Download or read book Subnational Regulation of Genetically Modified Organisms in the United States and the European Union written by Anna Milena Zivian and published by . This book was released on 2011 with total page 536 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Genetically Modified Food written by Marie Kreipe and published by Diplomica Verlag. This book was released on 2010 with total page 97 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The controversial issue of genetically modified (GM) food is discussed in this book. While the United States (US) is a strong supporter of GM technology having adopted a rather lax regulation of trade with GM products, the European Union (EU) is representing a sceptical position towards this new technology and has even imposed a de facto moratorium on further approval of GM products from 1998 to 2004. The purpose of this book is an extensive analysis of the current status on risks and benefits of genetically modified organisms (GMOs) and a suggestion on how an appropriate regulation of GM products could be derived. Potential guidelines are provided for policy formulation both in a qualitative and in a quantitative dimension. The US is applying the principle of substantial equivalence, which means that GM products are in their substance identical to products produced by conventional methods. Therefore, no new regulations are necessary for the trade with GM products. In contrast, the European Union (EU) disagrees that GM products are equivalent to their conventional counterparts due to the different production process. Instead, the EU refers to the precautionary principle in its GMO policy, meaning that trade with GM products should be restricted until it will be proven that no additional risks are implied by the use of these products. The divergence of opinions about the right policy to regulate GM products has significant impacts on trade flows and welfare effects. The US and the EU have already tried to resolve their dispute before the World Trade Organization (WTO). Relevant laws of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) and the WTO are presented as well as indications for a potential consensus.

Download or read book When Cooperation Fails written by Mark A. Pollack and published by OUP Oxford. This book was released on 2009-05-21 with total page 464 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The transatlantic dispute over genetically modified organisms (GMOs) has brought into conflict the United States and the European Union, two long-time allies and economically interdependent democracies with a long record of successful cooperation. Yet the dispute - pitting a largely acceptant US against an EU deeply suspicious of GMOs - has developed into one of the most bitter and intractable transatlantic and global conflicts, resisting efforts at negotiated resolution and resulting in a bitterly contested legal battle before the World Trade Organization. Professors Pollack and Shaffer investigate the obstacles to reconciling regulatory differences among nations through international cooperation, using the lens of the GMO dispute. The book addresses the dynamic interactions of domestic law and politics, transnational networks, international regimes, and global markets, through a theoretically grounded and empirically comprehensive analysis of the governance of GM foods and crops. They demonstrate that the deeply politicized, entrenched and path-dependent nature of the regulation of GMOs in the US and the EU has fundamentally shaped negotiations and decision-making at the international level, limiting the prospects for deliberation and providing incentives for both sides to engage in hard bargaining and to "shop" for favorable international forums. They then assess the impacts, and the limits, of international pressures on domestic US and European law, politics and business practice, which have remained strikingly resistant to change. International cooperation in areas like GMO regulation, the authors conclude, must overcome multiple obstacles, legal and political, domestic and international. Any effective response to this persistent dispute, they argue, must recognize both the obstacles to successful cooperation, and the options that remain for each side when cooperation fails.

Download or read book The Politics of Genetically Modified Organisms in the United States and Europe written by Kelly A. Clancy and published by Springer. This book was released on 2016-11-02 with total page 179 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book examines the puzzle of why genetically modified organisms continue to be controversial despite scientific evidence declaring them safe for humans and the environment. What explains the sustained levels of resistance? Clancy analyzes the trans-Atlantic controversy by comparing opposition to GMOs in the United Kingdom, Germany, Poland, Spain, and the United States, examining the way in which science is politicized on both sides of the debate. Ultimately, the author argues that the lack of labeling GMO products in the United States allows opponents to create far-fetched images of GMOs that work their ways in to the minds of the public. The way forward out of this seemingly intractable debate is to allow GMOs, once tested, to enter the market without penalty—and then to label them.

