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Book Soft Computing and Machine Learning with Python

Download or read book Soft Computing and Machine Learning with Python written by Zoran Gacovski and published by Arcler Press. This book was released on 2018-12 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A definition states that the machine learning is a discipline that allows the computers to learn without explicit programming. The challenge in machine learning is how to accurately (algorithmic) describe some kinds of tasks that people can easily solve (for example face recognition, speech recognition etc.). Such algorithms can be defined for certain types of tasks, but they are very complex and/or require large knowledge base (e.g. machine translation MT). In many of the areas - data are continuously collected in order to get "some knowledge out of them" for example - in medicine (patient data and therapy), in marketing (the users / customers and what they buy, what are they interested in, how products are rated etc.). Data analysis of this scale requires approaches that will allow you to discover patterns and dependences among the data, that are neither known, nor obvious, but can be useful (data mining). Information retrieval - IR, is finding existing information as quickly as possible. For example, web browser - finds page within the (large) set of the entire WWW. Machine Learning - ML, is a set of techniques that generalize existing knowledge of the new information, as precisely as possible. An example is the speech recognition. Data mining - DM, primarily relates to the disclosure of something hidden within the data, some new dependence, which have not previously been known. Example is CRM - the customer analysis. Python is high-level programming language that is very suitable for web development, programming of games, and data manipulation / machine learning applications. It is object-oriented language and interpreter as well, allowing the source code to execute directly (without compiling). This edition covers machine learning theory and applications with Python, and includes chapters for soft computing theory, machine learning techniques/applications, Python language details, and machine learning examples with Python. Book jacket.

Book Principles of Soft Computing Using Python Programming

Download or read book Principles of Soft Computing Using Python Programming written by Gypsy Nandi and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2023-11-28 with total page 356 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Principles of Soft Computing Using Python Programming An accessible guide to the revolutionary techniques of soft computing Soft computing is a computing approach designed to replicate the human mind’s unique capacity to integrate uncertainty and imprecision into its reasoning. It is uniquely suited to computing operations where rigid analytical models will fail to account for the variety and ambiguity of possible solutions. As machine learning and artificial intelligence become more and more prominent in the computing landscape, the potential for soft computing techniques to revolutionize computing has never been greater. Principles of Soft Computing Using Python Programming provides readers with the knowledge required to apply soft computing models and techniques to real computational problems. Beginning with a foundational discussion of soft or fuzzy computing and its differences from hard computing, it describes different models for soft computing and their many applications, both demonstrated and theoretical. The result is a set of tools with the potential to produce new solutions to the thorniest computing problems. Readers of Principles of Soft Computing Using Python Programming will also find: Each chapter accompanied with Python codes and step-by-step comments to illustrate applications Detailed discussion of topics including artificial neural networks, rough set theory, genetic algorithms, and more Exercises at the end of each chapter including both short- and long-answer questions to reinforce learning Principles of Soft Computing Using Python Programming is ideal for researchers and engineers in a variety of fields looking for new solutions to computing problems, as well as for advanced students in programming or the computer sciences.

Book Deep Neuro Fuzzy Systems with Python

Download or read book Deep Neuro Fuzzy Systems with Python written by Himanshu Singh and published by Apress. This book was released on 2019-11-30 with total page 270 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Gain insight into fuzzy logic and neural networks, and how the integration between the two models makes intelligent systems in the current world. This book simplifies the implementation of fuzzy logic and neural network concepts using Python. You’ll start by walking through the basics of fuzzy sets and relations, and how each member of the set has its own membership function values. You’ll also look at different architectures and models that have been developed, and how rules and reasoning have been defined to make the architectures possible. The book then provides a closer look at neural networks and related architectures, focusing on the various issues neural networks may encounter during training, and how different optimization methods can help you resolve them. In the last section of the book you’ll examine the integrations of fuzzy logics and neural networks, the adaptive neuro fuzzy Inference systems, and various approximations related to the same. You’ll review different types of deep neuro fuzzy classifiers, fuzzy neurons, and the adaptive learning capability of the neural networks. The book concludes by reviewing advanced neuro fuzzy models and applications. What You’ll Learn Understand fuzzy logic, membership functions, fuzzy relations, and fuzzy inferenceReview neural networks, back propagation, and optimizationWork with different architectures such as Takagi-Sugeno model, Hybrid model, genetic algorithms, and approximations Apply Python implementations of deep neuro fuzzy system Who This book Is For Data scientists and software engineers with a basic understanding of Machine Learning who want to expand into the hybrid applications of deep learning and fuzzy logic.

