Download or read book Sulfur Isotope Fractionations in Biological Systems Insight Into the Proterozoic Biosphere written by David T. Johnston and published by . This book was released on 2007 with total page 201 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This study focuses on developing a framework for interpreting isotopic fractionations in the four stable sulfur isotopes, with a special focus on microbial effects. Calculations of low temperature equilibrium fractionations between various sulfur species were performed and suggest a tightly constrained fractionation relationship between the isotopes. This work was followed by conducting a series of batch culture experiments with two prominent sulfur metabolisms: sulfate reduction and sulfur disproportionation. The results of these experiments illustrate that measurable deviations from the equilibrium predictions exist, and further serve to highlight the ability of these measurements to differentiate between fractionations produced by these two metabolisms. This is a distinction not possible from traditional isotope measurements alone (34S/32S). In addition, models constructed to describe these observations provide insight into the intra-workings of these metabolic pathways, with the most recent experiments suggesting that the traditionally accepted model for isotope fractionation produced by sulfate reducers be re-evaluated. The microbial fractionations were also used to calibrate global sulfur cycle box models. These models have been coupled with the measurement of natural samples to illustrate the onset of microbial disproportionation ∼800 million years earlier in Earth history than previously thought and to describe the sulfur cycle of three Proterozoic marine basins.
Download or read book The Biological Fractionation of Isotopes written by Eric Galimov and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2012-12-02 with total page 282 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Biological Fractionation of Isotopes focuses on the biological fractionation of isotopes and presents calculations of the thermodynamic isotopic beta factor for polyatomic carbon compounds. This book provides experimental and theoretical evidence of the phenomenon of thermodynamically ordered distribution of isotopes in biological systems. This book consists of 12 chapters and opens with an overview of the causes of fractionation of isotopes, along with concepts such as isotopic composition and isotopic effects. The discussion then turns to the isotopic composition of the carbon of organisms; a method of calculating the thermodynamic isotopic factors of polyatomic compounds; and results of experimental investigations of intermolecular and intramolecular isotopic effects. A theoretical model of biological fractionation of isotopes is also described. The following chapters explore the regularities of the biological distribution of isotopes and present the results of some biochemical experiments, including the enzymatic decarboxylation of pyruvate and microbiological oxidation of ethanol to acetic acid. In addition, the geologic aspects of thermodynamically ordered isotopic distributions in biological products are analyzed. This monograph will be of interest to biologists, geochemists, analytical chemists, and geologists.
Download or read book Systems Biogeochemistry of Major Marine Biomes written by Aninda Mazumdar and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2022-04-01 with total page 339 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Systems Biogeochemistry of Major Marine Biomes A comprehensive system-level discussion of the geomicrobiology of the Earth’s oceans In Systems Biogeochemistry of Major Marine Biomes, a team of distinguished researchers delivers a systemic overview of biogeochemistry across a number of major physiographies of the global ocean: the waters and sediments overlying continental margins; the deep sub-surfaces; the Arctic and Antarctic oceans; and the physicochemical extremes such as the hypersaline and sulfidic marine zones, cold methane seeps and hydrothermal ecosystems. The book explores state-of-the-art advances in marine geomicrobiology and investigates the drivers of biogeochemical processes. It highlights the imperatives of the unique, fringe, and cryptic processes while studying the geological manifestations and ecological feedbacks of in situ microbial metabolisms. Taking a holistic approach toward the understanding of marine biogeochemical provinces, this book emphasizes the centrality of culture-dependent and culture-independent (meta-omics-based) microbiological information within a systems biogeochemistry framework. Perfect for researchers and scientists in the fields of geochemistry, geophysics, geomicrobiology, oceanography, and marine science, Systems Biogeochemistry of Major Marine Biomes will also earn a place in the libraries of policymakers and advanced graduate students seeking a one-stop reference on marine biogeochemistry.
