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Book Stream Temperature Drivers and Modelling in Headwater Catchments on the Eastern Slopes of the Canadian Rocky Mountains

Download or read book Stream Temperature Drivers and Modelling in Headwater Catchments on the Eastern Slopes of the Canadian Rocky Mountains written by Ryan J. MacDonald and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page 220 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Book Headwater Stream Characterization

Download or read book Headwater Stream Characterization written by Travis R. Roth and published by . This book was released on 2011 with total page 85 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Headwater streams are an integral part of the ecological health of the greater stream network as they provide valuable biological habitat, provide upwards to 95% of total in channel flow, while providing downstream reaches with important constituents such as sediment and woody debris. Small headwater streams are particularly susceptible to anthropogenic and natural disturbances that affect their runoff production, chemical make-up, and thermal regime. Based on their position in the drainage basin and contribution to stream flow, heat energy transfer within a small mountain stream helps establish the thermal regime of the downstream lower order streams. However, headwater catchment thermal function remains poorly understood. Stream temperature is a manifestation of the environment through which it flows and the mechanisms by which it reaches the stream. Subsurface process controls, such as local soil properties, bedrock topography, and lateral flow discharge play an important role in headwater stream generation. Study outcomes are a result of vigorous field experimental work at the Watershed 07 (WS07) stream at the H.J. Andrews Experimental Forest (HJA) located in the Western Cascades, Oregon. Bedrock Topography was delineated through the use of a dynamic cone penetrometer, local lateral inflow sources were identified and quantified through the application of a salt tracer, and the energy budget was characterized through the use of Distributed Temperature Sensing (DTS) technology. High gradient, low volume streams such as WS07 provide unique challenges for DTS deployment which require extensive post-calibration data analysis. An automated cable submersion identification process was developed and was carried out on the collected temperature data with 32.8 % (379 of 1155) of measured temperature points identified as "in-water". Uncertainty propagation analysis associated with DTS measurement was calculated to be 0.21 °C. Salt tracer application found that 2 localized lateral inflow discharge to the stream accounted for 15% and 16% of total discharge in the upper section of the stream. Downstream lateral inflows exhibited incremental additions to stream discharge on the order of 5%. Stream discharge increased by 1.13 l/s from the upper section to the start of the lower section, an increase of 45%. Substantial lateral inflows provided reduction of stream temperatures in the lower section. Using DTS technology we measured stream temperature as a validation method for a physically based energy balance stream temperature model to characterize energy controls on stream temperature. Analysis of model performance was determined through root mean square error with reported values of 0.38 °C and 0.32 °C for the upper and lower section, respectively. Total energy inputs into the upper and lower sections of the stream were 302 W/m2 and 210 W/m2. Primary energy balance components were found to be solar radiation, atmospheric longwave radiation, and bed conduction. Solar radiation accounted for 63% of total energy flux into the stream in the upper section and 28% in the lower section. This is primarily a result of the distinct vegetation differences between the two reaches. Atmospheric longwave radiation contributed 27% and 26% of total energy flux in the upper and lower sections, respectively. While bed conduction made up 11% and 24% of the total flux in the upper and lower sections.

Book Modeling of Hourly Stream Temperatures Within Two Forested Catchments

Download or read book Modeling of Hourly Stream Temperatures Within Two Forested Catchments written by Cindie Hébert and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page 400 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: ABSTRACT: Water temperature is a key physical habitat determinant in lotic ecosystems as it influences many physical, chemical and biological properties of rivers. Hence, a good understanding of the thermal regime of rivers is essential for effective management of water and fisheries resources. This study deals with the modeling of hourly stream watertemperature using a deterministic model, an equilibrium temperature model and an artificial neural network model. The water temperature models were applied on two thermally different streams, namely, the Little Southwest Miramichi River (LSWM) and Catamaran Brook (Cat Bk) in New Brunswick, Canada. The deterministic model calculated the different heat fluxes at the water surface and from the streambed, using different hydrometeorological conditions. Results showed that microclimate data are essential in making accurate estimates of the surface heat fluxes. Results also showed that for larger river systems, the surface heat fluxes were generally the dominant component of the heat budget with a correspondingly smaller contribution from the streambed (90%). As watercourses became smaller and as groundwater contribution became more significant, the streambed contribution became important (20%). The equilibrium temperature model is a simplified version of the deterministic model where the total heat flux at the surface is assumed to be proportional to the difference between the water temperature and the equilibrium temperature. The poor model performance compared to the other models developed in this study suggested that the air and equilibrium temperature did not reflect entirely the total heat flux at an hourly scale.

