Download or read book Structural Neural Correlates of Metabolic Syndrome written by and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page 50 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a cluster of risk factors that together increase the risk of developing cardiovascular disease and diabetes relative to the risk associated with each individual component alone. It is estimated that 34% of Americans over the age of 20 meet criteria for MetS, and the prevalence of MetS is estimated to climb to 45% in adults who are 60 years of age or older. Previous research has shown MetS and its individual components are associated with lower cognitive function and increased risk for future cognitive decline and dementia in both middle-aged and older adults. The present study used archival structural MRI data to investigate differences in cortical thickness and subcortical volumes between adults with and without MetS. A total of twenty-six middle age and older age adults with and without MetS (n = 14, n = 12, respectively) were included in the present study. Clinical data were acquired prior to the imaging session and included measurements of body mass index, waist circumference, and blood pressure. T-1 weighted structural MRI scans were processed using the Freesurfer image analysis suite, which allows for the study of cortical and subcortical anatomy via cortical reconstruction and volumetric segmentation. It was hypothesized that (1) Adults with MetS would have smaller values for cortical thickness and subcortical volume in brain areas related to executive functioning, memory, taste and reward processing, regulation of food intake and appetite, and behavioral inhibition, (2) Cortical and subcortical measurements would be negatively associated with measures of adiposity, and (3) Cortical and subcortical measurements would be negatively associated with metabolic risk factor burden. Analyses of covariance revealed group differences in cortical thickness in structures of the medial temporal lobe, controlling for age and gender. The MetS group had smaller values for cortical thickness in the left entorhinal cortex, left parahippocampal gyrus, left temporal pole, and right temporal pole. Correlation analyses revealed a number of significant relationships between clinical data and cortical thickness in these medial temporal structures. Both measures of adiposity and metabolic risk factor burden were negatively associated with cortical thickness in these areas. Further, exploratory analyses showed cortical thickness in medial temporal structures was negatively associated with the presence of hypertension and diabetes. The principal finding of the present study was that adults with MetS had smaller values for cortical thickness in medial temporal lobe structures relative to metabolically healthy adults. The medial temporal lobe is implicated in early Alzheimer's disease pathology and its structures are important to memory function. In group comparisons, the largest effect size was seen in the left entorhinal cortex, an area suggested to be the first site of neuropathological changes seen in Alzheimer's disease. Given the established connections between medial temporal lobe atrophy and cognitive decline and dementia, our findings suggest that middle-age and older adults with MetS may be at increased risk for cognitive decline and future dementia.
Download or read book Neural Correlates of Taste and Pleasantness Evaluation in Metabolic Syndrome written by and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page 124 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a constellation of vascular and metabolic abnormalities that commonly occur together and increase risk for cardiovascular disease (CVD) and type II diabetes (T2DM). Having MetS, especially during middle-age, increases the risk for dementia in later life. Because of these issues, prevention of MetS has become an important public health initiative. Abdominal obesity is causally linked to MetS; therefore, increased efforts to prevent obesity and to better understand what predicts weight gain is of extreme importance. Related research suggests that altered processing of food reward in the brain of obese persons is a possible mechanism related to overeating. Therefore, the study aimed to investigate potential differences in brain response according to metabolic status during pleasantness evaluation of sweet and bitter tastes when hungry and sated. Fifteen healthy middle-aged (44-54 years old) adults and sixteen middle-aged adults with MetS were recruited from the San Diego community. The subjects participated in two functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) scans: (1) after a 12-hour fast; and (2) after a nutritional preload. While in the scanner, participants rated the pleasantness of caffeine (bitter) and sucrose (sweet) solutions. Data were analyzed using voxelwise linear mixed-effects modeling and region of interest (ROI) analyses. Exploratory analyses were also conducted to examine associations between ROI activation and adiposity, and differential brain responses in participants diagnosed with T2DM. The results suggest that middle-aged individuals with MetS have decreased brain responses during pleasantness evaluation of sweet and bitter tastes in regions involved in sensory and higher-level taste processing. Additionally, hypothalamic activation was positively associated with adiposity when hungry, and negatively associated with adiposity when sated. This suggests the presence of altered hypothalamic functioning in obese middle-aged adults. It is speculated that this is due to altered hormonal nutrient signaling and/or chronic overeating. Finally, the results suggest that insulin resistance plays a large role in central taste processing during pleasantness evaluation. It is hypothesized that altered fMRI responses in participants with T2DM may be related to greater disinhibition in combination with increased necessity for dietary monitoring and carbohydrate restrictions in these individuals.