Book Computational Intelligence and Soft Computing Applications in Healthcare Management Science

Download or read book Computational Intelligence and Soft Computing Applications in Healthcare Management Science written by Gul, Muhammet and published by IGI Global. This book was released on 2020-03-06 with total page 322 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In today’s modernized world, the field of healthcare has seen significant practical innovations with the implementation of computational intelligence approaches and soft computing methods. These two concepts present various solutions to complex scientific problems and imperfect data issues. This has made both very popular in the medical profession. There are still various areas to be studied and improved by these two schemes as healthcare practices continue to develop. Computational Intelligence and Soft Computing Applications in Healthcare Management Science is an essential reference source that discusses the implementation of soft computing techniques and computational methods in the various components of healthcare, telemedicine, and public health. Featuring research on topics such as analytical modeling, neural networks, and fuzzy logic, this book is ideally designed for software engineers, information scientists, medical professionals, researchers, developers, educators, academicians, and students.

Book Scientific Computing with Python   Second Edition

Download or read book Scientific Computing with Python Second Edition written by CLAUS. FUHRER and published by . This book was released on 2021-07-23 with total page 392 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Leverage this example-packed, comprehensive guide for all your Python computational needs Key Features: Learn the first steps within Python to highly specialized concepts Explore examples and code snippets taken from typical programming situations within scientific computing. Delve into essential computer science concepts like iterating, object-oriented programming, testing, and MPI presented in strong connection to applications within scientific computing. Book Description: Python has tremendous potential within the scientific computing domain. This updated edition of Scientific Computing with Python features new chapters on graphical user interfaces, efficient data processing, and parallel computing to help you perform mathematical and scientific computing efficiently using Python. This book will help you to explore new Python syntax features and create different models using scientific computing principles. The book presents Python alongside mathematical applications and demonstrates how to apply Python concepts in computing with the help of examples involving Python 3.8. You'll use pandas for basic data analysis to understand the modern needs of scientific computing, and cover data module improvements and built-in features. You'll also explore numerical computation modules such as NumPy and SciPy, which enable fast access to highly efficient numerical algorithms. By learning to use the plotting module Matplotlib, you will be able to represent your computational results in talks and publications. A special chapter is devoted to SymPy, a tool for bridging symbolic and numerical computations. By the end of this Python book, you'll have gained a solid understanding of task automation and how to implement and test mathematical algorithms within the realm of scientific computing. What You Will Learn: Understand the building blocks of computational mathematics, linear algebra, and related Python objects Use Matplotlib to create high-quality figures and graphics to draw and visualize results Apply object-oriented programming (OOP) to scientific computing in Python Discover how to use pandas to enter the world of data processing Handle exceptions for writing reliable and usable code Cover manual and automatic aspects of testing for scientific programming Get to grips with parallel computing to increase computation speed Who this book is for: This book is for students with a mathematical background, university teachers designing modern courses in programming, data scientists, researchers, developers, and anyone who wants to perform scientific computation in Python.

Book Python Machine Learning Projects

Download or read book Python Machine Learning Projects written by Lisa Tagliaferri and published by DigitalOcean. This book was released on 2019-05-02 with total page 146 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: As machine learning is increasingly leveraged to find patterns, conduct analysis, and make decisions — sometimes without final input from humans who may be impacted by these findings — it is crucial to invest in bringing more stakeholders into the fold. This book of Python projects in machine learning tries to do just that: to equip the developers of today and tomorrow with tools they can use to better understand, evaluate, and shape machine learning to help ensure that it is serving us all. This book will set you up with a Python programming environment if you don’t have one already, then provide you with a conceptual understanding of machine learning in the chapter “An Introduction to Machine Learning.” What follows next are three Python machine learning projects. They will help you create a machine learning classifier, build a neural network to recognize handwritten digits, and give you a background in deep reinforcement learning through building a bot for Atari.

