emerging trends in agri-food retail supply chain operations. Examines sustainable practices that are unique for agriculture as well as practices that already have been implemented in other industrial sectors such as green logistics and Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR). Supply Chain Management for Sustainable Food Networks provides a useful resource for researchers, practitioners, policy-makers, regulators and C-level executives that deal with strategic decision-making. Post-graduate students in the field of agriculture sciences, engineering, operations management, logistics and supply chain management will also benefit from this book.
Download or read book Aqueous Pretreatment of Plant Biomass for Biological and Chemical Conversion to Fuels and Chemicals written by Charles E. Wyman and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2013-03-27 with total page 597 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Plant biomass is attracting increasing attention as a sustainable resource for large-scale production of renewable fuels and chemicals. However, in order to successfully compete with petroleum, it is vital that biomass conversion processes are designed to minimize costs and maximize yields. Advances in pretreatment technology are critical in order to develop high-yielding, cost-competitive routes to renewable fuels and chemicals. Aqueous Pretreatment of Plant Biomass for Biological and Chemical Conversion to Fuels and Chemicals presents a comprehensive overview of the currently available aqueous pretreatment technologies for cellulosic biomass, highlighting the fundamental chemistry and biology of each method, key attributes and limitations, and opportunities for future advances. Topics covered include: • The importance of biomass conversion to fuels • The role of pretreatment in biological and chemical conversion of biomass • Composition and structure of biomass, and recalcitrance to conversion • Fundamentals of biomass pretreatment at low, neutral and high pH • Ionic liquid and organosolv pretreatments to fractionate biomass • Comparative data for application of leading pretreatments and effect of enzyme formulations • Physical and chemical features of pretreated biomass • Economics of pretreatment for biological processing • Methods of analysis and enzymatic conversion of biomass streams • Experimental pretreatment systems from multiwell plates to pilot plant operations This comprehensive reference book provides an authoritative source of information on the pretreatment of cellulosic biomass to aid those experienced in the field to access the most current information on the topic. It will also be invaluable to those entering the growing field of biomass conversion.
Download or read book The United Nations World Water Development Report N 5 2014 written by UNESCO and published by UNESCO. This book was released on 2014-03-21 with total page 230 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The WWDR 2014 on Water and Energy is now an annual and thematic report with a focus on different strategic water issues each year. It is shorter in the order of 100 pages with a standardized structure and data and case studies annexes related to the theme. The WWDR 2014 will be launched during the main World Water Day celebrations in Tokyo, Japan on 21 March 2014. Water and energy are closely interconnected and highly interdependent. Trade-offs need to be managed to limit negative impacts and foster opportunities for synergy. Water and energy have crucial impacts on poverty alleviation both directly, as a number of the Millennium Development Goals depend on major improvements in access to water, sanitation, power and energy sources, and indirectly, as water and energy can be binding constraints on economic growth the ultimate hope for widespread poverty reduction. This fifth edition of the United Nations World Water Development Report (WWDR 2014) seeks to inform decision-makers
Download or read book Microalgae as a Feedstock for Biofuels written by Luisa Gouveia and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2011-01-30 with total page 74 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This Brief provides a concise review of the potential use of microalgae for biofuel production. The following topics are highlighted: the advantages of microalgae over conventional biofuel-producing crops; technological processes for energy production using microalgae; microalgal biomass production systems, production rates and costs; algae cultivation strategies and main culture parameters; biomass harvesting technologies and cell disruption; CO2 sequestration; life cycle analysis; and algal biorefinery strategies. The conclusions section discusses the contribution of the technologies described to environmental sustainability and future prospects.
Download or read book Principles of Soil Conservation and Management written by Humberto Blanco-Canqui and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2008-09-16 with total page 617 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: “Principles of Soil Management and Conservation” comprehensively reviews the state-of-knowledge on soil erosion and management. It discusses in detail soil conservation topics in relation to soil productivity, environment quality, and agronomic production. It addresses the implications of soil erosion with emphasis on global hotspots and synthesizes available from developed and developing countries. It also critically reviews information on no-till management, organic farming, crop residue management for industrial uses, conservation buffers (e.g., grass buffers, agroforestry systems), and the problem of hypoxia in the Gulf of Mexico and in other regions. This book uniquely addresses the global issues including carbon sequestration, net emissions of CO2, and erosion as a sink or source of C under different scenarios of soil management. It also deliberates the implications of the projected global warming on soil erosion and vice versa. The concern about global food security in relation to soil erosion and strategies for confronting the remaining problems in soil management and conservation are specifically addressed. This volume is suitable for both undergraduate and graduate students interested in understanding the principles of soil conservation and management. The book is also useful for practitioners, extension agents, soil conservationists, and policymakers as an important reference material.
