Download or read book Studies Conducted on the Influence of Forests on Snow During the Past Sixty Years written by Allan J. West and published by . This book was released on 1957 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Structure and Function of an Alpine Ecosystem written by William D. Bowman and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2001-04-26 with total page 352 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book will provide a complete overview of an alpine ecosystem, based on the long-term research conducted at the Niwot Ridge LTER. There is, at present, no general book on alpine ecology. The alpine ecosystem features conditions near the limits of biological existence, and is a useful laboratory for asking more general ecological questions, because it offers large environmental change over relatively short distances. Factors such as macroclimate, microclimate, soil conditions, biota, and various biological factors change on differing scales, allowing insight into the relative contributions of the different factors on ecological outcomes.
Download or read book Forests Water Guidelines written by Great Britain. Forestry Commission and published by . This book was released on 1993 with total page 40 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This work advises owners and managers how woodlands and forests influence the freshwater ecosystem, and gives guidance on how operations should be carried out in order to protect and enhance the water environment. The guidelines apply equally to forest enterprises and the private sector.
Download or read book Quantifying and Modeling the Influence of Forest on the Magnitude and Duration of Mountain Snow Storage in the Pacific Northwest USA written by Susan E. Dickerson-Lange and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page 259 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Forests strongly influence the amount and duration mountain snow storage because forest cover modifies both snow accumulation and ablation processes. Quantifying and predicting forest effects on snow processes and snow storage is critical for understanding the effects of forest change on snow storage, and subsequent impacts on downstream water resources. However, both the magnitude and direction of forest modifications of individual snow processes vary with climate, topography, and forest characteristics. Accurate prediction of the net effects of forest change on mountain snow storage, particularly in a warming climate, depends on accurately representing the spatiotemporal variability of forest-snow interactions. With a goal to better understand forest-snow processes in the maritime snow zone, we collected snow observations over four winters within diverse forest types in western Washington, USA. We utilize these new observations to quantify forest effects on snow duration, as well as to assess the robustness of remote methods to observe snow-covered area within a forest. We find that mean snow duration is 8 days longer in forest gaps than in forested plots, but that snow duration in thinned forest and dense forest are indistinguishable at the 1600 m2 plot-scale. We additionally show that time-lapse cameras and spatially distributed ground temperature sensors are both robust methods for observing snow duration, and make suggestions about the optimal spatial density of snow observations within forests. The entire four-year dataset and related metadata are extensively described, and are now publicly available for potential use in numerous modeling applications. To expand our focus on forest-snow interactions to the Pacific Northwest, USA, regional-scale, we collaborate with other research institutions and engage citizen scientists. Regional synthesis and analysis of snow depth and duration at 12 out of 14 paired open-forest locations show that differential snow duration ranges from synchronous, to snow lasting up to 13 weeks longer in the open. The differences in snow duration are attributed to forest effects on snow accumulation, with larger differences between snow accumulation rates than between ablation rates in the open and forested sites through the duration of the forest snowpack. In 2 out of the 14 locations, differential snow duration is 2-5 weeks longer in the forest. These 2 sites are subject to hourly average wind speeds ranging up to 8 and 17 m s-1. Therefore, longer snow duration in the forest likely results from a combination of enhanced deposition of snow and reduced snow loss from canopy interception in the forested sites. These findings suggest that a regional framework to understand forest effects on snow storage in the maritime to maritime-continental transitional climate across the Pacific Northwest must account for high interception efficiencies in warmer climates as well a high winds due to topographic exposure and climate. Lastly, we assess the influence of forest structural characteristics on snow storage in western Washington by linking lidar-derived forest canopy metrics to snow depth and snow duration. By using a matrix decomposition method to collapse the variance of spatially distributed observations of snow depth onto a few dominant modes, we show that the top two modes represent forest effects on snow accumulation and ablation, respectively. Furthermore, gridded metrics of canopy cover and height that quantify the canopy directly overhead, rather than to the south, correlate equally strongly (r2 of up to 0.74) with the spatial coefficients that scale both of these modes. This finding suggests that the role of forests in shading the snowpack from sunlight is diminished at this site. Furthermore, multivariate analysis of physiographic predictors of snow duration across a range of elevations and years quantifies the important role of canopy characteristics in controlling snow duration. At the study site in western Washington, the binary simplification of considering forested versus open locations is supported by evidence for a stepped response, in which snow duration shifts from longer to shorter around values of 60-70% canopy cover. Collectively, the findings demonstrate that forest effects on snow accumulation dominate the overall influence of forest on snow storage in the Pacific Northwest, USA, resulting in larger magnitude and longer duration snow storage in canopy gaps, except in locations subject to high wind speeds.
Download or read book Program of Work of the United States Department of Agriculture for the Fiscal Year written by and published by . This book was released on 1916 with total page 514 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Report of the Chief Forest Service written by United States. Forest Service and published by . This book was released on 1959 with total page 48 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book USDA Forest Service Research Paper RM written by Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station (Fort Collins, Colo.) and published by . This book was released on 1974 with total page 470 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book U S Forest Service Research Paper RM written by Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station (Fort Collins, Colo.) and published by . This book was released on 1974 with total page 224 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Research Paper RM written by and published by . This book was released on 1996 with total page 144 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Horizon Forest Resource Area Final Environmental Impact Statement written by and published by . This book was released on 1991 with total page 408 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Hydraulic Research in the United States written by and published by . This book was released on 1965 with total page 242 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Report of the Chief of the Forest Service written by United States. Forest Service and published by . This book was released on 1955 with total page 390 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Program of Work of the United States Department of Agriculture written by United States. Dept. of Agriculture and published by . This book was released on 1916 with total page 1150 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Draft Supplemental Environmental Impact Statement for the Proposed Amendment of the Land and Resource Management Plan Grand Mesa Uncompahgre and Gunnison National Forests written by United States. Forest Service and published by . This book was released on 1989 with total page 518 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book General Technical Report RM written by and published by . This book was released on 1987 with total page 522 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Program of Work of the United States Department of Agriculture written by United States. Department of Agriculture and published by . This book was released on 1916 with total page 1144 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book National Bureau of Standards Miscellaneous Publication written by and published by . This book was released on 1961 with total page 236 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