Book Deep Learning with Python

Download or read book Deep Learning with Python written by Francois Chollet and published by Simon and Schuster. This book was released on 2017-11-30 with total page 597 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Summary Deep Learning with Python introduces the field of deep learning using the Python language and the powerful Keras library. Written by Keras creator and Google AI researcher François Chollet, this book builds your understanding through intuitive explanations and practical examples. Purchase of the print book includes a free eBook in PDF, Kindle, and ePub formats from Manning Publications. About the Technology Machine learning has made remarkable progress in recent years. We went from near-unusable speech and image recognition, to near-human accuracy. We went from machines that couldn't beat a serious Go player, to defeating a world champion. Behind this progress is deep learning—a combination of engineering advances, best practices, and theory that enables a wealth of previously impossible smart applications. About the Book Deep Learning with Python introduces the field of deep learning using the Python language and the powerful Keras library. Written by Keras creator and Google AI researcher François Chollet, this book builds your understanding through intuitive explanations and practical examples. You'll explore challenging concepts and practice with applications in computer vision, natural-language processing, and generative models. By the time you finish, you'll have the knowledge and hands-on skills to apply deep learning in your own projects. What's Inside Deep learning from first principles Setting up your own deep-learning environment Image-classification models Deep learning for text and sequences Neural style transfer, text generation, and image generation About the Reader Readers need intermediate Python skills. No previous experience with Keras, TensorFlow, or machine learning is required. About the Author François Chollet works on deep learning at Google in Mountain View, CA. He is the creator of the Keras deep-learning library, as well as a contributor to the TensorFlow machine-learning framework. He also does deep-learning research, with a focus on computer vision and the application of machine learning to formal reasoning. His papers have been published at major conferences in the field, including the Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR), the Conference and Workshop on Neural Information Processing Systems (NIPS), the International Conference on Learning Representations (ICLR), and others. Table of Contents PART 1 - FUNDAMENTALS OF DEEP LEARNING What is deep learning? Before we begin: the mathematical building blocks of neural networks Getting started with neural networks Fundamentals of machine learning PART 2 - DEEP LEARNING IN PRACTICE Deep learning for computer vision Deep learning for text and sequences Advanced deep-learning best practices Generative deep learning Conclusions appendix A - Installing Keras and its dependencies on Ubuntu appendix B - Running Jupyter notebooks on an EC2 GPU instance

Book Introducing Data Science

Download or read book Introducing Data Science written by Davy Cielen and published by Simon and Schuster. This book was released on 2016-05-02 with total page 475 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Summary Introducing Data Science teaches you how to accomplish the fundamental tasks that occupy data scientists. Using the Python language and common Python libraries, you'll experience firsthand the challenges of dealing with data at scale and gain a solid foundation in data science. Purchase of the print book includes a free eBook in PDF, Kindle, and ePub formats from Manning Publications. About the Technology Many companies need developers with data science skills to work on projects ranging from social media marketing to machine learning. Discovering what you need to learn to begin a career as a data scientist can seem bewildering. This book is designed to help you get started. About the Book Introducing Data ScienceIntroducing Data Science explains vital data science concepts and teaches you how to accomplish the fundamental tasks that occupy data scientists. You’ll explore data visualization, graph databases, the use of NoSQL, and the data science process. You’ll use the Python language and common Python libraries as you experience firsthand the challenges of dealing with data at scale. Discover how Python allows you to gain insights from data sets so big that they need to be stored on multiple machines, or from data moving so quickly that no single machine can handle it. This book gives you hands-on experience with the most popular Python data science libraries, Scikit-learn and StatsModels. After reading this book, you’ll have the solid foundation you need to start a career in data science. What’s Inside Handling large data Introduction to machine learning Using Python to work with data Writing data science algorithms About the Reader This book assumes you're comfortable reading code in Python or a similar language, such as C, Ruby, or JavaScript. No prior experience with data science is required. About the Authors Davy Cielen, Arno D. B. Meysman, and Mohamed Ali are the founders and managing partners of Optimately and Maiton, where they focus on developing data science projects and solutions in various sectors. Table of Contents Data science in a big data world The data science process Machine learning Handling large data on a single computer First steps in big data Join the NoSQL movement The rise of graph databases Text mining and text analytics Data visualization to the end user