Download or read book The Cerebral Circulation written by Marilyn J. Cipolla and published by Biota Publishing. This book was released on 2016-07-28 with total page 82 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This e-book will review special features of the cerebral circulation and how they contribute to the physiology of the brain. It describes structural and functional properties of the cerebral circulation that are unique to the brain, an organ with high metabolic demands and the need for tight water and ion homeostasis. Autoregulation is pronounced in the brain, with myogenic, metabolic and neurogenic mechanisms contributing to maintain relatively constant blood flow during both increases and decreases in pressure. In addition, unlike peripheral organs where the majority of vascular resistance resides in small arteries and arterioles, large extracranial and intracranial arteries contribute significantly to vascular resistance in the brain. The prominent role of large arteries in cerebrovascular resistance helps maintain blood flow and protect downstream vessels during changes in perfusion pressure. The cerebral endothelium is also unique in that its barrier properties are in some way more like epithelium than endothelium in the periphery. The cerebral endothelium, known as the blood-brain barrier, has specialized tight junctions that do not allow ions to pass freely and has very low hydraulic conductivity and transcellular transport. This special configuration modifies Starling's forces in the brain microcirculation such that ions retained in the vascular lumen oppose water movement due to hydrostatic pressure. Tight water regulation is necessary in the brain because it has limited capacity for expansion within the skull. Increased intracranial pressure due to vasogenic edema can cause severe neurologic complications and death.
Download or read book Neural Control of Gastrointestinal Function written by David Grundy and published by Morgan & Claypool Publishers. This book was released on 2011-12 with total page 137 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The gastrointestinal tract is a long, muscular tube responsible for the digestion of food, assimilation of nutrients and elimination of waste. This is achieved by secretion of digestive enzymes and absorption from the intestinal lumen, with different regions playing specific roles in the processing of specific nutrients. These regions come into play sequentially as ingested material is moved along the length of the GI tract by contractions of the muscle layers. In some regions like the oesophagus transit it rapid and measured in seconds while in others like the colon transit is measured in hours and even days, commensurate with the relative slow fermentation that takes place in the large bowel. An hierarchy of controls, neural and endocrine, serve to regulate the various cellular targets that exist in the gut wall. These include muscle cells for contraction and epithelial cells for secretion and absorption. However, there are complex interactions between these digestive mechanisms and other mechanisms that regulate blood flow, immune function, endocrine secretion and food intake. These ensure a fine balance between the ostensibly conflicting tasks of digestion and absorption and protection from potentially harmful ingested materials. They match assimilation of nutrients with hunger and satiety and they ensure that regions of the GI tract that are meters apart work together in a coordinated fashion to match these diverse functions to the digestive needs of the individual. This ebook will provide an overview of the neural mechanisms that control gastrointestinal function. Table of Contents: Neural Control of Gastrointestinal Function / Cells and Tissues / Enteric Nervous System / From Gut to CNS: Extrinsic Sensory Innervation / Sympathetic Innervation of the Gut / Parasympathetic Innervation of the Gut / Integration of Function / References
Download or read book Movement Control written by Paul Cordo and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 1994-05-27 with total page 296 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Movement is arguably the most fundamental and important function of the nervous system. Purposive movement requires the coordination of actions within many areas of the cerebral cortex, cerebellum, basal ganglia, spinal cord, and peripheral nerves and sensory receptors, which together must control a highly complex biomechanical apparatus made up of the skeleton and muscles. Beginning at the level of biomechanics and spinal reflexes and proceeding upward to brain structures in the cerebellum, brainstem and cerebral cortex, the chapters in this book highlight the important issues in movement control. Commentaries provide a balanced treatment of the articles that have been written by experts in a variety of areas concerned with movement, including behaviour, physiology, robotics, and mathematics.
Download or read book Brain Repair After Stroke written by Steven C. Cramer and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2010-10-28 with total page 307 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Increasing evidence identifies the possibility of restoring function to the damaged brain via exogenous therapies. One major target for these advances is stroke, where most patients can be left with significant disability. Treatments have the potential to improve the victim's quality of life significantly and reduce the time and expense of rehabilitation. Brain Repair After Stroke reviews the biology of spontaneous brain repair after stroke in animal models and in humans. Detailed chapters cover the many forms of therapy being explored to promote brain repair and consider clinical trial issues in this context. This book provides a summary of the neurobiology of innate and treatment-induced repair mechanisms after hypoxia and reviews the state of the art for human therapeutics in relation to promoting behavioral recovery after stroke. Essential reading for stroke physicians, neurologists, rehabilitation physicians and neuropsychologists.
Download or read book Body Image Eating Disorders and Obesity in Youth written by J. Kevin Thompson and published by Taylor & Francis. This book was released on 2001 with total page 422 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Examines the relationship between body image disturbances and eating disorders in our most vulnerable population: children and adolescents. The editors present a dynamic approach that combines current research, assessment techniques, and suggestions for treatment and prevention. This volume delivers direction for researchers in the field as well as guidance for practitioners and clinicians working with young clients suffering from these disorders.
