Download or read book Subtask 2 9 Sorbent Development for Mercury Control Semi annual Report July 1 December 31 1997 written by and published by . This book was released on 1998 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book SORBENT DEVELOPMENT FOR MERCURY CONTROL Final Topical Report Including Semiannual for January 1 1998 Through June 30 1998 written by and published by . This book was released on 1998 with total page 130 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) draft Mercury Study Report to Congress (1) estimated anthropogenic mercury emissions to be 253 tons/yr in the US, with the majority (216 tons/yr) from combustion sources. The three main combustion sources listed were coal (72 tons/yr), medical waste incinerators (65 tons/yr), and municipal waste combustors (64 tons/yr). The emissions from both medical waste incinerators and municipal waste combustors were recently regulated, which, together with the reduction of mercury in consumer products such as batteries and fluorescent lights, has already reduced the emissions from these sources, as stated in the final EPA Mercury Report to Congress (2). EPA now estimates total point-source mercury emissions to be 158 tons/yr, with coal remaining at 72 tons/yr, while medical waste incinerators are down to 16 tons/yr and municipal waste combustors are at 30 tons/yr. Coal is now the primary source of anthropogenic mercury emissions in the US, accounting for 46%. In addition, the use of coal in the US has been increasing every year and passed the 1-billion-ton-per-year mark for the first time in 1997 (3). At the current rate of increase, coal consumption would reach 1.4 billion tons annually by the year 2020. On a worldwide basis, the projected increase in coal usage over the next two decades in China, India, and Indonesia will dwarf the current US coal consumption level. Therefore, in the US coal will be the dominant source of mercury emissions and worldwide coal may be the cause of significantly increased mercury emissions unless an effective control strategy is implemented. However, much uncertainty remains over the most technically sound and cost-effective approach for reducing mercury emissions from coal-fired boilers, and a number of critical research needs will have to be met to develop better control (2).
Download or read book Subtask 2 7 Mercury Capture on Solid Surfaces and Aerosols Semi annual Report July 1 December 31 1996 written by and published by . This book was released on 1997 with total page 15 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Determining the fly ash properties responsible for the capture of mercury in coal-fired power generation systems is key to understanding and controlling mercury emissions in these systems. Several capture mechanisms and interactions may be possible, such as condensation, chemical adsorption, physical adsorption, chemical bonding, and amalgamation. The chemical nature of the exposed surfaces and the amount of surface area are likely to affect the amount of mercury capture, so both of these parameters must be explored. Since much of the fly ash surface area is concentrated on submicron particles, the interaction of mercury with submicron particles needs to be evaluated. Another possible explanation of mercury capture on fly ash is the formation of amalgams with other metal species that may be present in the fly ash; if this is true, amalgamation may be a viable control technology. The project objectives are to relate mercury capture by fly ash to chemical and physical properties of the fly ash, determine mercury associations with submicron aerosols, evaluate mercury capture on metal sorbents, and relate experimental results to predictions based on state-of-the-art models. Results to date on these activities are described.
Download or read book Task 2 8 Mercury Speciation and Capture in Scrubber Solutions Semi annual Report July 1 December 31 1996 written by and published by . This book was released on 1997 with total page 11 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Investigations into mercury control across conventional scrubber systems have precipitated questions concerning (1) the initial speciation between oxidized and elemental forms of mercury in flue gas from coal-fired boilers and, subsequently, (2) the effects of scrubber slurry composition and pH on the mercury forms. Mercury capture in scrubber slurry is highly dependent on its form. Oxidized mercury is highly water-soluble and can be removed by scrubber slurry, whereas elemental mercury is not and passes through the scrubber to the stack. The objectives of this project are to determine whether scrubber solutions convert either form of mercury to another and whether mercury capture is affected by pH.
Download or read book Investigation and Demonstration of Dry Carbon based Sorbent Injection for Mercury Control Quarterly Technical Report July 1 1996 September 31 1996 written by and published by . This book was released on 1996 with total page 19 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The overall objective of this two phase program is to investigate the use of dry carbon-based sorbents for mercury control. This information is important to the utility industry in anticipation of pending regulations. During Phase I, a bench-scale field test device that can be configured as an electrostatic precipitator, a pulse-jet baghouse, or a reverse-gas baghouse has been designed, built and integrated with an existing pilot-scale facility at PSCo's Comanche Station. Up to three candidate sorbents will be injected into the flue gas stream upstream of the test device to and mercury concentration measurements will be made to determine the mercury removal efficiency for each sorbent. During the Phase II effort, component integration for the most promising dry sorbent technology shall be tested at the 5000 acfm pilot-scale.
Download or read book Investigation and Demonstration of Dry Carbon based Sorbent Injection for Mercury Control Quarterly Technical Report October 1 December 31 1996 written by and published by . This book was released on 1997 with total page 22 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) has issued Public Service Company of Colorado (PSCo) a cost sharing contract to evaluate carbon-based sorbents for mercury control on a 600 acfm laboratory scale particulate control module (PCM). The PCM can simulate an electrostatic precipitator, a pulse-jet fabric filter, and a reverse air fabric filter and uses actual flue gas from an operating coal-fired power plant. Up to 3 different dry carbon-based sorbents will be tested to determine the mercury removal capability in the different configurations. The project is currently in the fifth quarter of an eight quarter Phase I project. The PCM has been fabricated and mercury removal testing with the ESP configuration has been completed. Original plans included the use on an on-line meercury analyzer to collect the test data. However, due to very low baseline mercury concentration, on-line measurement did not provide accurate data. The project has continued using a modified MESA method grab sample technique to determine inlet and outlet mercury concentrations. A major concern during sorbent evaluations has been the natural ability of the flyash at the test site to remove mercury. This has made determination of sorbent only mercury removal difficult. Overall vapor-phase mercury removals of 15 to 70% have been obtained but this includes mercury removals in the range of 30% by the flyash. It is believed that a maximum of approximately 40% removal due to the sorbent only has been obtained. A number of test and sampling modifications are in progress to increase the data confidence and many questions remain. Startup of the pulse jet configuration began in early November but results of this testing are not available at this time. The project team has decided to proceed with pulse jet testing using flue gas that does not contain significant flyash quantities to further investigate the sorbent only mercury removal.
Download or read book Investigation and Demonstration of Dry Carbon based Sorbent Injection for Mercury Control Quarterly Report November 1 1995 December 31 1995 written by and published by . This book was released on 1996 with total page 13 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The overall objective to this two phase program is to investigate dry carbon-based sorbents for mercury control. During Phase I, a bench-scale field test device that can simulate an electrostatic precipitator, a pulse-jet baghouse, or a reverse-gas baghouse will be designed and integrated with an existing pilot-scale facility at Public Service Company of Colorado's (PSCo's) Comanche station. Various sorbents will then be injected to determine the mercury removal efficiency for each. During Phase II effort, component integration of the most promising technologies shall be tested at the 5000 acfm pilot-scale. The primary task currently underway is the facility design. The design is expected to be finished in January, 1996. The facility, regardless of the particulate control module configuration, will be fitted with supply line injection port, through which mercury sorbents and SO2 control sorbents can be added to the flue gas stream.
Download or read book Development of a Calcium based Sorbent for Hot Gas Cleanup Semi annual Technical Progress Report October 1 1996 March 31 1997 written by and published by . This book was released on 1997 with total page 13 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Work has started on the development of a superior calcium-based sorbent for use in hot gas cleanup in IGCC systems. The aim is to develop a sorbent which will remove H2S and COS from hot coal gas and be capable of repeated loading and regeneration. Porous alumina pellets and other porous refractory materials will be impregnated with calcium to prepare sorbents for testing. A preliminary review of the literature suggests that such materials have not been investigated extensively for cleaning coal gas.