Book Rough Neural Computing

    Book Details:
  • Author : Sankar Kumar Pal
  • Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
  • Release : 2012-12-06
  • ISBN : 3642188591
  • Pages : 741 pages

Download or read book Rough Neural Computing written by Sankar Kumar Pal and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 741 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Soft computing comprises various paradigms dedicated to approximately solving real-world problems, e.g. in decision making, classification or learning; among these paradigms are fuzzy sets, rough sets, neural networks, genetic algorithms, and others. It is well understood now in the soft computing community that hybrid approaches combining various paradigms are very promising approaches for solving complex problems. Exploiting the potential and strength of both neural networks and rough sets, this book is devoted to rough-neuro computing which is also related to the novel aspect of computing based on information granulation, in particular to computing with words. It provides foundational and methodological issues as well as applications in various fields.

Book Foundations of Machine Learning  second edition

Download or read book Foundations of Machine Learning second edition written by Mehryar Mohri and published by MIT Press. This book was released on 2018-12-25 with total page 505 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A new edition of a graduate-level machine learning textbook that focuses on the analysis and theory of algorithms. This book is a general introduction to machine learning that can serve as a textbook for graduate students and a reference for researchers. It covers fundamental modern topics in machine learning while providing the theoretical basis and conceptual tools needed for the discussion and justification of algorithms. It also describes several key aspects of the application of these algorithms. The authors aim to present novel theoretical tools and concepts while giving concise proofs even for relatively advanced topics. Foundations of Machine Learning is unique in its focus on the analysis and theory of algorithms. The first four chapters lay the theoretical foundation for what follows; subsequent chapters are mostly self-contained. Topics covered include the Probably Approximately Correct (PAC) learning framework; generalization bounds based on Rademacher complexity and VC-dimension; Support Vector Machines (SVMs); kernel methods; boosting; on-line learning; multi-class classification; ranking; regression; algorithmic stability; dimensionality reduction; learning automata and languages; and reinforcement learning. Each chapter ends with a set of exercises. Appendixes provide additional material including concise probability review. This second edition offers three new chapters, on model selection, maximum entropy models, and conditional entropy models. New material in the appendixes includes a major section on Fenchel duality, expanded coverage of concentration inequalities, and an entirely new entry on information theory. More than half of the exercises are new to this edition.

Book Deep Learning with Keras

Download or read book Deep Learning with Keras written by Antonio Gulli and published by Packt Publishing Ltd. This book was released on 2017-04-26 with total page 310 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Get to grips with the basics of Keras to implement fast and efficient deep-learning models About This Book Implement various deep-learning algorithms in Keras and see how deep-learning can be used in games See how various deep-learning models and practical use-cases can be implemented using Keras A practical, hands-on guide with real-world examples to give you a strong foundation in Keras Who This Book Is For If you are a data scientist with experience in machine learning or an AI programmer with some exposure to neural networks, you will find this book a useful entry point to deep-learning with Keras. A knowledge of Python is required for this book. What You Will Learn Optimize step-by-step functions on a large neural network using the Backpropagation Algorithm Fine-tune a neural network to improve the quality of results Use deep learning for image and audio processing Use Recursive Neural Tensor Networks (RNTNs) to outperform standard word embedding in special cases Identify problems for which Recurrent Neural Network (RNN) solutions are suitable Explore the process required to implement Autoencoders Evolve a deep neural network using reinforcement learning In Detail This book starts by introducing you to supervised learning algorithms such as simple linear regression, the classical multilayer perceptron and more sophisticated deep convolutional networks. You will also explore image processing with recognition of hand written digit images, classification of images into different categories, and advanced objects recognition with related image annotations. An example of identification of salient points for face detection is also provided. Next you will be introduced to Recurrent Networks, which are optimized for processing sequence data such as text, audio or time series. Following that, you will learn about unsupervised learning algorithms such as Autoencoders and the very popular Generative Adversarial Networks (GAN). You will also explore non-traditional uses of neural networks as Style Transfer. Finally, you will look at Reinforcement Learning and its application to AI game playing, another popular direction of research and application of neural networks. Style and approach This book is an easy-to-follow guide full of examples and real-world applications to help you gain an in-depth understanding of Keras. This book will showcase more than twenty working Deep Neural Networks coded in Python using Keras.