Download or read book The Regulation of Genetically Modified Organisms written by Luc Bodiguel and published by . This book was released on 2010 with total page 448 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The regulation of genetically modified organisms (GMOs) continues to generate controversy. On the one hand, they are actively promoted by the biotechnology industry as vital to ensuring food security. Yet, on the other hand, consumer resistance persists, not least in the European Union, and such lack of confidence extends not just to GM food itself but also to the regulatory regime, where legal issues are inextricably linked with economics and politics. This edited collection provides a novel contribution to the ongoing debate, recognizing that the legislative environment is complicated by forces as varied as national public opinion and world trade commitments. The book is divided into four parts. The first of these addresses the influence in this context of both civil society and economic imperatives. The second part is directed more specifically to the measures that have been implemented in the European Union, considering multi-level governance, wider aspects of food law, co-existence with conventional and organic crops, and environmental liability. The third part is comparative in focus, with chapters covering the diverse regimes implemented in Africa, Australia, North America and South America. The book concludes with chapters on world trade and international considerations, including analysis of the Biotech case.

Download or read book EU Regulation of GMOs written by Maria Lee and published by Edward Elgar Publishing. This book was released on 2009-01-01 with total page 297 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Lee s book is a valuable addition to the literature for those wishing to broaden their understanding of the range of legal disciplines involved in GMO regulation. Tracey Epps, European Review of Agricultural Economics Maria Lee s work is a successful attempt to illustrate the big legal issues behind the regulation of genetically modified organisms (GMOs). This study, which is thorough and well documented, is particularly welcomed in view of the need for a dialogue between different legal specialisms for which GMOs are a relevant area of research. . . [The] book provides a very interesting and insightful examination of the legal problems raised by GMOs. I would warmly recommend its reading to academics and practitioners who are interested in European risk regulation law, environmental law, biotechnology and trade law. Sara Poli, European Law Review Genetically modified organisms (GMOs) are an extraordinary innovation. They raise great expectations of economic prosperity and improved capacity to address pressing problems of poverty and environmental degradation, whilst simultaneously raising great concerns about the type of social and physical world they promise. Finding space in regulation to consider the full range of issues provoked by GMOs is a huge challenge. This book explores the EU s elaborate regulatory framework for GMOs, which extends far beyond the process of their authorisation (or not) for the EU market, embracing disparate legal disciplines including intellectual property, consumer protection and civil liability. The regulation of GMOs also highlights questions of EU legitimacy in a context of multi-level governance, both internally towards national and local government, and externally in a world where technologies and their regulation have global impacts. This book will be of interest to academics and students in both law and social sciences, as well as practising lawyers and policy makers. It addresses questions that are significant for those involved in environmental or food issues, as well as specialists in GMOs.

Download or read book Biotechnology Regulation and GMOs written by Naveen Thayyil and published by Edward Elgar Publishing. This book was released on 2014-03-28 with total page 285 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This thoughtful book explores how EU law treats serious disagreements about the development and use of a radically new technology like genetic modification. Relevant EU laws are examined to analyse the room available, or possible, for public participat

Download or read book Grains of Doubt written by Kelly Ann Clancy and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page 292 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The dissertation focuses on two lines of inquiry. First, why are GMOs objects of contention? Second, why, and under what conditions, is opposition to GMOs successful? To answer these questions, I examine the way in which GMOs are depicted as objects of contention on the global and local level. Part One provides a framework for the project. Chapter Two presents the constructivist approach to the study of resistance to GMOs. Discourse and images are examined from the United Kingdom, Germany, Poland, Spain, and the United States. Part Two examines the global level of GMOs from an ideological and regulatory perspective. Chapter Three first examines the ideological component by exploring how sound science is projected in the United States and Europe. The narrative has three parts: it advances a neoliberal narrative of the technology, arguing that non-sound science approaches are in fact attempts to politicize trade. This establishes a relationship between science, free trade, and GMOs. The second part of the narrative posits that failure to embrace GMOs will lead to a catastrophe. The third part of the narrative scapegoats the public, arguing that public ignorance will block GMOs, thereby ensuring the catastrophe. Chapter Four also focuses on the global level by examining the regulatory context in the European Union, as well as the trade conflicts between the EU and the US. Part Three turns to the domestic, or local, level, presenting five case studies. These case studies compare the political, economic, cultural, and public opinion of GMOs across countries, establishing the variance in the domestic context. Part Four looks at the images produced by the opponents of GMOs. The images are a successful refutation to the "sound science" narrative because they provide universal symbols of doubt and critique that can be redeployed within specific cultural contexts. The power of resistance is found within the logic employed by visual hegemony: the strategy of GMO resistance is to circumnavigate the logic of rationality of the proponents of GMOs and substitute the synecdotal reasoning that communicates a diffuse narrative of doubt and mistrust which critiques of the process, product, and implications.