Book Estimation of Stream Temperature in Support of Fish Production Modeling Under Future Climates in the Klamath River Basin

Download or read book Estimation of Stream Temperature in Support of Fish Production Modeling Under Future Climates in the Klamath River Basin written by Lorraine E Flint and published by CreateSpace. This book was released on 2014-07-10 with total page 38 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Stream temperature estimates under future climatic - ing for evaluation of effects of dam removal in the Klamath River Basin. To allow for the persistence of the Klamath River 2012 will review potential changes in water quality and stream temperature to assess alternative scenarios, including damusing a regression model approach with simulated net solar temperature, and mean daily air temperature. Models were calibrated for 6 streams in the Lower, and 18 streams in the Upper, Klamath Basin by using measured stream temperatures for 1999–2008. The standard error of the y-estimate for the estimation of stream temperature for the 24 streams ranged from 0.36 to 1.64 degrees Celsius (°C), with an average error of 1.12°C for all streams. The regression models were then used with projected air temperatures to estimate future stream temperatures for 2010–99. Although the mean change from the baseline historical period of 1950–99 to the projected future period of 2070–99 is only 1.2°C, it ranges from 3.4°C for the Shasta River to no change for Fall Creek and Trout Creek. Variability is also evident in the future with a mean change in temperature for all streams from the baseline period to the projected period of 2070–99 of only 1°C, while the range in stream temperature change is from 0 to 2.1°C. The baseline period, 1950–99, to which the air temperature projections were corrected, established the starting point for the projected changes in air temperature. The average measured daily air temperature for the calibration period 1999–2008, however, was found to be as much as 2.3°C higher than baseline for some rivers, indicating that warming conditions have already occurred in many areas of the Klamath River Basin, and that the stream temperature projections for the 21st century could be underestimating the actual change.

Book Development and Application of a Process based Basin scale Stream Temperature Model

Download or read book Development and Application of a Process based Basin scale Stream Temperature Model written by Douglas McKinnon Allen and published by . This book was released on 2008 with total page 410 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Book Towards a High Resolution Global Stream Temperature Model

Download or read book Towards a High Resolution Global Stream Temperature Model written by Joseph Ariwi and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "Water temperature is a key component in freshwater aquatic environments, acting as a driver of habitat processes and a trigger of life cycle events for riverine invertebrate and vertebrate species. Habitat suitability for fish species can be defined by maximum and minimum temperature tolerances and both habitat-forming processes and migratory behaviors are a function of localized thermal regimes. The salience of thermal regimes on river ecology is of particular importance given the increased alteration of riverscapes through the construction of impoundments, as well as the abstraction and deposition of large volumes of water in industrial and agricultural practices that alter thermal regimes. Thermal regimes have also been shown to be impacted by global climate change. River temperature data is available at a high resolution through the use of remote sensing along individual river reaches or from onsite measurements at river gauging stations. There is, however, a lack of high resolution river temperature data at the global scale of a consistent quality that captures the full spatiotemporal temperature variation in every river reach. Using two main estimation approaches - a local technique and a physically based river network mixing technique - four temperature estimation models are developed. The four models were developed using global data for global application, but were only applied within the contiguous United States of America. The results present the spatiotemporal patterns of simulated long-term mean monthly river temperatures. The estimates are evaluated using observed data across the contiguous United States of America and the effectiveness of the estimation methods are compared and contrasted. Within the scope of this study, a logistic function with optimized model parameters was found to be the best performing stream temperature estimation model, producing strong validation statistics across different terrestrial biomes. However, the performance of this technique was found to be poor in rivers impacted by anthropogenic flow regulation, glacier or snow melt, and other perturbations. The data produced will be of value in ecological assessments and provides a baseline for global stream temperature data at a high spatial resolution." --

Book An Integrated Approach to Gauge the Effects of Global Climate Change on Headwater Stream Ecosystems

Download or read book An Integrated Approach to Gauge the Effects of Global Climate Change on Headwater Stream Ecosystems written by Gwendolynn Wolfheim Bury and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page 208 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Climate change is predicted to affect ecosystems, including systems already stressed by human impacts. One ecosystem that is already highly impacted by human land use is the cold headwater stream system of the Pacific Northwest. One method of assessing the function of an ecosystem is by using an indicator species. Rhyacotriton variegatus is one such indicator species, sensitive to disturbance, and especially to temperature elevation. This study combines field measurements from the warmest edge of the range of R. variegatus, laboratory determination of thermal tolerance, and modeling. These diverse experimental sources combine to clarify the potential risks of climate change on R. variegatus, and the headwater streams they occupy. Abiotic factors are important determinates of the range of species. Predicted range shifts under climate change are based on the assumption that temperature increases will make habitat at the edge of the known range unsuitable in the future. In order to accurately predict such changes, a quantification of the current thermal boundary is needed. In Chapter Two, I placed temperature loggers and measured other environmental variables in 28 streams: 8 in the cool core of the range of R. variegatus, 10 as far east and south as R. variegatus has ever been found, and 10 outside the known range of R. variegatus. The variables which best defined the range edge were degree days (number of days over specific temperatures), and the slope of the stream bed. Specific physiological tolerance information is also essential for accurate modeling of species habitats. Physiological limits should be determined experimentally using procedures that mimic natural conditions as closely as possible, so that the results will be applicable to natural systems. Forecasting the effects of human activities on populations also requires an understanding of how specific abiotic changes will impact different life stages. I used a realistic cycling temperature treatment in Capters Three and Four, based on the data collected in Chapter One. I tested the survival of larval R. variegatus at a chronic exposure (21 days), and the level of stress as measured by corticosterone in adult R. variegatus. Larval R. variegatus survived up to a daily maximum of 23° C, beyond this the larvae died (LT 50 value of 24° C). I found that daily maximum temperatures over 18° C caused a doubling of corticosterone. There are many ways of modeling future climate change and the effect of this change on species' distribution. I chose to use large array of potential climate futures, modeling methods, and time periods to forecast the change in R. variegatus' range. This allowed me to compare the variation between the predictions for climate change, and find averages across the models. I used two correlative models, and one mechanistic model. The mechanistic model incorporated the relationship between air and water temperature from Chapter Two, and the physiological limits from Chapters Three and Four. All models predicted decreases in areas of the map classified as excellent habitat for R. variegatus. As expected, the reduction in range was most severe at longer time periods into the future, with higher CO2 amounts in the atmosphere, and in models that incorporated more abiotic variables. R. variegatus are sensitive indicators for headwater stream ecosystem function, and will have a reduced range under climate change.

Book MODELING OF HOURLY STREAM TEMPERATURES WITHIN TWO FORESTED

Download or read book MODELING OF HOURLY STREAM TEMPERATURES WITHIN TWO FORESTED written by Cindie Hebert and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Book A Study of Stream Temperature Using Distributed Temperature Sensing Fiber Optics Technology in Big Boulder Creek a Tributary to the Middle Fork John Day River in Eastern Oregon

Download or read book A Study of Stream Temperature Using Distributed Temperature Sensing Fiber Optics Technology in Big Boulder Creek a Tributary to the Middle Fork John Day River in Eastern Oregon written by Aida D. Arik and published by . This book was released on 2011 with total page 84 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Middle Fork John Day Basin in Northeastern Oregon is prime habitat for spring Chinook salmon and Steelhead trout. In 2008, a major tributary supporting rearing habitat, Big Boulder Creek, was restored to its historic mid-valley channel along a 1 km stretch of stream 800 m upstream of the mouth. Reduction of peak summer stream temperatures was among the goals of the restoration. Using Distributed Temperature Sensing (DTS) Fiber Optic Technology, stream temperature was monitored prior to restoration in June 2008, and after restoration in September 2008, July 2009, and August 2009. Data gathered was used to determine locations of groundwater and hyporheic inflow and to form a stream temperature model of the system. The model was used both to develop an evaluation method to interpret components of model performance, and to better understand the physical processes important to the study reach. A very clear decreasing trend in surface temperature was seen throughout each of the DTS stream temperature datasets in the downstream 500 m of the study reach. Observed reduction in temperature was 0.5°C (±0.10) in June 2008, 0.3°C (±0.37) in September 2008, 0.6°C (±0.25) in July 2009, and 0.2°C (±0.08) in August 2009. Groundwater inflow was calculated to be 3% of the streamflow for July 2009 and 1% during the August 2009 installation. Statistically significant locations of groundwater and hyporheic inflow were also determined. July 2009 data was used to model stream temperature of the 1 km (RMSE 0.28°C). The developed model performance evaluation method measures timelag, offset, and amplitude at a downstream observed or simulated point compared with the boundary condition, rather than evaluating the model based on error. These measures are particularly relevant to small scale models in which error may not be a true reflection of the ability of a model to correctly predict temperature. Breaking down model performance into these three predictive measures was a simple and graphic method to show the model's predictive capability without sorting through large amounts of data. To better understand the model and the stream system, a sensitivity analysis was conducted showing high sensitivity to streamflow, air temperature, groundwater inflow, and relative humidity. Somewhat surprisingly, solar radiation was among the lowest sensitivity. Furthermore, three model scenarios were run: a 25% reduction in water velocity, a 5°C increase in air temperature, and no groundwater inflow. Simulations of removal of groundwater inflows resulted in a 0.5°C increase in average temperature over the modeled time period at the downstream end, further illustrating the importance of groundwater in this stream system to reduce temperatures.