Book Understanding Machine Learning

Download or read book Understanding Machine Learning written by Shai Shalev-Shwartz and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2014-05-19 with total page 415 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Introduces machine learning and its algorithmic paradigms, explaining the principles behind automated learning approaches and the considerations underlying their usage.

Book NEURAL NETWORKS  FUZZY LOGIC AND GENETIC ALGORITHM

Download or read book NEURAL NETWORKS FUZZY LOGIC AND GENETIC ALGORITHM written by S. RAJASEKARAN and published by PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd.. This book was released on 2003-01-01 with total page 459 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book provides comprehensive introduction to a consortium of technologies underlying soft computing, an evolving branch of computational intelligence. The constituent technologies discussed comprise neural networks, fuzzy logic, genetic algorithms, and a number of hybrid systems which include classes such as neuro-fuzzy, fuzzy-genetic, and neuro-genetic systems. The hybridization of the technologies is demonstrated on architectures such as Fuzzy-Back-propagation Networks (NN-FL), Simplified Fuzzy ARTMAP (NN-FL), and Fuzzy Associative Memories. The book also gives an exhaustive discussion of FL-GA hybridization. Every architecture has been discussed in detail through illustrative examples and applications. The algorithms have been presented in pseudo-code with a step-by-step illustration of the same in problems. The applications, demonstrative of the potential of the architectures, have been chosen from diverse disciplines of science and engineering. This book with a wealth of information that is clearly presented and illustrated by many examples and applications is designed for use as a text for courses in soft computing at both the senior undergraduate and first-year post-graduate engineering levels. It should also be of interest to researchers and technologists desirous of applying soft computing technologies to their respective fields of work.

Book Artificial Intelligence with Python

Download or read book Artificial Intelligence with Python written by Prateek Joshi and published by Packt Publishing Ltd. This book was released on 2017-01-27 with total page 437 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Build real-world Artificial Intelligence applications with Python to intelligently interact with the world around you About This Book Step into the amazing world of intelligent apps using this comprehensive guide Enter the world of Artificial Intelligence, explore it, and create your own applications Work through simple yet insightful examples that will get you up and running with Artificial Intelligence in no time Who This Book Is For This book is for Python developers who want to build real-world Artificial Intelligence applications. This book is friendly to Python beginners, but being familiar with Python would be useful to play around with the code. It will also be useful for experienced Python programmers who are looking to use Artificial Intelligence techniques in their existing technology stacks. What You Will Learn Realize different classification and regression techniques Understand the concept of clustering and how to use it to automatically segment data See how to build an intelligent recommender system Understand logic programming and how to use it Build automatic speech recognition systems Understand the basics of heuristic search and genetic programming Develop games using Artificial Intelligence Learn how reinforcement learning works Discover how to build intelligent applications centered on images, text, and time series data See how to use deep learning algorithms and build applications based on it In Detail Artificial Intelligence is becoming increasingly relevant in the modern world where everything is driven by technology and data. It is used extensively across many fields such as search engines, image recognition, robotics, finance, and so on. We will explore various real-world scenarios in this book and you'll learn about various algorithms that can be used to build Artificial Intelligence applications. During the course of this book, you will find out how to make informed decisions about what algorithms to use in a given context. Starting from the basics of Artificial Intelligence, you will learn how to develop various building blocks using different data mining techniques. You will see how to implement different algorithms to get the best possible results, and will understand how to apply them to real-world scenarios. If you want to add an intelligence layer to any application that's based on images, text, stock market, or some other form of data, this exciting book on Artificial Intelligence will definitely be your guide! Style and approach This highly practical book will show you how to implement Artificial Intelligence. The book provides multiple examples enabling you to create smart applications to meet the needs of your organization. In every chapter, we explain an algorithm, implement it, and then build a smart application.