Download or read book Coma Science written by Professor Laureys and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2009-10-07 with total page 444 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This serial is firmly established as an extensive documentation of the advances in contemporary brain research. Each volume presents authoritative reviews and original articles by invited specialists.This volume concentrates on coma and consciousness science. presenting articles from leading figures in the area on the clinical and ethical implications of work in this field. The book provides a thorough review of the various aspects of coma science from a review of the concepts, questioning of recent advances, case studies, through to where research in the field is heading. Provides the reader with a unique overview of all aspects of new advances in coma science Broad focus with contributions by the top scientists worldwide in the respective disciplines
Download or read book Translational Research in Traumatic Brain Injury written by Daniel Laskowitz and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2016-04-21 with total page 388 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Traumatic brain injury (TBI) remains a significant source of death and permanent disability, contributing to nearly one-third of all injury related deaths in the United States and exacting a profound personal and economic toll. Despite the increased resources that have recently been brought to bear to improve our understanding of TBI, the developme
Download or read book Neuroimaging II written by Franz Aichner and published by Lubrecht & Cramer, Limited. This book was released on 1989 with total page 348 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Research Awards Index written by and published by . This book was released on 1986 with total page 818 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book The Brain and Behavior written by David L. Clark and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2005-09-08 with total page 290 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: New edition building on the success of previous one. Retains core aim of providing an accessible introduction to behavioral neuroanatomy.
Download or read book Etiology of Parkinson s Disease written by Jonas H. Ellenberg and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 1995-03-01 with total page 600 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This comprehensive reference provides a detailed overview of current concepts regarding the cause of Parkinson's disease-emphasizing the issues involved in the design, implementation, and analysis of epidemiological studies of parkinsonism.
Download or read book After Phrenology written by Michael L. Anderson and published by MIT Press. This book was released on 2014-12-12 with total page 411 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A proposal for a fully post-phrenological neuroscience that details the evolutionary roots of functional diversity in brain regions and networks. The computer analogy of the mind has been as widely adopted in contemporary cognitive neuroscience as was the analogy of the brain as a collection of organs in phrenology. Just as the phrenologist would insist that each organ must have its particular function, so contemporary cognitive neuroscience is committed to the notion that each brain region must have its fundamental computation. In After Phrenology, Michael Anderson argues that to achieve a fully post-phrenological science of the brain, we need to reassess this commitment and devise an alternate, neuroscientifically grounded taxonomy of mental function. Anderson contends that the cognitive roles played by each region of the brain are highly various, reflecting different neural partnerships established under different circumstances. He proposes quantifying the functional properties of neural assemblies in terms of their dispositional tendencies rather than their computational or information-processing operations. Exploring larger-scale issues, and drawing on evidence from embodied cognition, Anderson develops a picture of thinking rooted in the exploitation and extension of our early-evolving capacity for iterated interaction with the world. He argues that the multidimensional approach to the brain he describes offers a much better fit for these findings, and a more promising road toward a unified science of minded organisms.
Download or read book The Cambridge Handbook of Intelligence and Cognitive Neuroscience written by Aron K. Barbey and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2021-07-01 with total page 624 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This handbook introduces the reader to the thought-provoking research on the neural foundations of human intelligence. Written for undergraduate or graduate students, practitioners, and researchers in psychology, cognitive neuroscience, and related fields, the chapters summarize research emerging from the rapidly developing neuroscience literature on human intelligence. The volume focusses on theoretical innovation and recent advances in the measurement, modelling, and characterization of the neurobiology of intelligence differences, especially from brain imaging studies. It summarizes fundamental issues in the characterization and measurement of general intelligence, and surveys multidisciplinary research consortia and large-scale data repositories for the study of general intelligence. A systematic review of neuroimaging methods for studying intelligence is provided, including structural and diffusion-weighted MRI techniques, functional MRI methods, and spectroscopic imaging of metabolic markers of intelligence.
Download or read book Generalized Anxiety Disorder and Worrying written by Alexander Gerlach and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2020-09-02 with total page 408 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A comprehensive and authoritative guide to anxiety disorder and worry Generalized Anxiety Disorder offers a comprehensive review of the most current research and therapeutic modalities related to generalized anxiety disorder and worry (GAD). With contributions from an international panel of experts, the Handbook links the basic science of anxiety and worry to the effective treatments that can be applied to help those who suffer from these conditions. Reflecting the most recent research and developments on the topic, the Handbook contains information on cross-cultural issues, transdiagnostic questions, as well as material on learning theory, biological theory, psychotherapy, and psychopharmacology. The contributors offer an in-depth examination of a range of topics such as rumination and obsessions and contains several novel approaches to treating the disorder. This comprehensive resource: Contains the most current information available on the topic Explores the consequences of worrying and other mental disorders such as illness anxiety and sleep disorders Includes contributions from an international panel of experts Offers insight into the future of treatment outcomes and translational research Written for practitioners, researchers, and trainees of clinical psychology and psychiatry, Generalized Anxiety Disorder addresses the assessment and empirically supported treatment of generalized anxiety disorder.
Download or read book The Migraine Brain written by David Borsook and published by Oxford University Press, USA. This book was released on 2012-07-26 with total page 400 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Migraine Brain provides a general overview of the history of migraine, its pathophysiology, as well as in-depth details on the Clinical Perspectives and the different imaging techniques in use (MR, fMRI, DTI, VBM, PET, fMRI, and MEG). It also includes details on modulation of the brain using such techniques as TMS. The book concludes with a discussion of future uses of imaging in the diagnosis and treatment of migraines and other headaches.
