Download or read book Soil Physical Properties and Nitrous Oxide Emission from Agricultural Soils written by Natalya P. Buchkina and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Soil Physical Properties and Nitrous Oxide Emission from Agricultural Soils.

Download or read book Soil Emission of Nitrous Oxide and its Mitigation written by David Ussiri and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-11-13 with total page 391 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Nitrous oxide gas is a long-lived relatively active greenhouse gas (GHG) with an atmospheric lifetime of approximately 120 years, and heat trapping effects about 310 times more powerful than carbon dioxide per molecule basis. It contributes about 6% of observed global warming. Nitrous oxide is not only a potent GHG, but it also plays a significant role in the depletion of stratospheric ozone. This book describes the anthropogenic sources of N2O with major emphasis on agricultural activities. It summarizes an overview of global cycling of N and the role of nitrous oxide on global warming and ozone depletion, and then focus on major source, soil borne nitrous oxide emissions. The spatial-temporal variation of soil nitrous oxide fluxes and underlying biogeochemical processes are described, as well as approaches to quantify fluxes of N2O from soils. Mitigation strategies to reduce the emissions, especially from agricultural soils, and fertilizer nitrogen sources are described in detail in the latter part of the book.

Download or read book Effects of Management on Selected Soil Properties and Nitrous Oxide Fluxes in Dairy Cropping Systems written by Emily Paige Ball and published by . This book was released on 2019 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This thesis investigates selected soil properties and management decisions and their effect on nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions from agricultural soils. Nitrate, an inorganic form of N, is extremely mobile in soils, making it susceptible to loss through processes like denitrification. Denitrification is an anaerobic microbial process that reduces nitrate to N2 or incompletely to N2O, a potent greenhouse gas. The experimental site for this research was the Sustainable Dairy Cropping System (SDCS) located at Penn States Agronomy Farm. Chapter one is a review of the literature on nitrogen (N) cycling in agriculture, N loss pathways and the management and environmental factors affecting denitrification. This process is driven by soil properties, nitrate availability, and other factors. A prior study in this experiment in 2015 and 2016 found that the driving factors for N2O emissions in some of the same treatments were explained by days after manure application, growing degree days (GDD), and manure rate.Research on the effects of prior crop and management on N2O emissions in a typical PA dairy cropping system is described in chapter two. Labile carbon, total carbon, inorganic N species, and other environmental data were measured to determine their impact on measured N2O fluxes in 2017 and 2018. However, the measured soil and environmental properties in this experiment were not able to explain the observed patterns in N2O emissions through a regression analysis. The highest N2O fluxes were measured in 2018 in Corn after two years of Alfalfa (Medicago sativa) + Orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata). Cumulative emissions were more than six times higher than those measured in treatments without a winter cover in the same year.Based on findings in 2017, chapter three investigates the impact of termination timing of Alfalfa+Orchardgrass on spring N2O fluxes and soil properties in 2018. This management decision is becoming more popular in the Northeast as spring conditions become wetter, making the proper timing of spring management events difficult. The findings from this experiment are promising for farmers interested in adopting this management practice as yields did not significantly differ from the subsequent corn crop and although they did not significantly differ, spring cumulative emissions from the spring terminated treatment were more than three times those from the fall terminated treatment. Because N2O emissions were not measured in the fall, however, the comparison of the two treatments in this study was not comprehensive.Chapter four described an investigative study on redox potentials in unsaturated agricultural soils. Equipment constraints and spatial variability made understanding and interpreting these results difficult. There were diurnal trends exhibited in some treatments, reflecting diurnal changes in soil moisture but not others. There also seemed to be stratification in depth, although this trend also differed across treatments. Overall, there is evidence that different crops can facilitate different redox environments and in turn, different microbial processes. However, more research and equipment advances need to take place before redox potential could be considered a useful indicator of microbial processes in unsaturated soils.Finally, the conclusions summarized the major findings of each of these experiments and discussed the impact of sustainable management practices on improving soil resiliency. Implementing sustainable practices like cover cropping and no-till can improve soil, although trade-offs of higher N2O emissions may result. Further research on these practices and their impact on soil properties is necessary as the effects of climate change are becoming more apparent.

