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Book Principles of Desalination Part A

Download or read book Principles of Desalination Part A written by K Speigler and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2012-12-02 with total page 379 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Principles of Desalination, Part A, Second Edition is a collection of papers that describes the design of distillation and dual-purpose plants, what desalination can and cannot accomplish in an economical way. One paper discusses techniques toward a rapid and direct way of optimizing the economic performance of sea water conversion systems, incurring capital and continuing costs of operation (for example, transformer equipment, filtration devices, and chemical preparation). Another paper considers the general system and internal system engineering of distillation. Designing distilling plants involves the selection of process parameters, cycle determination, and calculation of water costs. The different types of evaporators are the boiling-type, the flash type, the vapor compression, the combination plant cycles, and the power plant make-up evaporators. Commercial sea water desalination plants incorporate multistage flash evaporators or multieffect vertical-tube or horizontal-tube evaporators. The problem of energy supply to these plants can be solved by a combined generation of electricity and low pressure steam. When the generation of electricity and low pressure steam are combined, the extra fuel demand for electricity generation over the fuel demand for low pressure steam generation only, is less than that for electricity generation alone. This book is suitable for economists, environmentalists, ecologists, and policy makers involved in energy conservation, agricultural development, and water management.

Book An Investigation of the Role of Magnetic Water Treatment Devices in Calcium Carbonate Scale Formation

Download or read book An Investigation of the Role of Magnetic Water Treatment Devices in Calcium Carbonate Scale Formation written by Deborah Holmes Parker and published by . This book was released on 1985 with total page 342 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Book Magnetic Water Treatment for Scale Prevention on Water Heater Elements

Download or read book Magnetic Water Treatment for Scale Prevention on Water Heater Elements written by Fatma Al-Sharji and published by . This book was released on 2020 with total page 153 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Calcium carbonates is one of the main components of scale that is commonly found in industrial equipment such as hot water systems. Scale formation on heater elements may lead to reduce heat efficiency and shorten the heat service life. Ion exchange softened water are used to reduce the scale formation, but excess salt during regeneration discharged to the wastewater stream, limits the reuse of wastewater for industrial purposes. As a result, non-salt alternative devices would provide consumers with the ability to reduce the impacts of ion exchange softened water without creating negative salinity impacts on wastewater stream. Magnetic water treatment device involves passing a hard water though a magnetic field. This method reduces amount of scale and favors the precipitations of aragonite, a softer type of scale rather than a hard scale, calcite. A water heater system was constructed to quantify the scale formation with tap water by using one proprietary magnetic water treatment device, AkwaMag device, and compare it to untreated tap water at 60°C in systems with a tank with 70.4 in2 of exposed iron and with a tank with little exposure of iron. Accelerated scale formation teste were performed on tanks with and without the magnetic device tested at 30 °C and 60 °C. Scale were collected and characterized by x-ray diffraction (XRD), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis. The water heater simulation study from the experiment with a tank with little exposure of iron showed that the mass of scale was reduced on the magnetically treated water heater element. Aragonite was formed on both untreated and magnetically treated water heating elements, but the weight percentage of aragonite increased on the magnetically treated water heating elements based on the results obtained from XRD. Other compounds were also detected with XRD found in both heating elements. SEM of both heating elements showed the presence of calcium carbonate polymorphs. In accelerated scale study, the weight percentage of aragonite was higher than calcite at 60 °C and 30 °C. However, calcite was reduced in the magnetically treated water heater elements, which indicates the effects of magnetic fields on reducing calcite formation.

Book Calcium Carbonate Saturation in Ground Water from Routine Analyses Geochemistry of Water

Download or read book Calcium Carbonate Saturation in Ground Water from Routine Analyses Geochemistry of Water written by Geological Survey (U.S.) and published by . This book was released on 1961 with total page 14 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Book Energy Research Abstracts

Download or read book Energy Research Abstracts written by and published by . This book was released on 1981 with total page 508 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Book Calcium Carbonate Dissolution and Precipitation in Water

Download or read book Calcium Carbonate Dissolution and Precipitation in Water written by Lyle M. Dabb and published by . This book was released on 1971 with total page 76 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The carbonate saturometer method developed by Weyl (1961) was studied in respect to the effect of several variables on the solubility of carbonates. The solubility of three solid carbonate materials was measured in four different salt solutions, at four ionic strengths, and at two different temperatures. The solids studied included: calcite, dolomite, and a calcareous soil. It was found that the three solid carbonate materials varied in solubility from a low in the soil carbonates to a high in dolomite. Increasing the ionic strength of the solution increased the solubility of most of the solid carbonate materials. By decreasing the temperature, the solubility was increased. When S04- was present in solution, the solubility of both calcium carbonate and dolomite increased. When Mg++ was present in solution the solubility of calcium carbonate was increased more than was the solubility of dolomite.

Book Scientific and Technical Aerospace Reports

Download or read book Scientific and Technical Aerospace Reports written by and published by . This book was released on 1971 with total page 1330 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Book Selected Water Resources Abstracts

Download or read book Selected Water Resources Abstracts written by and published by . This book was released on 1985 with total page 690 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Book The Science and Technology of Industrial Water Treatment

Download or read book The Science and Technology of Industrial Water Treatment written by Zahid Amjad and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2010-04-05 with total page 530 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Mineral scale deposits, corrosion, suspended matter, and microbiological growth are factors that must be controlled in industrial water systems. Research on understanding the mechanisms of these problems has attracted considerable attention in the past three decades as has progress concerning water treatment additives to ameliorate these concerns.

Book Sedimentary Carbonate Minerals

Download or read book Sedimentary Carbonate Minerals written by F. Lippmann and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 310 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: and their identification obviates individual thermochemical studies on every genus. The stability relations among sedimentary carbonate minerals are now more or less well known. The common rock-forming minerals cal cite and dolomite are indeed stable phases in the pertinent systems. Most other carbonate minerals of similar composition which are known to occur in the younger sediments are metastable with respect to calcite, dolomite, and magnesite. This implies that the sedimentation of carbon ates is determined only in part by stability relations. Kinetic factors, which allow the formation of metastable minerals, appear to be more important. Although the diagenetic transformations leading to stable minerals take place by virtue of thermodynamic requirements, the reac tions themselves are triggered by kinetic factors as well. Some of the reactions leading from metastable to stable carbonate assemblages are susceptible to simulation in the laboratory; others (e. g. dolomitization) appear to be so slow that they can be studied only in analogous systems characterized by reasonable reaction rates. In all attempts to explain the possible mechanisms of such reactions, we must consider the crystal structures of the final products as well as of the starting materials. This is another viewpoint from which mineralogy is important to carbonate petrology, if we regard the crystal chemistry of minerals as a part of mineralogy. A certain parallelism with clay mineralogy suggests itself.

Book Magnesium Carbonate a Recycled Coagulant for Water Treatment

Download or read book Magnesium Carbonate a Recycled Coagulant for Water Treatment written by Gainesville (Fla.). Department of Public Utilities and published by . This book was released on 1971 with total page 130 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Book Dissertation Abstracts International

Download or read book Dissertation Abstracts International written by and published by . This book was released on 1986 with total page 740 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Book Kinetics of Precipitation

Download or read book Kinetics of Precipitation written by Arne E. Nielsen and published by Pergamon. This book was released on 1964 with total page 166 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: