Download or read book Snow Cover Depletion Curves and Snow Water Equivalent Reconstruction Six Decades of Hydrologic Remote Sensing Applications written by Robert E. Davis and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page 15 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Remote Sensing of the Terrestrial Water Cycle written by Venkataraman Lakshmi and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2014-12-08 with total page 572 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Remote Sensing of the Terrestrial Water Cycle is an outcome of the AGU Chapman Conference held in February 2012. This is a comprehensive volume that examines the use of available remote sensing satellite data as well as data from future missions that can be used to expand our knowledge in quantifying the spatial and temporal variations in the terrestrial water cycle. Volume highlights include: - An in-depth discussion of the global water cycle - Approaches to various problems in climate, weather, hydrology, and agriculture - Applications of satellite remote sensing in measuring precipitation, surface water, snow, soil moisture, groundwater, modeling, and data assimilation - A description of the use of satellite data for accurately estimating and monitoring the components of the hydrological cycle - Discussion of the measurement of multiple geophysical variables and properties over different landscapes on a temporal and a regional scale Remote Sensing of the Terrestrial Water Cycle is a valuable resource for students and research professionals in the hydrology, ecology, atmospheric sciences, geography, and geological sciences communities.

Download or read book Remote Sensing of Snow and Its Applications written by Ali Nadir Arslan and published by MDPI. This book was released on 2021-03-17 with total page 190 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The reprint book of the “Remote Sensing of Snow and Its Applications” Special Issue provides recent studies on all aspects of remote sensing of snow, from retrieving the data to the application. These studies mainly address the following: (a) New opportunities (Copernicus Sentinels) and emerging remote sensing methods, (b) use of snow data in modeling, and (c) characterization of snowpack.

Download or read book Validating Reconstruction of Snow Water Equivalent in California s Sierra Nevada Using Measurements from the NASAAirborne Snow Observatory written by Robert E. Davis and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page 24 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Accurately estimating basin‐wide snow water equivalent (SWE) is the most important unsolved problem in mountain hydrology. Models that rely on remotely sensed inputs are especially needed in ranges with few surface measurements. The NASA Airborne Snow Observatory (ASO) provides estimates of SWE at 50 m spatial resolution in several basins across the Western U.S. during the melt season. Primarily, water managers use this information to forecast snowmelt runoff into reservoirs; another impactful use of ASO measurements lies in validating and improving satellite‐based snow estimates or models that can scale to whole mountain ranges, even those without ground‐based measurements. We compare ASO measurements from 2013 to 2015 to four methods that estimate spatially distributed SWE: two versions of a SWE reconstruction method, spatial interpolation from snow pillows and courses, and NOAA's Snow Data Assimilation System (SNODAS). SWE reconstruction downscales energy forcings to compute potential melt, then multiplies those values by satellite‐derived estimates of fractional snow‐covered area to calculate snowmelt. The snowpack is then built in reverse from the date the snow is observed to disappear. The two SWE reconstruction models tested include one that employs an energy balance calculation of snowmelt, and one that combines net radiation and degree‐day approaches to estimate melt. Our full energy balance model, without ground observations, performed slightly better than spatial interpolation from snow pillows, having no systematic bias and 26% mean absolute error when compared to SWE from ASO. Both reconstruction models and interpolation were more accurate than SNODAS.

Download or read book Remote Sensing of the Terrestrial Water Cycle written by Venkataraman Lakshmi and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2014-10-31 with total page 572 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Remote Sensing of the Terrestrial Water Cycle is an outcome of the AGU Chapman Conference held in February 2012. This is a comprehensive volume that examines the use of available remote sensing satellite data as well as data from future missions that can be used to expand our knowledge in quantifying the spatial and temporal variations in the terrestrial water cycle. Volume highlights include: An in-depth discussion of the global water cycle Approaches to various problems in climate, weather, hydrology, and agriculture Applications of satellite remote sensing in measuring precipitation, surface water, snow, soil moisture, groundwater, modeling, and data assimilation A description of the use of satellite data for accurately estimating and monitoring the components of the hydrological cycle Discussion of the measurement of multiple geophysical variables and properties over different landscapes on a temporal and a regional scale

Download or read book Applications Systems Verification and Transfer Project written by Herbert H. Schumann and published by . This book was released on 1981 with total page 68 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Both LANDSAT and NOAA satellite data were used in improving snowmelt runoff forecasts. When the satellite snow cover data were tested in both empirical seasonal runoff estimation and short term modeling approaches, a definite potential for reducing forecast error was evident.

Download or read book Applications Systems Verification and Transfer Project Operational applications of satellite snow cover observations Colorado Field Test Center written by John P. Dillard and published by . This book was released on 1981 with total page 110 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Creating a Bridge Between Remote Sensing and Hydrologic Models written by and published by . This book was released on 1983 with total page 134 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Correlation and Prediction of Snow Water Equivalent from Snow Sensors written by Bruce J. McGurk and published by . This book was released on 1992 with total page 20 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Since 1982, under an agreement between the California Department of Water Resources and the USDA Forest Service, snow sensors have been installed and operated in Forest Service-administered wilderness areas in the Sierra Nevada of California. The sensors are to be removed by 2005 because of the premise that sufficient data will have been collected to allow "correlation" and, by implication, prediction of wilderness snow data by nonwilderness sensors that are typically at a lower elevation. Because analysis of snow water equivalent (SWE) data from these wilderness sensors would not be possible until just before they are due to be removed, "surrogate pairs" of high- and low-elevation snow sensors were selected to determine whether correlation and prediction might be achieved. Surrogate pairs of sensors with between 5 and 15 years of concurrent data were selected, and correlation and regression were used to examine the statistical feasibility of SWE prediction after "removal" of the wilderness sensors. Of the 10 pairs analyzed, two pairs achieved a correlation coefficient of 0.95 or greater. Four more had a correlation of 0.94 for the accumulation period after the snow season was split into accumulation and melt periods. Standard errors of estimate for the better fits ranged from 15 to 25 percent of the mean April 1 snow water equivalent at the high-elevation sensor. With the best sensor pairs, standard errors of 10 percent were achieved. If this prediction error is acceptable to water supply forecasters, sensor operation through 2005 in the wilderness may produce predictive relationships that are useful after the wilderness sensors are removed

Download or read book Abstracts from the International Conference on Snow Hydrology written by and published by . This book was released on 1998 with total page 148 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Snow and Glacier Melt Runoff Modeling Using Remote Sensing and GIS written by Gopinadh Rongali and published by . This book was released on 2023-01-15 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: As we know, snow is one of the forms of precipitation; however, hydrologist treats it differently due to the temporal difference between the time of its fall and the time of its runoff, groundwater recharge, and the fact that it is a part of various hydrological processes. The hydrological point of view in relation with the snow is mostly considered in middle to high latitudes and mountainous regions, where often melt period sometimes lasts for months following seasonal accumulation of snowpack. During this accumulation period, there is a very small amount or no snow melt. Precipitation (sometimes rain) falls and is temporarily retained as snowpack until the melt season starts. It is mandatory for the hydrology to record how much amount of water is collected in a basin in the form of snow. For a better knowledge of the hydrology of mountainous terrain, detailed assessment of the areal distribution of snow, its quality, and the presence of liquid water in it is also necessary. All of these snow indications are difficult to quantify and measure, and they will most certainly differ from one location to the next. Remote sensing (RS) provides a new tool for obtaining snow data for predicting snow and glacier melt runoff. Researchers have manually collected snow data manually through snow- related courses, which are labor-intensive, expensive, and potentially dangerous. Even when accessible, snow course data represents simply a location in the region and can only be used as an index of the available snow water content. Despite the fact that measurements are considered automated, the difficulty of a single point measurement or observation of snow being typical of a broader area or basin persists. It is one of the most easily identifiable forms of water resources utilising aerial photography or satellite imaging in the case of remotely sensed snow data. Satellite systems can currently only determine the area covered by snow, the depth of the snow, and the snow water equivalent; physical snow parameters cannot be monitored directly by these satellite systems. The considerable amount of freshwater has been present in the nature in snow and glacier form in the River basins which are, in most of the cases, located in high mountainous areas. Many other water resources like lakes, Rivers, streams etc. are fed by the outflow of water from these glaciers. The estimated glacier area in the world has about 14.9 x 10⁶ km2, which is approximately 10% of the overall land area present on the earth (Singh and Singh, 2001). Although just 3% of this snow is scattered over mountainous regions on many continents and even beyond the polar regions, it serves a critical role in delivering water to the majority of the world's population. It has been observed that the Himalayan mountains have a big contribution in freshwater supply globally. Major Rivers present in south Asia certainly originate from the Himalayan mountain systems. Among them, the Ganga, Indus, and Brahmaputra are said to be the lifeline of the Indian sub-continent. Snow and glacier melt runoff also contribute to the Himalayan Rivers flow.

Download or read book A Snow Water Equivalent Reanalysis Approach to Explore Spatial and Temporal Variability of the Sierra Nevada Snowpack written by Manuela Girotto and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page 143 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The availability and variability of snowmelt has become a serious concern because of increased water demand, and because of the high degree of uncertainty related to climate variability posing a threat to the magnitude and timing of this precious resource. Understanding the geophysical controls and interannual variability of the spatial patterns of seasonal montane snowpacks are critical for understanding the effects of a warmer climate on the snowpack water storage. To explicitly resolve snow hydrological controls in complex montane environments, it is necessary to provide high resolution spatially and temporally distributed estimates of snow water equivalent, while also taking into consideration the uncertainties in the system. Toward this end, this dissertation developed a retrospective data assimilation technique (SWE reanalysis) that aimed to optimally merge VIS-NIR remote sensing data into a snow prediction model, and at the same time, account for the limitations of measurements, forcings, and model errors. The SWE reanalysis was: first developed and implemented over a small region, in order to investigate the performance of the methods under their nominal scenarios; second implemented for the full Landsat-5 record (27 year) over a regional scale domain in order to test accuracy and gain insight on the spatial and interannual controls on the SWE patterns; third extended to the entire Sierra Nevada in order to benchmark the reanalysis for its application to the full Sierra Nevada and to preliminarly [i.e. preliminarily] understand what are the spatial controls on SWE patterns. The key findings of this dissertation can be summarized as follows: 1) The SWE reanalysis approach provided accurate spatially and continuous estimates of SWE and of its uncertainties due to measurement, forcings, and model errors. 2) The methods were found to be robust to input errors such as biases in solar radiation and precipitation, and robust to the number of available VIS-NIR observations. 3) The application of the methods over the Kern watershed for the full Landsat-5 record suggested that SWE accumulation patterns were in general not interannually consistent and that the interannual variability was dependent on whether a dry or wet year was analyzed. 4) The trend test analysis showed that peak-SWE and day-of-peak have not drastically changed over the analyzed 27 years for the Kern River watershed, but suggested that the lower elevations may be more susceptible to climate variability and change. 5) Elevation was found to be the primary control on spatial patterns of peak-SWE and day-of-peak for the entire Sierra Nevada range; however different patterns were found across the watersheds of the Sierra Nevada depending on their location. Ultimately, the methods can be applied to the full Sierra Nevada and other montane regions over the modern remote sensing record to generate a dataset that should be useful to scientists and practitioners not only in hydrology, but other fields where seasonal snow processes are a key driver such as biogeochemistry, mountain meteorology, and water resource management.

Download or read book Estimating Snow Water Resources from Space written by Dongyue Li and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Improving the estimation of snow water equivalent (SWE) in the Sierra Nevada is critical for the water resources management in California. In this study, we carried out an experiment to estimate SWE in the Upper Kern Basin, Sierra Nevada, by assimilating AMSR-E observed brightness temperatures (Tb) into a coupled hydrology and radiative transfer model using an ensemble Kalman batch reanalysis. The data assimilation framework merges the complementary SWE information from modeling and observations to improve SWE estimates. The novelty of this assimilation study is that both the modeling and the radiance data processing were specifically improved to provide more information about SWE. With the enhanced SWE signals in both simulations and observations, the batch reanalysis stands a better chance of successfully improving the SWE estimates. The modeling was at a very high resolution (90m) and spanned a range of mountain environmental factors to better characterize the effects of the mountain environment on snow distribution and radiance emission. We have developed a dynamic snow grain size module to improve the radiance modeling during the intense snowfall events. The AMSR-E 37GHz V-pol observed Tb was processed at its native footprint resolution at ~100 square km. In the batch assimilation, the model predicted the prior SWE and Tb; the prior estimate of an entire year was then updated by the dry-season observations at one time. One advantage of this is that the prior SWE of a certain period is updated using the observations both before and after this period, which takes advantage of the temporally continuous signal of the seasonal snow accumulation in the observations. We found the posterior SWE estimates showed improved accuracy and robustness. During the study period of 2003 to 2008, at point-scale, the average bias of the six-year April 1st SWE was reduced from -0.17 m to -0.02m, the average temporal SWE RMSE of the snow accumulation season decreased by 51.2%. The basin-scale results showed that the April 1st SWE bias reduced from -0.17m to -0.11m, and the temporal SWE RMSE of the accumulation season decreased by 23.6%.

Download or read book Comparison Method Between Gridded and Simulated Snow Water Equivalent Estimates to In situ Snow Sensor Readings written by Angelique Marie Fabbiani-Leon and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: California Department of Water Resources (DWR) Snow Surveys Section has recently explored the potential use of recently developed hydrologic models to estimate snow water equivalent (SWE) for the Sierra Nevada mountain range. DWR Snow Surveys Section's initial step is to determine how well these hydrologic models compare to the trusted regression equations, currently used by DWR Snow Surveys Section. A comparison scheme was ultimately developed between estimation measures for SWE by interpreting model results for the Feather River Basin from: a) National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) gridded SWE reconstruction product, b) United States Geological Survey (USGS) Precipitation-Runoff Modeling System (PRMS), and c) DWR Snow Surveys Section regression equations. Daily SWE estimates were extracted from gridded results by computing an average SWE based on 1,000 ft elevation band increments from 3,000 to 10,000 ft (i.e. an elevation band would be from 3,000 to 4,000 ft). The dates used for processing average SWE estimates were cloud-free satellite image dates during snow ablation months, March to August, for years 2000-2012. The average SWE for each elevation band was linearly interpolated for each snow sensor elevation. The model SWE estimates were then compared to the snow sensor readings used to produce the snow index in DWR's regression equations. In addition to comparing JPL's SWE estimate to snow sensor readings, PRMS SWE variable for select hydrologic response units (HRU) were also compared to snow sensor readings. Research concluded with the application of statistical methods to determine the reliability in the JPL products and PRMS simulated SWE variable, with results varying depending on time duration being analyzed and elevation range.

Download or read book Snow Cover Measurements and Areal Assessment of Precipitation and Soil Moisture written by Boris Sevruk and published by World Meteorological Organization. This book was released on 1992 with total page 316 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Applications Systems Verification and Transfer Project written by Arthur Joseph Brown and published by . This book was released on 1981 with total page 76 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Remote Sensing of Snow and Its Application to Hydrometeorological Studies in Western Canada written by Jinjun Tong and published by . This book was released on 2010 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Snow plays a vital role in the energy and water budgets of drainage basins of western Canada. Various remote sensors such as Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS), Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer (AMSR-E) and Special Sensor Microwave/Imager (SSM/I) have been launched to map the snow cover extent (SCE), snow cover fraction (SCF), and snow water equivalent (SWE) across the globe. However, the distribution and variability of snow inferred from remote sensing products have not been comprehensively investigated in western Canada owing to its complex topography and harsh environment. So far, little research has been conducted on SCE-streamflow and SCE-SWE-runoff models focusing on Canadian watersheds where snow cover is very important for human well being. Although microwave remote sensing of snow is widely developed and applied in Canada, the retrieval of SWE in western Canada is not as well established owing to the complex topography in this area. Therefore, the Quesnel River Basin (QRB) of British Columbia is selected as a primary test site to develop and test SCE-streamflow and SCE-SWE-runoff models. Then the Mackenzie River Basin (MRB) is chosen as a secondary test site to apply the Environment Canada (EC) SWE retrieval algorithms to upscale the hydrometeorological research. In this thesis, a new approach referred to as the spatial filter (SF) method is developed to decrease the cloud coverage in the MODIS snow products. At the same time, the new snow products are evaluated based on in-situ observations of snow depth in the QRB. Then the relationships between SCF from MODIS, topography, and hydrometeorology of the QRB are explored. In addition, various retrieval algorithms of SWE from microwave remote sensing are tested in the QRB. At last, the Environment Canada algorithms of SWE from SSM/I are adopted to produce new SCF products evaluated with the MODIS snow products. The relationships between SWE and SCF from SSM/I and hydrometeorology are also investigated in the MRB ...The stud.