Download or read book Chemical Properties of Organic Amendments Influence Nitrous Oxide Emissions from Agricultural Soils written by Anaïs Charles and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "Prediction of organic amendment's (OA) potential to emit soil nitrous oxide (POA-N2O) is difficult because of the variable composition of OAs and of complex interactions with soil properties and environmental conditions. The objectives of this thesis were (1) to conduct a meta-analysis of in-field N2O emissions following OA application to agricultural soils to assess the global emission factor (EF) for all organic sources (EForg) and its modulation by environmental and management-related factors; (2) to determine how experimental conditions affect the POA-N2O and select optimal conditions for laboratory-based assessment; (3) to measure the immediate (P1), short- (P2) and medium-term (P3) POA-N2O with the selected laboratory-based incubation method and then, relate P1, P2, and P3 to the physico-chemical characteristics of more than 131 OAs. The meta-analysis conducted on 256 EFs from 43 sites in 12 countries yielded an EForg equal to 0.57 ± 0.30%, which is lower than the IPCC default EF of 1% for synthetic fertilizer (SF). Three groups of OAs with similar EFs were identified: the high-risk group including animal manures, waste waters and biosolids (1.09 ± 0.17%); the medium-risk group including composts with fertilizers and crop residues with fertilizers (0.46 ± 0.22%); and the low-risk group including composts, crop residues, paper mill sludge and pellets (0.25 ± 0.20%). The EF was modulated by the C/N ratio of the OA, soil properties and precipitation. The EFs were on average 2.8 times greater in fine-textured soils than coarse-textured soils. The comparative incubation study showed that O2-limited conditions in headspace of a sealed-jar system increased the magnitude of N2O fluxes by 1.1 to 2.3-fold compared to open-jar systems. Intermittent aerations of a sealed-jar system relying on repeated measurement periods was then selected to assess P1 (48h), P2 (2nd wk), and P3 (3rd wk). In O2-limited conditions created in a Kamouraska clay soil, maximum P1 was reached for crop residues (CR) with C/N ratio

Download or read book Soil Management and Climate Change written by Maria Angeles Munoz and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2017-10-16 with total page 398 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Soil Management and Climate Change: Effects on Organic Carbon, Nitrogen Dynamics, and Greenhouse Gas Emissions provides a state of the art overview of recent findings and future research challenges regarding physical, chemical and biological processes controlling soil carbon, nitrogen dynamic and greenhouse gas emissions from soils. This book is for students and academics in soil science and environmental science, land managers, public administrators and legislators, and will increase understanding of organic matter preservation in soil and mitigation of greenhouse gas emissions. Given the central role soil plays on the global carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) cycles and its impact on greenhouse gas emissions, there is an urgent need to increase our common understanding about sources, mechanisms and processes that regulate organic matter mineralization and stabilization, and to identify those management practices and processes which mitigate greenhouse gas emissions, helping increase organic matter stabilization with suitable supplies of available N. Provides the latest findings about soil organic matter stabilization and greenhouse gas emissions Covers the effect of practices and management on soil organic matter stabilization Includes information for readers to select the most suitable management practices to increase soil organic matter stabilization

Download or read book Advances in Soil Science written by and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2013-03-07 with total page 235 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The world needs for food and fiber continue to increase. Population growth in the developing countries peaked at 2. 4 percent a year in 1965, and has fallen to about 2. 1 percent. However, in many developing countries almost half the people are under 15 years of age, poised to enter their productive and reproductive years. The challenges to produce enough food for this growing population will remain great. Even more challenging is growing the food in the areas of greatest need. Presently the world has great surpluses of food and fiber in some areas while there are devastating deficiencies in other areas. Economic conditions and the lack of suitable infrastructure for distribution all too often limit the alleviation of hunger even when there are adequate supplies, sometimes even within the country itself. World hunger can only be solved in the long run by increasing crop production in the areas where the population is growing most rapidly. This will require increased efforts of both the developed and developing countries. Much of the technology that is so successful for crop production in the developed countries cannot be utilized directly in the developing countries. Many of the principles, however, can and must be adapted to the conditions, both physical and economic, of the developing countries.

