Download or read book Single Shot Lensless Imaging with Coherence and Wavefront Characterization of Harmonic and FEL Sources written by Aura Inés Gonzalez Angarita and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Lensless imaging techniques have broadened imaging applications to coherent sources in the short wavelength XUV domain, where optical systems to create an image are still not readily available. Furthermore, high harmonic generation sources (HHG) and free electron lasers (FEL) have the advantage of providing short temporal resolutions (atto 10-18s - femto 10-15s), opening the way towards ultrafast time resolved nanoscale imaging. Single shot imaging techniques are then highly important to exploit the shortest temporal resolution that can be reached with XUV sources. Lensless imaging is based on the direct measurement of the electric field diffracted by the sample. The diffraction pattern depends on the object transmittance but also on the source spatial coherence and wavefront. Single shot characterization of those properties thus leads to an improvement of the resolution of the object reconstruction.The results presented in this thesis are divided in two parts; the first one is focused on the characterization of the sources and the second on the development of new multidimensional imaging techniques. We will present different applications of single shot wavefront sensing of XUV sources. The results presented are the product of different experimental campaigns performed during this thesis using HH sources and FEL facilities at LCLS (Stanford) and FERMI (Trieste). Furthermore, a new method for single shot characterization of the spatial coherence that does not require the simultaneous measurement of the intensity distribution is presented. Additionally, we present a new holographic technique to improve the resolution of the object reconstruction when a partially coherent source is used.The second part is dedicated to two new multidimensional imaging techniques developed during the thesis. A new tri-dimensional imaging technique that is single shot, easy to implement and that lowers drastically the X-ray dose received by the sample, is presented. Different experimental setups for the generation of two synchronized XUV sources suitable for this ultrafast single shot 3D stereo imaging technique are presented. In addition, we present a holographic technique to extend imaging using a broadband source towards spectrally resolved single shot imaging and attosecond applications. Finally, we present the general conclusions from the work done during the thesis, together with the perspectives drawn from this work.
Download or read book Lensless Imaging with High harmonic Sources written by and published by . This book was released on 2023 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Coherent diffractive imaging (CDI) is a family of computational imaging techniques that uses iterative reconstruction algorithms to decipher the information encoded in one or more interference patterns to reconstruct an image of an object located in another propagation plane. The lensless nature of these techniques makes them well-suited for imaging with coherent extreme ultraviolet (EUV) or x-ray illumination as refractive optics are limited at these wavelengths. In particular, this work investigates the use of CDI techniques in combination with high-harmonic generation. High-harmonic generation~(HHG) sources can generate EUV illumination beams with a high degree of spatial coherence in a compact tabletop setup. In this work we use Fourier-Transform spectroscopy~(FTS) to separate sets of nearly monochromatic diffraction patterns from a broadband HHG diffraction pattern. These monochromatic diffraction patterns can used to reconstruct spectrally resolved images through reconstruction methods that are similar to those applied in conventional CDI. In Chapter 4 we describe how we use a common path interferometer and a noncollinear chirped pulse amplifier system to generate phase locked 25 fs pulse pairs with a central wavelength of approximately 800 nm and a combined pulse energy of 10 mJ. These infrared driving laser pulses are focused at slightly separated locations in a noble gas jet to upconvert them into a pair of almost identical high-harmonic pulses. In FTS-based imaging experiments, we illuminate a sample with the HHG pulse pairs and record the far-field diffraction pattern as a function of pulse-to-pulse time delay. The spatial separation of our two harmonic beams results in spatial interference between two laterally sheared copies of the diffraction pattern. As a consequence of the geometry, the spectrally separated diffraction patterns obtained in these measurements are similar, but not identical to the standard CDI case. In this work, we demonstrated an algorithm, called diffractive shear interferometry (DSI), to reconstruct images from such diffraction patterns. Using this algorithm, the information present in these diffraction patterns is used to reconstruct complex images of the sample. The reverse problem is either constrained by combining an diffraction pattern with a finite object support prior in Chapter 5 or with other diffraction patterns with a different relative orientation between the shear and the object. One of the advantages of coherent diffractive imaging techniques is that it they reconstruct the full complex electric field at the sample. In reflection mode, such phase difference can be easily attributed to height differences of the reflecting surface. However, most research in diffractive imaging has focused on transmission mode imaging. At the EUV wavelengths generated by HHG sources normal incidence reflection coefficients are vanishingly small. However towards grazing incidence the reflection coefficients approach one. Such a geometry does come at a cost of added experimental and computational complexity. While far-field diffraction between colinear planes can be described by a straight forward Fourier transform of the electric field, for the propagation between non-collinear planes, an additional non-linear coordinate transformation is required. This coordinate transformation depends on the tilt angle of the fields and becomes very sensitive to the exact tilt-angle towards grazing incidence. While CDI itself requires accurate knowledge of the wave propagation, a technique known as ptychography offers more flexibility, as it is often possible to solve for more variables than just the object field. In Chapter 7 we use that property to demonstrate an auto-calibration algorithm that can iteratively calibrate the tilt-angle during a ptychographic reconstruction. Using this approach we were able to refine the tilt angle close to the correct value even when the initial estimates were off by more than 5 degrees, greatly improving flexibility in reflection-mode lensless imaging.