Book Fuzzy Logic for Beginners

Download or read book Fuzzy Logic for Beginners written by Masao Mukaidono and published by World Scientific. This book was released on 2001 with total page 117 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: There are many uncertainties in the real world. Fuzzy theory treats a kind of uncertainty called fuzziness, where it shows that the boundary of yes or no is ambiguous and appears in the meaning of words or is included in the subjunctives or recognition of human beings. Fuzzy theory is essential and is applicable to many systems -- from consumer products like washing machines or refrigerators to big systems like trains or subways. Recently, fuzzy theory has been a strong tool for combining new theories (called soft computing) such as genetic algorithms or neural networks to get knowledge from real data. This introductory book enables the reader to understand easily what fuzziness is and how one can apply fuzzy theory to real problems -- which explains why it was a best-seller in Japan.

Book Machine Learning with Neural Networks

Download or read book Machine Learning with Neural Networks written by Bernhard Mehlig and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2021-10-28 with total page 262 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This modern and self-contained book offers a clear and accessible introduction to the important topic of machine learning with neural networks. In addition to describing the mathematical principles of the topic, and its historical evolution, strong connections are drawn with underlying methods from statistical physics and current applications within science and engineering. Closely based around a well-established undergraduate course, this pedagogical text provides a solid understanding of the key aspects of modern machine learning with artificial neural networks, for students in physics, mathematics, and engineering. Numerous exercises expand and reinforce key concepts within the book and allow students to hone their programming skills. Frequent references to current research develop a detailed perspective on the state-of-the-art in machine learning research.

Book Machine Learning in Action

Download or read book Machine Learning in Action written by Peter Harrington and published by Simon and Schuster. This book was released on 2012-04-03 with total page 558 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Summary Machine Learning in Action is unique book that blends the foundational theories of machine learning with the practical realities of building tools for everyday data analysis. You'll use the flexible Python programming language to build programs that implement algorithms for data classification, forecasting, recommendations, and higher-level features like summarization and simplification. About the Book A machine is said to learn when its performance improves with experience. Learning requires algorithms and programs that capture data and ferret out the interestingor useful patterns. Once the specialized domain of analysts and mathematicians, machine learning is becoming a skill needed by many. Machine Learning in Action is a clearly written tutorial for developers. It avoids academic language and takes you straight to the techniques you'll use in your day-to-day work. Many (Python) examples present the core algorithms of statistical data processing, data analysis, and data visualization in code you can reuse. You'll understand the concepts and how they fit in with tactical tasks like classification, forecasting, recommendations, and higher-level features like summarization and simplification. Readers need no prior experience with machine learning or statistical processing. Familiarity with Python is helpful. Purchase of the print book comes with an offer of a free PDF, ePub, and Kindle eBook from Manning. Also available is all code from the book. What's Inside A no-nonsense introduction Examples showing common ML tasks Everyday data analysis Implementing classic algorithms like Apriori and Adaboos Table of Contents PART 1 CLASSIFICATION Machine learning basics Classifying with k-Nearest Neighbors Splitting datasets one feature at a time: decision trees Classifying with probability theory: naïve Bayes Logistic regression Support vector machines Improving classification with the AdaBoost meta algorithm PART 2 FORECASTING NUMERIC VALUES WITH REGRESSION Predicting numeric values: regression Tree-based regression PART 3 UNSUPERVISED LEARNING Grouping unlabeled items using k-means clustering Association analysis with the Apriori algorithm Efficiently finding frequent itemsets with FP-growth PART 4 ADDITIONAL TOOLS Using principal component analysis to simplify data Simplifying data with the singular value decomposition Big data and MapReduce