Download or read book Methods for Measuring Greenhouse Gas Balances and Evaluating Mitigation Options in Smallholder Agriculture written by Todd S. Rosenstock and published by Springer. This book was released on 2016-08-23 with total page 217 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: ​​This book provides standards and guidelines for quantifying greenhouse gas emissions and removals in smallholder agricultural systems and comparing options for climate change mitigation based on emission reductions and livelihood trade-offs. Globally, agriculture is directly responsible for about 11% of annual greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and induces an additional 17% through land use change, mostly in developing countries. Farms in the developing countries of sub-Saharan Africa and Asia are predominately managed by smallholders, with 80% of land holdings smaller than ten hectares. However, little to no information exists on greenhouse gas emissions and mitigation potentials in smallholder agriculture. Greenhouse gas measurements in agriculture are expensive, time consuming, and error prone, challenges only exacerbated by the heterogeneity of smallholder systems and landscapes. Concerns over methodological rigor, measurement costs, and the diversity of approaches, coupled with the demand for robust information suggest it is germane for the scientific community to establish standards of measurements for quantifying GHG emissions from smallholder agriculture. Standard guidelines for use by scientists, development organizations will help generate reliable data on emissions baselines and allow rigorous comparisons of mitigation options. The guidelines described in this book, developed by the CGIAR Research Program on Climate Change, Agriculture, and Food Security (CCAFS) and partners, are intended to inform anyone conducting field measurements of agricultural greenhouse gas sources and sinks, especially to develop IPCC Tier 2 emission factors or to compare mitigation options in smallholder systems.

Download or read book Soil Sampling and Methods of Analysis written by M.R. Carter and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2007-08-03 with total page 1264 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Thoroughly updated and revised, this second edition of the bestselling Soil Sampling and Methods of Analysis presents several new chapters in the areas of biological and physical analysis and soil sampling. Reflecting the burgeoning interest in soil ecology, new contributions describe the growing number and assortment of new microbiological

Download or read book Conservation Agriculture written by L. García-Torres and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2013-04-17 with total page 506 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In large parts of the developed and developing worlds soil tillage by plough or hoe is the main cause of land degradation leading to stagnating or even declining production levels and increasing production cost. It causes the soil to become more dense and compacted, the organic matter content to be reduced and water runoff and soil erosion to increase. It also leads to droughts becoming more severe and the soil becoming less fertile and less responsive to fertiliser. This book brings together the key notes lectures and other outstanding contributions of the I World Congress on Conservation Agriculture and provides an updated view of the environment and economic advantages of CA and of its implementation in diferent areas of the World.

Download or read book Effect of Biochar Amendment on Soil Nitrous Oxide Emission written by Hong Yuan Deng and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "In Canada, agricultural soils are the source of about 70% of the total emissions of nitrous oxide (N2O), a potent greenhouse gas (298 times CO2 equivalent) and ozone-depleting substance. The denitrification reaction that occurs in soils under anoxic conditions (e.g., after rainfall and snowmelt) is responsible for converting nitrate (NO3-) from fertilizer into N2O gas. Biochar is a soil amendment that is proposed to mitigate soil N2O emission by altering soil physical, chemical and biological properties, although the mechanism responsible for N2O reduction in biochar-amended soil is still not known. The aim of this study was to determine if biochar-amended soil resulted in lower soil N2O emissions from denitrification and whether changes in soil chemistry could explain the biochar effect on denitrification. Two experiments were conducted to measure denitrification in soils under controlled laboratory conditions. The first experiment with a sandy loam soil (topsoil and subsoil layers) evaluated actual (N2O only) and potential N2O (N2O + N2) production after 6 h of incubation, with or without acetylene blocking at 80% water filled pore space (WFPS). The highest biochar treatment (30 g kg-1 soil) reduced actual and potential N2O production in topsoil by 80% and 88%, respectively. A supplemental nitrate (NO3-) addition did not reverse the biochar-induced effect, indicating that the reduction in N2O production was not due to adsorption of inorganic N by biochar. In the next experiment, soil moisture was adjusted to 90% WFPS and the effect of biochar on basal (without supplemental C and N) and potential (with supplemental C and N) denitrification rates in the topsoil layer from sandy and loamy soils were determined. The change in soil pH after the addition of biochar was measured. The results showed that sandy soil did not favor denitrification and the denitrification rate was not affected by the biochar amendment; however, the biochar amendment significantly (p