Download or read book Towards a New Regulatory Framework for GM Crops in the European Union written by Leire Escajedo San Epifanio and published by Brill Wageningen Academic. This book was released on 2017 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Aware of the significant potential of nascent biotechnologies, the European Economic Community (the predecessor to the European Union) was one of the first regions in the world to develop a regulatory framework for them. Back in the 1980s, the objective of Community member countries was to strengthen the standards of consensus and collaboration, and of environmental and health safety, as well as to promote an industrial sector of enormous potential. In spite of all effort, towards the end of the 1990s it was a widely accepted fact that a number of political and economic factors were blocking the development of biotechnology in Europe. From that crisis emerged what in some aspects is probably the most comprehensive and rigorous body of regulations for biotechnology in the world today. However, the very high technical level of those regulations did not prevent a new crisis which EU institutions aim to solve with a new regulatory framework. Thus, since March 2015, the way towards the third regulatory framework for Biotechnology in the EU has been open. Will this third regulatory framework finally offer sufficient guarantees to allow a healthy and sustainable development of biotechnology in the EU? What do we need to do so that 'third time is lucky'? In this work, a group of European and non-European experts, from different disciplines and approaches, discuss the past and the present, as well as the various possible futures, of Genetically Modified Crops in the EU.

Download or read book Subnational Regulation of Genetically Modified Organisms in the United States and the European Union written by Anna Milena Zivian and published by . This book was released on 2011 with total page 520 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Contested Technology Contested Governance written by Patricia Stapleton and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: As a member state of the European Union (EU), France has ceded sovereignty to EU authority in particular policy domains. Biotechnology is one such domain where the EU has taken on a dominant role as a regulator, particularly within the area of agriculture. Biotechnology as a policy issue area is especially important to examine because the EU has named it as one of the key technologies needed for sustainable development in economic growth and competitiveness. However, the issue of genetically modified organisms (GMOs) and genetically modified (GM) products has arisen as a point of contention within this domain. Not only are states, like France, challenging the right of the EU to impose regulations that would allow for the development and promotion of GMOs and GM products within their borders, special interest groups are also challenging the right of the EU to promote products that these groups perceive as unsafe. Thus the fight over GMOs in Europe is being waged on two levels: 1) the EU vs. member states over the right to regulate biotechnology, and 2) consumer, farmer, and environmental interest groups vs. government over the rights of the government to pursue economic development and sustainability as it sees fit. A case study of France provides an excellent example of how this fight plays out. At a state-level, the French government has become resistant to accepting EU decisions in this policy area. Because of this resistance from France and other anti-GMO member states, the EU is currently considering ceding its authority over this domain. At a domestic level, the Comité de Recherche et d'Information Indépendantes sur le genie Génétique (CRIIGEN), the Association Consommation, Logement et Cadre de Vie (CLCV), Greenpeace France, and La Confédération paysanne (CP) have supported the non-implementation of EU policies in France by effectively drawing attention to their anti-GM cause. This paper will explore the contestation over rights that occurs within the issue domain of agricultural biotechnology. To do this, we will first review the EU regulatory regime in this area, highlighting both the underlying precautionary principle at work in food safety regulation and the structure of governance for the GMO approval process. We will then show how anti-GM interest groups have garnered support with the French public for the non-implementation of EU agricultural biotechnology regulation by employing a rights-based discourse that centers on anti-globalization sentiment.