Download or read book Biokerosene written by Martin Kaltschmitt and published by Springer. This book was released on 2017-08-09 with total page 758 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book provides a detailed overview of aspects related to the overall provision chain for biokerosene as part of the global civil aviation business. Starting with a review of the current market situation for aviation fuels and airplanes and their demands, it then presents in-depth descriptions of classical and especially new types of non-edible biomass feedstock suitable for biokerosene provision. Subsequent chapters discuss those fuel provision processes that are already available and those still under development based on various biomass feedstock materials, and present e.g. an overview of the current state of the art in the production of a liquid biomass-based fuel fulfilling the specifications for kerosene. Further, given the growing interest of the aviation industry and airlines in biofuels for aviation, the experiences of an air-carrier are presented. In closing, the book provides a market outlook for biokerosene. Addressing a broad range of aspects related to the pros and cons of biokerosene as a renewable fuel for aviation, the book offers a unique resource.
Download or read book Plant Microbiomes for Sustainable Agriculture written by Ajar Nath Yadav and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2020-03-06 with total page 496 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book encompasses the current knowledge of plant microbiomes and their potential biotechnological application for plant growth, crop yield and soil health for sustainable agriculture. The plant microbiomes (rhizospheric, endophytic and epiphytic) play an important role in plant growth, development, and soil health. Plant and rhizospheric soil are a valuable natural resource harbouring hotspots of microbes, and it plays critical roles in the maintenance of global nutrient balance and ecosystem function. The diverse group of microbes is key components of soil–plant systems, where they are engaged in an intense network of interactions in the rhizosphere/endophytic/phyllospheric. The rhizospheric microbial diversity present in rhizospheric zones has a sufficient amount of nutrients release by plant root systems in form of root exudates for growth, development and activities of microbes. The endophytic microbes are referred to those microorganisms, which colonize in the interior of the plant parts, viz root, stem or seeds without causing any harmful effect on host plant. Endophytic microbes enter in host plants mainly through wounds, naturally occurring as a result of plant growth, or through root hairs and at epidermal conjunctions. Endophytes may be transmitted either vertically (directly from parent to offspring) or horizontally (among individuals). The phyllosphere is a common niche for synergism between microbes and plant. The leaf surface has been termed as phyllosphere and zone of leaves inhabited by microorganisms as phyllosphere. The plant part, especially leaves, is exposed to dust and air currents resulting in the establishments of typical flora on their surface aided by the cuticles, waxes and appendages, which help in the anchorage of microorganisms. The phyllospheric microbes may survive or proliferate on leaves depending on extent of influences of material in leaf diffuseness or exudates. The leaf diffuseness contains the principal nutrients factors (amino acids, glucose, fructose and sucrose), and such specialized habitats may provide niche for nitrogen fixation and secretions of substances capable of promoting the growth of plants. The microbes associated with plant as rhizospheric, endophytic and epiphytic with plant growth promoting (PGP) attributes have emerged as an important and promising tool for sustainable agriculture. PGP microbes promote plant growth directly or indirectly, either by releasing plant growth regulators; solubilization of phosphorus, potassium and zinc; biological nitrogen fixation or by producing siderophore, ammonia, HCN and other secondary metabolites which are antagonistic against pathogenic microbes. The PGP microbes belong to different phylum of archaea (Euryarchaeota); bacteria (Acidobacteria, Actinobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Deinococcus-Thermus, Firmicutes and Proteobacteria) and fungi (Ascomycota and Basidiomycota), which include different genera namely Achromobacter, Arthrobacter, Aspergillus, Azospirillum, Azotobacter, Bacillus, Beijerinckia, Burkholderia, Enterobacter, Erwinia, Flavobacterium, Gluconoacetobacter, Haloarcula, Herbaspirillum, Methylobacterium, Paenibacillus, Pantoea, Penicillium, Piriformospora, Planomonospora, Pseudomonas, Rhizobium, Serratia and Streptomyces. These PGP microbes could be used as biofertilizers/bioinoculants at place of chemical fertilizers for sustainable agriculture. The aim of “Plant Microbiomes for Sustainable Agriculture” is to provide the current developments in the understanding of microbial diversity associated with plant systems in the form of rhizospheric, endophytic and epiphytic. The book is useful to scientist, research and students related to microbiology, biotechnology, agriculture, molecular biology, environmental biology and related subjects.
Download or read book Biofuel Technologies written by Vijai Kumar Gupta and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2013-01-26 with total page 533 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Biofuels are considered to be the main potential replacement for fossil fuels in the near future. In this book international experts present recent advances in biofuel research and related technologies. Topics include biomethane and biobutanol production, microbial fuel cells, feedstock production, biomass pre-treatment, enzyme hydrolysis, genetic manipulation of microbial cells and their application in the biofuels industry, bioreactor systems, and economical processing technologies for biofuel residues. The chapters provide concise information to help understand the technology-related implications of biofuels development. Moreover, recent updates on biofuel feedstocks, biofuel types, associated co- and byproducts and their applications are highlighted. The book addresses the needs of postgraduate researchers and scientists across diverse disciplines and industrial sectors in which biofuel technologies and related research and experimentation are pursued.
