Download or read book Studies on the Hydrogenation of Natural Rubber Using Nickel 2 ethylhexanoate as Catalyst written by Nadaraja Subramaniam and published by . This book was released on 1995 with total page 350 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Chemistry Manufacture and Applications of Natural Rubber written by Shinzo Kohjiya and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2014-02-17 with total page 543 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The growing demand for more sustainable materials has led to increased research on the properties of natural rubber. Chemistry, Manufacture and Applications of Natural Rubber summarizes this research and its significance for the industrial applications of natural rubber. Chapters in part one explore the properties and processing of natural rubber, including the biosynthesis of natural rubber in different rubber-producing species, chemical modification of natural rubber for improved performance, and the effect of strain-induced crystallization on the physical properties of natural rubber. Further chapters highlight hydrophobic and hydrophilic silica-filled cross-linked natural rubber and computer simulation of network formation in natural rubber. Part two focusses on applications of natural rubber, including eco-friendly bio-composites using natural rubber matrices and reinforcements, soft bio-composites from natural rubber and marine products, natural rubber for the tire industry, the application of epoxidized natural rubber in pressure sensitive adhesives (PSAs), and the use of natural rubber for vibration isolation and earthquake protection of structures. Finally, chapters in part three consider environmental and safety issues associated with natural rubber, including improving the sustainable development of natural rubber, the recycling of natural and synthetic isoprene rubbers and of sulfur cross-linked natural rubber, and recent research on natural rubber latex allergy. Chemistry, Manufacture and Applications of Natural Rubber is a comprehensive resource for academics, chemists, chemical engineers, mechanical engineers, and other professionals in the rubber industry, as well as those industries, including automotive, civil, and medical engineering, using natural rubber products. An updated review with systematic and comprehensive coverage of natural rubbers Covers a broad range of topics, including the chemistry, processing, sustainability, and applications of natural rubbers Coverage of the best international research, including key experts from Asia, the United States, South America, and Europe
Download or read book Elastomers written by Nevin Çankaya and published by BoD – Books on Demand. This book was released on 2017-08-30 with total page 266 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Summary-Book Contents: Your purpose of reading this book is to concentrate on recent developments on elastomers. The articles collected in this book are contributions by invited researchers with a long-standing experience in different research areas. I hope that the material presented here is understandable to a broad audience, not only scientists but also people with many different disciplines. The book contains eleven chapters in two sections: (1) "Mechanical Properties of Elastomers" and (2) "Elastomers for Natural and Medical Applications." The book provides detailed and current reviews in these different areas written by experts in their respective fields. This book will be useful for polymer workers and other scientists alike and will contribute to the training of current and future researchers, academics, PhD students, and other scientists.
Download or read book A Study of Some Nickel Catalysts for Hydrogenation of Sixteen Organic Compounds written by Robert Bethel Reynolds and published by . This book was released on 1926 with total page 86 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book A Study of Non catalytic Hydrogenation of Natural Rubber written by Jareerat Samran and published by . This book was released on 2005 with total page 288 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Hydrogenation is one of the most efficient methods to alter and improve the physical properties of unsaturated polymers and to produce a new material. The aim of this research is to transform partially the unsaturated part of natural rubber (NR) into saturated moiety in order to improve its thermal and oxidative properties and to widen its area of applications. In this study, non-catalytic hydrogenation process was applied by using diimide generated in situ from two types of hydrogenating agent i.e. thermal decomposition of p-tolueriesulfonylhydrazide (TSH) and oxidation of hydrazine (N2H4) by hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). The chemical structure of the hydrogenated rubbers was analyzed by vibrational and resonance spectroscopies i.e. FTIR, Raman, 1H- and 13C-NMR. First, the hydrogenation of NR and its modified form as epoxidized NR (ENR) was performed by using TSH in xylene solution at 135°C. The molar ratio of [TSH]:[C=C] equal to 2 was used for hydrogenation of NR and four different types of ENR i.e.ENR-10, ENR-22, ENR-30 and ENR-40, containing 10, 22, 30 and 40% mole of epoxide content, respectively. The quantitative measurements on fraction of saturated units determined by Raman, 1H-NMR in liquid state and 13C-NMR in solid state gave similar results which indicated that percent hydrogenation increased with increasing reaction time and about 80-89 % hydrogenation was obtained at 8h. While in the case of ENRs, the percent hydrogenation is approximately 93-98%. Cis-trans isomerization was also observed by 1H-NMR in liquid state and 13C_NMR both in liquid and solid state. Sorne side reaction occurred i.e. chain degradation of both NR and ENRs which might be due to a relatively high temperature process. In the case of hydrogenation of ENRs, formation of furan structure and fixation of p-toluenesulfinic acid (TSOH) by-product were detected by FTIR. For hydrogenation using (N2H4) and (H2O2), NR in the original form of latex was used. Various parameters affecting the hydrogenation reaction were investigated i.e. reaction time and temperature, amount of reactants, and dry rubber content. The hydrogenation progress could be monitored by means of NMR in liquid state as function of reaction condition. The results indicated that the best result was obtained when equimolar ratio of (N2H4) and (H2O2) was used. With addition of varying hydrazine and hydrogen peroxide contents, the best condition of diimide reduction is achieved when their content is 1.5 times the amount C=C of the rubber. Molecular characteristics in the NR, ENR-l 0 and the hydrogenated rubbers were investigated by Raman and 13C-NMR in solid state techniques. The relative variation force constant as analyzed by Raman spectroscopy tends to increase with the hydrogenation level. It might be suggested that the higher stiffness of the rubber chains upon hydrogenation is correlated to the increased relative variation force constants. In cross-polarization (CP) experiment of HNR and HENR, it was found that the rate of cross polarization of methyl carbon in HENR-30(8) is highest with respect to methyl carbon in HNR(8) and HENR-IO(8). It is clear that the methyl carbon of HENR-30(8) has the least mobility due to more furan units and chemical fixation of TSOH on the rubber chains. Thermal properties studied by a differential scanning calorimetry revealed thermal improvement after hydrogenation, both in solution and in aqueous systems. Comparison of the thermal stability using thermogravimetric analyzer, under air and nitrogen atmosphere, showed the decomposition temperature of HNR in air is lower than that in nitrogen atmosphere. The thermal stability of ENR was also enhanced after hydrogenation. Rheological properties of HNR samples measured using RPA rheometer exhibited the storage and loss moduli of HNR97 sample with the highest value compared to HNR38 and HNR69 samples. For instance, the fully hydrogenated NR has a significant increment in the loss and storage moduli of the samples. By using Raman mapping technique, it revealed that the hydrogenation of NR is a random process at the micron level.
Download or read book Kekal abadi written by and published by . This book was released on 1996 with total page 258 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Catalytic Hydrogenation of Natural Rubber written by D. R. Burfield and published by . This book was released on 1985 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Hydrogenation with Reduced Nickel Salts as Catalysts written by Robert Morton Fought and published by . This book was released on 1942 with total page 84 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Organometallic Compounds written by and published by . This book was released on 1996 with total page 444 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Chemical Abstracts written by and published by . This book was released on 1990 with total page 1738 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Neodymium Based Ziegler Catalysts Fundamental Chemistry written by Oskar Nuyken and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2006-10-05 with total page 297 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In spite of the vast number of patents and publications mainly issued duringthelastdecade, acomprehensivereviewthatcoversthescienti?caswell as the patent literature has been missing until now. In this volume we try to review the available literature by two independent approaches to Nd and Ln-catalyzed diene polymerizations. In the?rst part of thevolume, whichisentitled"Neodymium-Based Ziegler/NattaCatalystsand their Application in Diene Polymerization", a polymer chemist's view is given with strong emphasis on Nd-based catalyst systems. Also technological and industrialaspectsofNd-catalyzeddienepolymerizationsareaddressed. Inthe secondpartofthevolume, whichisentitled"Rare-EarthMetalsandAluminum Getting Close in Ziegler-type Organometallics", a more organometallic p- spective isgivenandLn-based catalystsystems areaddressed
Download or read book Chemistry Manufacture and Applications of Natural Rubber written by Shinzo Kohjiya and published by Woodhead Publishing. This book was released on 2021-03-24 with total page 508 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Chemistry, Manufacture and Applications of Natural Rubber, Second Edition presents the latest advances in the processing, properties and advanced applications of natural rubber (NR), drawing on state-of-the-art research in the field. Chapters cover manufacturing, processing and properties of natural rubber, describing biosynthesis, vulcanization for improved performance, strain-induced crystallization, self-reinforcement, rheology and mechanochemistry for processing, computer simulation of properties, scattering techniques and stabilizing agents. Applications covered include natural rubber, carbon allotropes, eco-friendly soft bio-composites using NR matrices and marine products, the use of NR for high functionality such as shape memory, NR for the tire industry, and natural rubber latex with advanced applications. This is an essential resource for academic researchers, scientists and (post)graduate students in rubber science, polymer science, materials science and engineering, and chemistry. In industry, this book enables professionals, R&D, and producers across the natural rubber, tire, rubber and elastomer industries, as well as across industries looking to use natural rubber products, to understand and utilize natural rubber for cutting-edge applications. Explains the latest manufacture and processing techniques for natural rubber (NR) with enhanced properties Explores novel applications of natural rubber across a range of industries, including current and potential uses Discusses resources and utilization, and considers sustainable future development of natural rubber
Download or read book Supported Metal Complexes written by F.R. Hartley and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 331 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: It is now IS years since the first patents in polymer supported metal complex catalysts were taken out. In the early days ion-exchange resins were used to support ionic metal complexes. Soon covalent links were developed, and after an initially slow start there was a period of explosive growth in the mid to late 1970s during which virtually every homogeneous metal complex catalyst ever reported was also studied bound to a support. Both polymers and inorganic oxides were studied as supports, although the great preponderance of workers studied polymeric supports, and of these polystyrene was by far the commonest used. This period served to show that by very careful design polymer-supported metal complex catalysts could have specific advantages over homogeneous metal complex catalysts. However the subject was a complicated one. Merely immobilising a successful metal complex catalyst to a functionalised support rarely yielded other than an inferior version of the catalyst. Amongst the many discouraging results of the 1970s, there were more than enough results that were sufficiently encouraging to demonstrate that, by careful design, supported metal complex catalysts could be prepared in which both the metal complex and the support combined together to produce an active catalyst which, due to the combination of support and complex, had advantages of activity, selectivity and specificity not found in homogeneous catalysts. Thus a new generation of catalysts was being developed.