Download or read book An Astrobiological Exploration of Mass Dependent and Mass Independent Sulphur Isotope Fractionation written by Kristyn Rodzinyak and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "In this thesis, I examined multiple sulfur isotopes in two different systems: mass dependent fractionation and mass independent fractionation. Mass dependent sulfur isotopes elucidate low-temperature oxidative processes from pyrite nodules within Miocene lake sediments found in the Haughton impact structure on Devon Island, Nunavut. Mass independent samples are investigated for lithological and geographical controls on the pattern of 33S and 36S anomalies in Mesoarchaean samples from Northwestern Ontario. In mass dependent systems, the distribution of isotopes can be predicted based on the differences in mass of the various isotopes. Published studies of abiotic and biotic sulfur oxidation show negligible fractionation between starting sulfide and resulting sulfates. Pyrite nodules are being oxidized in a polar desert environment to a variety of sulfates including gypsum, jarosite, and schwertmannite. Within individual nodules, fractionation between sulfate and sulfide range from -10.1 to +17.9 [per mille]. In addition, a two-component mixing between pyrite and bedrock sulfates divides the nodules into three types. The first two are explained by conventional oxidation and mixing; however, most samples cannot be described solely through mixing or oxidation. Measuring large fractionations in sulfide oxidation has implications for the study of 'biosignatures' such that an oxidizing environment, for example the surface of Mars, would be incompatible with the preservation of 'biosignatures'. In samples older than approximately 2.45 billion years, mass independent fractionation is observed in rock samples. These anomalous enrichments or depletions in 33S cannot be predicted solely on mass differences; rather they are attributed to photochemical reactions of SO2 in an oxygen poor atmosphere. Within the Mesoarchaean the magnitude of these anomalous 33S measurements are considerably diminished compared to contiguous time periods. Previous work has focused on changes in atmospheric chemistry to explain these minimum values. By looking at samples from Northwestern Ontario, the effect of lithology and geography are tested. In addition, a sulfur isotope database compiles the literature data. The range of multiple sulfur isotope data is extended as compared to the data from South Africa and Australia; however, the magnitude remains small when compared to adjacent time periods. Nevertheless, the isotope systematics of the Mesoarchaean, with this added dataset, follow the Archaean reference array which has previously not been used for the Mesoarchaean samples. Regarding lithology, chemically and biologically precipitated samples show large variation in anomalous 33S whereas clastic rocks remain close to zero. " --
Download or read book Reading the Archive of Earth s Oxygenation written by Victor Melezhik and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-09-28 with total page 521 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Earth’s present-day environments are the outcome of a 4.5 billion year period of evolution reflecting the interaction of global-scale geological and biological processes. Punctuating that evolution were several extraordinary events and episodes that perturbed the entire Earth system and led to the creation of new environmental conditions, sometimes even to fundamental changes in how planet Earth operated. Volume 3: Global Events and the Fennoscandian Arctic Russia - Drilling Earth Project represents another kind of illustrated journey through the early Palaeoproterozoic, provided by syntheses, reviews and summaries of the current state of our understanding of a series of global events that resulted in a fundamental change of the Earth System from an anoxic to an oxic state. The book discusses traces of life, possible causes for the Huronian-age glaciations, addresses radical changes in carbon, sulphur and phosphorus cycles during the Palaeoproterozoic, and provides a comprehensive description and a rich photo-documentation of the early Palaeoproterozoic supergiant, petrified oil-field. Terrestrial environments are characterised through a critical review of available data on weathered and calichified surfaces and travertine deposits. Potential implementation of Ca, Mg, Sr, Fe, Mo, U and Re-Os isotope systems for deciphering Palaeoproterozoic seawater chemistry and a change in the redox-state of water and sedimentary columns are discussed. The volume considers in detail the definition of the oxic atmosphere, possible causes for the oxygen rise, and considers the oxidation of terrestrial environment not as a single event, but a slow-motion process lasting over hundreds of millions of years. Finally, the book provides a roadmap as to how the FAR-DEEP cores may facilitate future interesting science and provide a new foundation for education in earth-science community. Welcome to the illustrative journey through one of the most exciting periods of planet Earth!
Download or read book Oxygen and Sulfur Isotope Systematics of Sulfate Produced During Abiotic and Bacterial Oxidation of Sphalerite and Elemental Sulfur written by Nurgu Balci and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page 17 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Studies of metal sulfide oxidation in acid mine drainage (AMD) systems have primarily focused on pyrite oxidation, although acid soluble sulfides (e.g., ZnS) are predominantly responsible for the release of toxic metals. We conducted a series of biological and abiotic laboratory oxidation experiments with pure and Fe-bearing sphalerite (ZnS & Zn0.88Fe0.12S), respectively, in order to better understand the effects of sulfide mineralogy and associated biogeochemical controls of oxidation on the resultant [delta]34S and [delta]18O values of the sulfate produced. The minerals were incubated in the presence and absence of Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans at an initial solution pH of 3 and with water of varying [delta]18O values to determine the relative contributions of H2O-derived and O2-derived oxygen in the newly formed sulfate. . Experiments were conducted under aerobic and anaerobic conditions using O2 and Fe(III)aq as the oxidants, respectively. Aerobic incubations with A. ferrooxidans, and So as the sole