Download or read book Nitrous Oxide Production in Natural and Agricultural Ecosystem Soils of Wisconsin written by Lewis L. Goodroad and published by . This book was released on 1983 with total page 328 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Nitrous Oxide Emissions from Agricultural Soil Receiving Manure in a Changing Climate written by Chih-Yu Hung and published by . This book was released on 2021 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "Soil nitrous oxide (N2O) emission varies in magnitude and occurs sporadically during the spring freeze-thaw period in cold humid temperate regions. Fluctuations in soil N2O emissions are related to soil biophysical properties, which are influenced by agricultural practices like fall application of manure and fall-sown cover crops, as well as rainfall and other weather events. The objectives of this thesis were to (1) quantify N2O emissions in the spring period from agricultural soils that received manure and were planted with a cover crop in the previous fall, (2) estimate the influence of fall-applied manure and cover crops on the spring soil N2O emissions in changing climate, (3) determine the biophysical factors that control soil N¬2O emissions after a rain-induced thawing event, and (4) propose a monitoring method to estimate N2O emissions in agricultural soils. First, I quantified the soil N2O emissions with a two-year field experiment. Soil N2O emission in the spring freeze-thaw period (c.a. 30 d) was -2.35 to 13.57 g N ha-1 and not affected by dairy manure application (solid or liquid) or cover crops (ryegrass and ryegrass/hairy vetch), possibly due to the low manure N application rate and N loss over winter. Second, I evaluated soil N2O emissions in the spring freeze-thaw period under three climate scenarios (baseline, from 1981–2010; Representative Concentration Pathway 4.5 and 8.5 from 2071–2100) with the Decomposition-Denitrification model. The model predicted that more reactive N will be retained by cover crops under future climate scenarios, but the soil N2O emissions will not increase. However, applying solid manure without a cover crop led to more soil N2O emissions than other treatments tested under three climate scenarios (9.90 to 61.50 g N ha-1, P

Download or read book Nitrous Oxide Emissions written by Miguel Andres Arango Argoti and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Nitrogen is critical for plant growth and is a major cost of inputs in production agriculture. Too much nitrogen (N) is also an environmental concern. Agricultural soils account for 85% of anthropogenic N2O which is a major greenhouse gas. Management strategies for N fertilization and tillage are necessary for enhancing N use efficiency and reducing negative impacts of N to the environment. The different management practices induce changes in substrate availability for microbial activity that may result in increasing or reducing net N2O emitted from soils. The objectives of this research were to (1) integrate results from field studies to evaluate the effect of different management strategies on N2O emissions using a meta-analysis, (2) quantify N2O-N emissions under no-tillage (NT) and tilled (T) agricultural systems and the effect of different N source and placements, (3) perform sensitivity analysis, calibration and validation of the Denitrification Decomposition (DNDC) model for N2O emissions, and (4) analyze future scenarios of precipitation and temperature to evaluate the potential effects of climate change on N2O emissions from agro-ecosystems in Kansas. Based on the meta-analysis there was no significant effect of broadcast and banded N placement. Synthetic N fertilizer usually had higher N2O emission than organic N fertilizer. Crops with high N inputs as well as clay soils had higher N2O fluxes. No-till and conventional till did not have significant differences regarding N2O emissions. In the field study, N2O-N emissions were not significantly different between tillage systems and N source. The banded N application generally had higher emissions than broadcasted N. Slow release N fertilizer as well as split N applications reduced N2O flux without affecting yield. Simulations of N2O emissions were more sensitive to changes in soil parameters such as pH, soil organic carbon (SOC), field capacity (FIELD) and bulk density (BD), with pH and SOC as the most sensitive parameters. The N2O simulations performed using Denitrification Decomposition model on till (Urea) had higher model efficiency followed by no-till (compost), no-till (urea) and till (compost). At the regional level, changes in climate (precipitation and temperature) increased N2O emission from agricultural soils in Kansas. The conversion from T to NT reduced N2O emissions in crops under present conditions as well as under future climatic conditions.