Download or read book Characterization and Optimization of Sorbents Utilized for Emission Control During Coal Gasification 1997 Fourth Quarter Research Report October 1 1997 December 31 1997 written by and published by . This book was released on 1997 with total page 15 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Advanced integrated gasification combined cycle and pressurized fluidized bed combustion power system requires both hot gas desulfurization and particulate filtration to improve system thermal efficiency and overall performance. Few metal oxides were evaluated to be the sorbent candidate for hot gas desulfurization process. The use of waste iron oxide as a disposable metal oxide sorbent will alleviate the constraints imposed on iron oxides including the degradation of sulfur capacity and its physical attrition required for a regenerable sorbent. The very low cost of waste iron oxides and the elimination of the investment associated with sorbent regeneration make it attractive to replace currently developed sorbent candidates. However, the use of waste iron oxides indicates a significant increase of dust loading for particulate filtration. The slower the reaction rate the iron oxide and coal ash mixture is, the longer residence time and higher iron oxide to coal ratio are required. One of the key issue of the use of waste iron oxides as a disposable sorbent material relies on the capability of particulate filtration efficiency. The current back pulse cleaning of the dust cake had been evaluated; and the preliminary test results indicated that the simultaneous operation of hot gas desulfurization and particulate filtration is feasible. A parametric testing will be performed on hot gas desulfurization and particulate independently first. The independent test results will help optimize the test design and evaluation of the integration of hot gas desulfurization testing and particulate filtration testing to be completed in the first two quarters 1998.
Download or read book Development of New Sorbents to Remove Mercury and Selenium from Flue Gas Final Report September 1 1993 August 31 1994 written by and published by . This book was released on 1995 with total page 21 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Mercury (Hg) and selenium (Se) are two of the volatile trace metals in coal, which are often not captured by conventional gas clean up devices of coal-fired boilers. An alternative is to use sorbents to capture the volatile components of trace metals after coal combustion. In this project sorbent screening tests were performed in which ten sorbents were selected to remove metallic mercury in N2. These sorbents included activated carbon, char prepared from Ohio No. 5 coal, molecular sieves, silica gel, aluminum oxide, hydrated lime, Wyoming bentonite, kaolin, and Amberite IR-120 (an ion-exchanger). The sorbents were selected based on published information and B & W's experience on mercury removal. The promising sorbent was then selected and modified for detailed studies of removal of mercury and selenium compounds. The sorbents were tested in a bench-scale adsorption facility. A known amount of each sorbent was loaded in the column as a packed bed. A carrier gas was bubbled through the mercury and selenium compounds. The vaporized species were carried by the gas and went through the sorbent beds. The amount of mercury and selenium compounds captured by the sorbents was determined by atomic absorption. Results are discussed.
Download or read book Investigation and Demonstration of Dry Carbon based Sorbent Injection for Mercury Control Quarterly Technical Report April 1 June 30 1996 written by and published by . This book was released on 1996 with total page 18 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The overall objective this two phase program is to investigate the use of dry carbon-based sorbents for mercury control. During Phase 1, a bench-scale field test device that can be configured as an electrostatic precipitator, a pulse-jet baghouse, or a reverse-gas baghouse has been designed and will be integrated with an existing pilot-scale facility at PSCo's Comanche Station. Up to three candidate sorbents will then be injected into the flue gas stream upstream of the test device to determine the mercury removal efficiency for each sorbent. During the Phase 11 effort, component integration for the most promising dry sorbent technology (technically and economically feasible) shall be tested at the 5000 acfm pilot-scale. An extensive work plan has been developed for the project. Three sorbents will be selected for evaluation at the facility through investigation, presentation, and discussion among team members: PSCO, EPRI, ADA, and DOE. The selected sorbents will be tested in the five primary bench-scale configurations: pulse 'et baghouse, TOXECON, reverse-gas baghouse, electrostatic precipitator, and an ESP or fabric filter 'with no Comanche ash in the flue gas stream. In the EPRI TOXECON system, mercury sorbents will be injected downstream of a primary particulate control device, and collected in a pulse-jet baghouse operated at air-to-cloth ratios of 12 to 16 ft/min, thus separating the mercury and sorbent from the captured flyash. In the no-ash configuration, an external flyash sample will be injected into a clean gas stream to investigate possible variations in sorbent effectiveness in the presence of different ashes. The use of an existing test facility, a versatile design for the test fixture, and installation of a continuous mercury analyzer will allow for the completion of this ambitious test plan. The primary activity during the quarter was to complete fabrication and installation of the facility.