Book Pervasive Thermal Consequences of Stream lake Interactions in Small Rocky Mountain Watersheds USA

Download or read book Pervasive Thermal Consequences of Stream lake Interactions in Small Rocky Mountain Watersheds USA written by Jessica D. Garrett and published by . This book was released on 2010 with total page 71 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Limnologists and stream ecologists acknowledge the fundamental importance of temperature for regulating many ecological, biological, chemical, and physical processes. I investigated how water temperatures were affected by hydrologic linkages between streams and lakes at various positions along surface water networks throughout several headwater basins in the Sawtooth and White Cloud Mountains of Idaho (USA). Temperatures of streams and lakes were measured for up to 27 months in seven 6 - 41 km2 watersheds, with a range of lake influence. When they were ice-free, warming in lakes resulted in dramatically warmer temperatures at lake outflows compared to inflow streams (midsummer average 6.4 C warming, but as much as 12.5 C). Temperatures cooled as water traveled downstream from lakes, as rapidly as 9 C km-1. Longitudinal stream cooling was usually not strong enough, however, to reduce temperatures to baseline conditions. In early spring, lakes had the opposite effect on streams, as they released water from beneath the ice at near 0°C. Early spring stream water warmed as it flowed downstream from lakes, influenced by additional groundwater inflows. In addition to lakes, other watershed characteristics influenced temperatures, though effects differed seasonally. Multiple regression analyses indicated that lake size, distance from nearest upstream lake, and stream shading were most important in explaining stream temperatures, but the relative importance of each variable changed seasonally.

Book Stream Temperature Modeling in Mountainous Environments

Download or read book Stream Temperature Modeling in Mountainous Environments written by Aurélien Gallice and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page 130 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Mots-clés de l'auteur: stream temperature ; alpine hydrology ; deterministic modeling ; statistical modeling ; prediction in ungauged basins (PUB).

Book Water Temperature Modeling in Streams to Support Ecological Restoration

Download or read book Water Temperature Modeling in Streams to Support Ecological Restoration written by Nathaniel L Butler and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page 162 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Water temperature is a critical water quality parameter that affects salmonid survival by influencing its metabolism and growth at all life stages. Stream temperature is an especially important parameter in California rivers where it frequently limits the range of salmonids. Anthropogenic activities have increased stream temperature and degraded spawning, holding, and rearing habitats, and this has contributed to declines in salmonid populations in California. Fisheries managers have a range of analytical and empirical tools available to assess and quantify elevated stream temperature conditions, but many of these tools do not focus on water temperature conditions at the spatial and temporal scales important to salmonids. My research focuses on assessing water temperature at the watershed and upwelling hyporheic scale which are critical to salmonid survival as stream temperature approaches thermal tolerances. I developed a model to calculate water temperature at locations throughout a watershed to provide a method to evaluate the availability and connectivity of suitable thermal habitat throughout a stream network. The model used a linear weighted average of the maximum and minimum air temperatures of the current and 4 prior days. The weighting parameter is dependent upon upstream drainage area enabling the application of the model to both small tributaries and large mainstem streams. I used historical data from the Sonoma Creek, Napa River, and Russian River watersheds to develop, test, calibrate, and partially validate the model. Model results from Sonoma Creek and Napa River indicated it was generally able to estimate daily average water temperature within 1.5 degrees C of the observed water temperature. Data from the Russian River highlighted the model was limited to streams without significant hydrologic modifications or geologic constraints that forced groundwater to the surface. A 1-D advection dispersion heat transport model was developed to quantify the upwelling hyporheic temperature that provides cold water thermal refugia along a streambed for salmonids. I analyzed hyporheic temperature measured at five sites in a previous research program across sixteen kilometers of Deer Creek near Vina, California, to test, calibrate, and partially validate the model. At three sites, I found the 1-D advection and dispersion were the dominant heat transport mechanisms with model root mean square error less than 0.6 degrees C. At two sites, the model was not applicable because modeling results indicated that surface flow rate variations, solar radiation, and multi-day flow paths also influenced the upwelling hyporheic temperature. Modeling was valuable for highlighting the contribution of these additional processes from that of 1-D advection dispersion. The availability of monitoring data over the summer-fall period was essential for modeling upwelling temperature dynamics along a semi-natural channel.