Download or read book Advances in Agrophysical Research written by Stanisław Grundas and published by BoD – Books on Demand. This book was released on 2013-07-31 with total page 412 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The idea of this book was born due to the rapid increase of the interest in excellence of agricultural production in the aspect of both – the quality of raw material for food production as well as in the aspect of environment protection. Agrophysics is a field of science that focuses on the quality of agriculture as a whole i.e. the interaction between human and environment, especially the interaction between soil, plant, atmosphere and machine. Physics with its laws, principles and rules is a good tool for description of the interactions, as well as of the results of these interactions. Some aspects of chemistry, biology and other fields of science are also taken under consideration. This interdisciplinary approach can result in holistic description of processes which should lead to improvement of the efficiency of obtaining the raw materials to ensure a sufficient amount of food, safe for human health. This book could be regarded as the contribution to this description. The reader can find some basic as well, as more particular aspects of the contemporary agriculture, starting with the soil characteristics and treatment, plant growth and agricultural products’ properties and processing.

Download or read book Nitrous Oxide Emission from Agricultural Soils Experimental Approach and Simulation written by Daan Beheydt and published by . This book was released on 2006 with total page 182 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Nitrous Oxide Emission from Agricultural Soils written by G.L. Velthof and published by . This book was released on 2018 with total page 57 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Soil Nitrous Oxide Emissions from Agriculture in a Changing Global Environment written by Charlotte Decock and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Agricultural soils encompass one of the major sources of anthropogenic nitrous oxide (N2O), a potent greenhouse gas and stratospheric ozone depleting substance. Therefore, accurate prediction of N2O emissions from soils and development of effective mitigation strategies are pertinent. However, the scientific understanding of mechanisms underlying N2O emissions is limited, in part, by the lack of suitable methods to assess sources of N2O, especially under field conditions and in undisturbed soil cores. In this dissertation, two ecological applications of source-partitioning N2O were considered: (1) the feedback of N2O emissions to elevated atmospheric CO2 and tropospheric O3 and (2) mechanisms underlying N2O emissions during a simulated rainfall event in a tomato cropping system in California. Furthermore, four methods were evaluated for their utility in source-partitioning N2O with minimal disturbance of the system: (1) tracing of added 15N enriched NH4 and/or NO3− to N2O, (2) use of natural abundance 15N of N2O and its precursors, (3) measuring the intramolecular distribution of 15N in N2O, expressed as site preference (SP), and (4) determining relationships between natural abundance 18O and 15N. Method comparisons elucidated that the use of isotope models that include all natural abundance isotopes of N2O and its precursors and uncertainty deductions for isotope fractionation factors to estimate N transformation rates and sources of N2O during peak N2O emissions is the most promising approach to improve our understanding of mechanisms underlying N2O emissions with minimal sampling-associated disturbance of the system. Various approaches to study sources of N2O and N-cycling suggested that elevated CO2 and O3 will unlikely cause a feedback on global climate change through altered N2O emissions in soybean agroecosystems in the Midwestern USA. Furthermore, elevated CO2 decelerated, whereas elevated O3 accelerated N-cycling if integrated over longer time scales. In a California tomato cropping system, N2O reduction to N2 decreased progressively as soil dried out following wetting up. Overall, this dissertation illustrates the added benefit of studying mechanisms underlying N2O emissions in addition to field N2O fluxes per se and encourages further research to source-partition N2O emissions and its needed methodology to understand N2O responses of agroecosystems in a changing global environment.