Download or read book Sustainability Regulatory Dilemmas and GMOs written by Rosemary Lyster and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Agency decision-making regarding the release of genetically modified organisms (GMOs) into the environment, which has the potential to affect the environment and human health, must be consistent with the principles of sustainable development. This requires adherence to the principles of intergenerational equity, the conservation of biological diversity, the precautionary principle, and the polluter pays principle. The potential risks associated with GMOs make public participation an essential element of agency decision-making. This is because the scientific evidence about the safety, or otherwise, of GMOs is sufficiently uncertain. In such a case, decisions to release them must be politically negotiated. Yet when the regulatory arrangements for dealing with GMOs in the United States and the European Union are compared and contrasted markedly different regulatory frameworks emerge. In the case of the US, the regulation of GMOs falls short of the sustainability benchmark, while the EU's seems entirely consistent with it. How do we explain, then, the paradox of a US public which is so accepting of food derived under a relatively lax regulatory and administrative framework, and a fearful EU public protected by extensive regulation and risk assessment processes?

Download or read book Genetically Modified Organisms GMOs written by Krissada Promvek and published by . This book was released on 2006 with total page 258 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book The International Regulation of Genetically Modified Organisms written by Debra M. Strauss and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page 31 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Biotechnology in the food industry has developed rapidly in recent years. In the United States, Genetically Modified Organisms in food have increased exponentially, while these products are largely banned and strictly regulated overseas. After examining the scientific issues, including unintended risks to human health and the environment, this article explores the rigorous regulatory scheme of the EU and international community in contrast to the relatively unrestrictive approach of the United States. This article proposes an expanded model of mandatory positive labeling, in combination with voluntary negative labeling, along with a system of pre-market and post-market testing, monitoring, and tracking of GM components. In responding to the concerns of its citizens and giving greater weight to unknown risks, the U.S. government would increase consumer confidence and strengthen the long-term viability of the biotechnology industry. Moreover, by implementing more stringent standards, the United States can regain entry for its agricultural products into the global marketplace.

Download or read book Engineering a New Form of Enclosure written by Jessica Racine Altif and published by . This book was released on 2010 with total page 104 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: As society begins to recognize its impact on ecological systems, the belief that modern political institutions can offer a sense of control and certainty, as well as protect the health of its citizens, is increasingly questioned. In an era of uncertainty, faith in science and technology to alleviate industrial impacts on the environment is often embraced by policymakers yet questioned by the public who see the authoritative role of the sciences in the political sphere as contributing to global risk. The development of biotechnology, specifically genetically modified food, places an anthropocentric focus on resolving and/or adapting to environmental degradation, further reflecting an adherence to the dominant social paradigm to address the consequences of modernization. In order to explicate the dualism of human/nature relations inherent in biotechnology, the focus of this research provides an exploration into two competing paradigms of genetically modified organism (GMO) regulatory policy: scientific rationality and social rationality. Through a careful examination of the evolution of GMO regulation in the United States and the European Union, the precarious relationships between science and politics and progress and precaution reveal an actual convergence instead of divergence between these two actors in the international system. Although existing literature proclaims a division between the values and ethics of U.S. and EU environmental policy, the end result of this comparison in GMO regulation illustrates that in both the risk assessment and precautionary approaches, nature is still viewed as an instrument for advancing enclosure of the commons.

Download or read book A Companion to European Union Law and International Law written by Dennis Patterson and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2016-03-15 with total page 634 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Featuring contributions from renowned scholars, A Companion to European Union Law and International Law presents a comprehensive and authoritative collection of essays that addresses all of the most important topics on European Union and international law. Integrates the fields of European Union law and international law, revealing both the similarities and differences Features contributions from renowned scholars in the fields of EU law and international law Covers a broad range of topical issues, including trade, institutional decision-making, the European Court of Justice, democracy, human rights, criminal law, the EMU, and many others

Download or read book The United States and the European Union written by Terrence R. Guay and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2013-10-15 with total page 138 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: First Published in 2001. This book provides a concise yet thorough overview of the interactions between the world's dominant country and the world's most developed institution. The book examines the major events in the history of US-EU relations, and suggests that changes in the international political economy play a key role in shaping this relationship: the US and the EU are in a constant state of competition and cooperation that varies by issue and policy area. The United States and the European Union is well-suited for researchers interested in Europe's external relations, US foreign policy, political economy and contemporary global issues.