Download or read book Homogeneous Hydrogenation written by P.A. Chaloner and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2013-11-11 with total page 293 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Homogeneous hydrogenation is one of the most thoroughly studied fields of homogeneous catalysis. The results of these studies have proved to be most important for an understanding of the underlying principles of the activation of small molecules by transition metal complexes. During the past three decades homogeneous hydrogenation has found widespread application in organic chemistry, including the production of important pharmaceuticals, especially where a sophisticated degree of selectivity is required. This volume presents a general account of the main principles and applications of homogeneous hydrogenation by transition metal complexes. Special attention is devoted to the mechanisms by which these processes occur, and the role of the recently discovered complexes of molecular hydrogen is described. Sources of hydrogen, other than H2, are also considered (transfer hydrogenation). The latest achievements in highly stereoselective hydrogenations have made possible many new applications in organic synthesis. These applications are documented by giving details of the reduction of important unsaturated substrates (alkenes, alkynes, aldehydes and ketones, nitrocompounds, etc.). Hydrogenation in biphasic and phase transfer catalyzed systems is also described. Finally, a discussion of the biochemical routes of H2 activation highlights the similarities and differences in performing hydrogenation in both natural and synthetic systems. For researchers working in the fields of homogeneous catalysis, especially in areas such as pharmaceuticals, plastics and fine chemicals.
Download or read book Polymer Chemistry written by Timothy P. Lodge and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2020-07-14 with total page 609 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A well-rounded and articulate examination of polymer properties at the molecular level, Polymer Chemistry focuses on fundamental principles based on underlying chemical structures, polymer synthesis, characterization, and properties. It emphasizes the logical progression of concepts and provide mathematical tools as needed as well as fully derived problems for advanced calculations. The much-anticipated Third Edition expands and reorganizes material to better develop polymer chemistry concepts and update the remaining chapters. New examples and problems are also featured throughout. This revised edition: Integrates concepts from physics, biology, materials science, chemical engineering, and statistics as needed. Contains mathematical tools and step-by-step derivations for example problems Incorporates new theories and experiments using the latest tools and instrumentation and topics that appear prominently in current polymer science journals. The number of homework problems has been greatly increased, to over 350 in all. The worked examples and figures have been augmented. More examples of relevant synthetic chemistry have been introduced into Chapter 2 ("Step-Growth Polymers"). More details about atom-transfer radical polymerization and reversible addition/fragmentation chain-transfer polymerization have been added to Chapter 4 ("Controlled Polymerization"). Chapter 7 (renamed "Thermodynamics of Polymer Mixtures") now features a separate section on thermodynamics of polymer blends. Chapter 8 (still called "Light Scattering by Polymer Solutions") has been supplemented with an extensive introduction to small-angle neutron scattering. Polymer Chemistry, Third Edition offers a logical presentation of topics that can be scaled to meet the needs of introductory as well as more advanced courses in chemistry, materials science, polymer science, and chemical engineering.
Download or read book Encyclopedic Dictionary of Polymers written by Jan W. Gooch and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2010-11-08 with total page 1048 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This reference, in its second edition, contains more than 7,500 polymeric material terms, including the names of chemicals, processes, formulae, and analytical methods that are used frequently in the polymer and engineering fields. In view of the evolving partnership between physical and life sciences, this title includes an appendix of biochemical and microbiological terms (thus offering previously unpublished material, distinct from all competitors.) Each succinct entry offers a broadly accessible definition as well as cross-references to related terms. Where appropriate to enhance clarity further, the volume's definitions may also offer equations, chemical structures, and other figures. The new interactive software facilitates easy access to a large database of chemical structures (2D/3D-view), audio files for pronunciation, polymer science equations and many more.
Download or read book Preparation of Solid Catalysts written by Gerhard Ertl and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2008-08-29 with total page 639 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Solid catalysts play a fundamental role in all areas between basic research and industrial applications. This book offers a large amount of information about the preparation of solid catalysts. All types of solid catalysts and all important aspects of their preparation are discussed. The highly topical contributions are written by leading experts in disciplines ranging from solid state, interface and solution chemistry to industrial engineering. The straightforward presentation of the material and the comprehensive coverage make this book an essential and indispensible tool for every scientist and engineer working with solid catalysts.