energy source were also conducted. The [delta]34SSO4 values from both the biological and abiotic oxidation of ZnS and ZnSFe by Fe(III)aq produced sulfur isotope fractionations ([epsilon]34SSO4-ZnS) of up to ?2.6?, suggesting the accumulation of sulfur intermediates during incomplete oxidation of the sulfide. No significant sulfur isotope fractionation was observed from any of the aerobic experiments. Negative sulfur isotope enrichment factors ([epsilon]34SSO4-ZnS) in AMD systems could reflect anaerobic, rather than aerobic pathways of oxidation. During the biological and abiotic oxidation of ZnS and ZnSFe by Fe(III)aq all of the sulfate oxygen was derived from water, with measured [epsilon]18OSO4-H2O values of 8.2 ± 0.2? and 7.5 ± 0.1 0/00, respectively. Also, during the aerobic oxidation of ZnSFe and So by A. ferrooxidans, all of the sulfate oxygen was derived from water with similar measured [epsilon]18OSO4-H2O values of 8.1 ± 0.1? and 8.3 ± 0.3 0/00, respectively. During biological oxidation of ZnS by O2, an estimated 8 0/00 of sulfate?oxygen was derived from O2, which is enriched in 18O relative to water, thus resulting in a larger apparent [epsilon]18OSO4-H2O value of 9.5 0/00. Based on the data presented we hypothesize that the similar [epsilon]18OSO4-H2O values of ~8 0/00 from all of the aerobic and anaerobic experiments result from a common rate-limiting step that involves oxygen isotopic exchange between a sulfite (SO3) intermediate and H2O. Our results indicate that the [delta]18OSO4 values cannot be used to distinguish biological and abiotic, nor aerobic versus anaerobic, pathways of sphalerite oxidation. However, the [epsilon]18OSO4-H2O values of ~8 0/00 measured here are distinctly higher than [epsilon]18OSO4-H2O values of ~4? previously reported for pyrite oxidation indicating the influence of sulfide mineralogy on measured [delta]18OSO4 values.
Download or read book Using Geochemical Data written by Hugh Rollinson and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2021-05-06 with total page 359 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This textbook is a complete rewrite, and expansion of Hugh Rollinson's highly successful 1993 book Using Geochemical Data: Evaluation, Presentation, Interpretation. Rollinson and Pease's new book covers the explosion in geochemical thinking over the past three decades, as new instruments and techniques have come online. It provides a comprehensive overview of how modern geochemical data are used in the understanding of geological and petrological processes. It covers major element, trace element, and radiogenic and stable isotope geochemistry. It explains the potential of many geochemical techniques, provides examples of their application, and emphasizes how to interpret the resulting data. Additional topics covered include the critical statistical analysis of geochemical data, current geochemical techniques, effective display of geochemical data, and the application of data in problem solving and identifying petrogenetic processes within a geological context. It will be invaluable for all graduate students, researchers, and professionals using geochemical techniques.
Download or read book On the Mechanisms of Sulfur Isotope Fractionation During Microbial Sulfate Reduction written by William Davie Leavitt and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Underlying all applications of sulfur isotope analyses is our understanding of isotope systematics. This dissertation tests some fundamental assumptions and assertions, drawn from equilibrium theory and a diverse body of empirical work on biochemical kinetics, as applied to the multiple sulfur isotope systematics of microbial sulfate reduction. I take a reductionist approach, both in the questions addressed and experimental approaches employed. This allows for a mechanistic, physically consistent interpretation of geological and biological sulfur isotope records. The goal of my work here is to allow interpreters a more biologically, chemically and physically parsimonious framework to decipher the signals coded in modern and ancient sulfur isotope records.
Download or read book Triple Oxygen Isotopes written by Huiming Bao and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2019-08-29 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The 'detective' power of stable isotopes for processes that occurred in the past, and for elucidating mechanisms at the molecular level, has impressed researchers over the past 100 years, since the time when isotopes of elements were first discovered. While most are interested in the normalized abundance ratios of two isotopes of an element, further power was unleashed when researchers investigated the relationship of three or more isotopes of the same element, e.g. 16O, 17O, and 18O for oxygen. This Element focuses on the history of discovery of triple isotope effects, the conceptual framework behind these effects, and major lines of development in the past few years of triple oxygen isotope research.
Download or read book South African Journal of Geology written by and published by . This book was released on 2006 with total page 732 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Large Igneous Provinces written by Richard E. Ernst and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2014-09-25 with total page 667 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Large igneous provinces (LIPs) are intraplate magmatic events, involving volumes of mainly mafic magma upwards of 100,000 km3, and often above 1 million km3. They are linked to continental break-up, global environmental catastrophes, regional uplift and a variety of ore deposit types. In this up-to-date, fascinating book, leading expert Richard E. Ernst explores all aspects of LIPs, beginning by introducing their definition and essential characteristics. Topics covered include continental and oceanic LIPs; their origins, structures, and geochemistry; geological and environmental effects; association with silicic, carbonatite and kimberlite magmatism; and analogues of LIPs in the Archean, and on other planets. The book concludes with an assessment of LIPs' influence on natural resources such as mineral deposits, petroleum and aquifers. This is a one-stop resource for researchers and graduate students in a wide range of disciplines, including tectonics, igneous petrology, geochemistry, geophysics, Earth history, and planetary geology, and for mining industry professionals.
Download or read book Stable Isotopes written by International Council of Scientific Unions. Scientific Committee on Problems of the Environment and published by . This book was released on 1991-08-15 with total page 480 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This synthesis draws on the results of a major international scientific workshop held in Pushchino (Moscow Region) in summer 1983, organized jointly by the United Nations Environment Program (UNEP) and SCOPE, with major financial support from UNEP.
Download or read book Stable Isotope Geochemistry written by John W. Valley and published by Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. This book was released on 2018-12-17 with total page 676 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Volume 43 of Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry follows the 1986 Reviews in Mineralogy (Vol. 16) in approach but reflects significant changes in the field of Stable Isotope Geochemistry. In terms of new technology, new sub-disciplines, and numbers of researchers, the field has changed more in the past decade than in any other since that of its birth. Unlike the 1986 volume, which was restricted to high temperature fields, this book covers a wider range of disciplines. However, it would not be possible to fit a comprehensive review into a single volume. Our goal is to provide state-of-the-art reviews in chosen subjects that have emerged or advanced greatly since 1986. This volume was prepared for Short Course on Stable Isotope Geochemistry presented November 2-4, 2001 in conjunction with the annual meetings of the Geological Society of America in Boston, Massachusetts.
Download or read book Atmospheric Evolution on Inhabited and Lifeless Worlds written by David C. Catling and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2017-04-13 with total page 595 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A comprehensive and authoritative text on the formation and evolution of planetary atmospheres, for graduate-level students and researchers.
Download or read book Stable Isotope Ecology written by Brian Fry and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2007-01-15 with total page 318 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A solid introduction to stable isotopes that can also be used as an instructive review for more experienced researchers and professionals. The book approaches the use of isotopes from the perspective of ecological and biological research, but its concepts can be applied within other disciplines. A novel, step-by-step spreadsheet modeling approach is also presented for circulating tracers in any ecological system, including any favorite system an ecologist might dream up while sitting at a computer. The author’s humorous and lighthearted style painlessly imparts the principles of isotope ecology. The online material contains color illustrations, spreadsheet models, technical appendices, and problems and answers.
Download or read book Chemostratigraphy Across Major Chronological Boundaries written by Alcides N. Sial and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2018-12-18 with total page 318 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Winner of the 2020 PROSE Award for Earth Science! Exploring environmental changes through Earth’s geological history using chemostratigraphy Chemostratigraphy is the study of the chemical characteristics of different rock layers. Decoding this geochemical record across chronostratigraphic boundaries can provide insights into geological history, past climates, and sedimentary processes. Chemostratigraphy Across Major Chronological Boundaries presents state-of-the-art applications of chemostratigraphic methods and demonstrates how chemical signatures can decipher past environmental conditions. Volume highlights include: Presents a global perspective on chronostratigraphic boundaries Describes how different proxies can reveal distinct elemental and isotopic events in the geologic past Examines the Archaean-Paleoproterozoic, Proterozoic-Paleozoic, Paleozoic-Mesozoic, and Mesozoic-Paleogene boundaries Explores cause-and-effect through major, trace, PGE, and REE elemental, stable, and radiogenic isotopes Offers solutions to persistent chemostratigraphic problems on a micro-global scale Geared toward academic and researchgeoscientists, particularly in the fields of sedimentary petrology, stratigraphy, isotope geology, geochemistry, petroleum geology, atmospheric science, oceanography, climate change and environmental science, Chemostratigraphy Across Major Chronological Boundaries offers invaluable insights into environmental evolution and climatic change. Read the Editors' Vox: https://eos.org/editors-vox/unravelling-the-past-using-elements-and-isotopes
Download or read book Sulfidic Sediments and Sedimentary Rocks written by David Rickard and published by Newnes. This book was released on 2012-12-31 with total page 813 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book deals with sedimentary sulfides which are the most abundant authigenic minerals in sediments. Special emphasis is given to the biogeochemistry that plays such a central role in the formation of sedimentary sulfides. It will be of interest to scientists in a number of disciplines, including geology, microbiology, chemistry and environmental science. The sulfur system is important to environmental scientists considering the present and future effects of pollution and anoxia. The development of the sulfur system – particularly the characteristics of ocean anoxia over the last 200 Ma – is useful in predicting the future fate of the Earth surface system as well as in understanding the past. The biochemistry and microbiology of the sulfur system are key to understanding microbial ecology and the evolution of life. - First monograph on sedimentary sulfides, covering the ancient and modern sedimentary sulfide systems - Comprehensive, integrating chemistry, microbiology, geology and environmental science - All key references are included and discussed