Download or read book Kinetics of MN based Sorbents for Hot Coal Gas Desulfurization Semiannual Report December 15 1996 March 15 1997 written by and published by . This book was released on 1997 with total page 23 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Manganese-based sorbents have been investigated for the removal of hydrogen sulfide (the primary sulfur bearing compound) from hot coal gases prior to its use in combined cycle turbines. Four formulations of Mn-based sorbents were tested in an ambient-pressure fixed-bed reactor to determine steady state H2S concentrations, breakthrough times and effectiveness of the sorbent when subjected to cyclic sulfidation and regeneration testing. In previous reports, the sulfidation and regeneration results from cyclic testing done at 600°C were presented. Manganese-based sorbents with molar ratios>1:1 Mn:substrate were effective in reducing the H2S concentration in simulated coal gases to less than 100 ppmv over five cycles. Actual breakthrough time for formulation C6-2-1100 was as high as 73% of breakthrough time based on wt% Mn in sorbent. Regeneration tests determined that loaded pellets can be fully regenerated in air/steam mixture at 750°C with minimal sulfate formation. In this report, the results from the cyclic crush strength tests, sulfur profile test, and cyclic testing done after 5 cycles showed decreases in strength from 12.6% to 57.9%. Cyclic testing at 550°C showed pre-breakthrough concentrations as low as 10 ppmv. Cyclic testing done at 2 L/min and 3 L/min did not show any significant difference in pre-breakthrough concentrations or capacity.
Download or read book Development of a Sorbent based Technology for Control of Mercury in Flue Gas written by and published by . This book was released on 1996 with total page 16 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This paper presents results of research being, conducted at Argonne National Laboratory on the capture of elemental mercury in simulated flue gases by using dry sorbents. Experimental results from investigation of various sorbents and chemical additives for mercury control are reported. Of the sorbents investigated thus far, an activited-carbon-based sorbent impregnated with about 15% (by weight) of sulfur compound provided the best results. The key parameters affecting mercury control efficiency in a fixed-bed reactor, such as reactor loading, reactor temperature, sorbent size distribution, etc., were also studied, and the results ire presented. In addition to activated-carbon-based sorbents, a non-carbon-based sorbent that uses an inactive substrate treated with active chemicals is being developed. Preliminary, experimental results for mercury removal by this newly developed sorbent are presented.
Download or read book EPA 745 B written by and published by . This book was released on 2000 with total page 186 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Nonattainment New Source Review Us Environmental Protection Agency Regulation 2018 written by Law Library and published by Createspace Independent Publishing Platform. This book was released on 2018-08-24 with total page 38 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Nonattainment New Source Review (NSR) (US Environmental Protection Agency Regulation) (EPA) (2018 Edition) The Law Library presents the complete text of the Nonattainment New Source Review (NSR) (US Environmental Protection Agency Regulation) (EPA) (2018 Edition). Updated as of May 29, 2018 The EPA is finalizing revisions to the regulations governing the nonattainment new source review (NSR) program mandated by section 110(a)(2)(C) of the Clean Air Act (CAA or Act). These revisions implement changes to the preconstruction review requirements for major stationary sources in nonattainment areas in interim periods between designation of new nonattainment areas and adoption of a revised State Implementation Plan (SIP). The revisions conform the nonattainment permitting rules that apply during the SIP development period following nonattainment designations before SIP approval to the Federal permitting rules applicable to SIP-approved programs. The changes are intended to provide a consistent national program for permitting major stationary sources in nonattainment areas under section 110(a)(2)(C) and part D of title I of the Act. In particular, these changes conform the regulations to the NSR reform provisions that EPA promulgated by notice dated December 31, 2002, except that these changes do not include the NSR reform provisions for "clean units" or "pollution control projects," which the U.S. Court of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit vacated in New York v. EPA, 413 F.3d 3 (DC Cir. 2005). In addition, these changes include an interim interpretation of the NSR reform provision for a "reasonable possibility" standard for recordkeeping and reporting requirements, in accordance with that court decision. This interim interpretation to the "reasonable possibility" standard applies for appendix S purposes, pending the completion of rulemaking to develop a more complete interpretation. This book contains: - The complete text of the Nonattainment New Source Review (NSR) (US Environmental Protection Agency Regulation) (EPA) (2018 Edition) - A table of contents with the page number of each section
Download or read book An Outline of Law and Procedure in Representation Cases written by United States. National Labor Relations Board. Office of the General Counsel and published by . This book was released on 1995 with total page 500 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Radiological Health written by United States. Food and Drug Administration and published by . This book was released on 1978 with total page 168 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