Download or read book Numerical and Experimental Aspects of Coherent Lensless Imaging written by Erik Malm and published by . This book was released on 2021 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This thesis is devoted to the understanding, application, and extension of coherent lensless imaging methods for microscopy purposes. Particular attention is given to the Fourier transform holography and coherent diffractive imaging methods. These two methods share several properties such as the ability for singleshot imaging and their experimental geometries, but differ greatly in their reconstruction approach. Holographic approaches use reference waves to encode phase information into the measurements which means the reconstruction quality is controlled, to a large extent, by the characteristics of the reference wave. In contrast, coherent diffractive imaging utilizes prior knowledge to iteratively recover the phase information; this has the effect that the reconstruction quality is independent of any optics or references, but relies heavily on the performance of iterative numerical algorithms. The complex nature of the phase retrieval problem raises questions regarding the existence and uniqueness of a solution which makes understanding the numerical and mathematical aspects of the problem of central importance. The main topics in this thesis include: the extension of coherent diffractive imaging to multi-wavelength diffraction data, effects related to optically thick references in Fourier transform holography and an alternative numerical approach to phase retrieval which is based on non-rigid image registration. Along the way, various topics are covered which form the foundations of these techniques, or could be useful to a practioner in the field.
Download or read book Synchrotron Light Sources and Free Electron Lasers written by Eberhard J. Jaeschke and published by Springer. This book was released on 2016-05-27 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Hardly any other discovery of the nineteenth century did have such an impact on science and technology as Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen’s seminal find of the X-rays. X-ray tubes soon made their way as excellent instruments for numerous applications in medicine, biology, materials science and testing, chemistry and public security. Developing new radiation sources with higher brilliance and much extended spectral range resulted in stunning developments like the electron synchrotron and electron storage ring and the freeelectron laser. This handbook highlights these developments in fifty chapters. The reader is given not only an inside view of exciting science areas but also of design concepts for the most advanced light sources. The theory of synchrotron radiation and of the freeelectron laser, design examples and the technology basis are presented. The handbook presents advanced concepts like seeding and harmonic generation, the booming field of Terahertz radiation sources and upcoming brilliant light sources driven by laser-plasma accelerators. The applications of the most advanced light sources and the advent of nanobeams and fully coherent x-rays allow experiments from which scientists in the past could not even dream. Examples are the diffraction with nanometer resolution, imaging with a full 3D reconstruction of the object from a diffraction pattern, measuring the disorder in liquids with high spatial and temporal resolution. The 20th century was dedicated to the development and improvement of synchrotron light sources with an ever ongoing increase of brilliance. With ultrahigh brilliance sources, the 21st century will be the century of x-ray lasers and their applications. Thus, we are already close to the dream of condensed matter and biophysics: imaging single (macro)molecules and measuring their dynamics on the femtosecond timescale to produce movies with atomic resolution.
Download or read book Optics in Our Time written by Mohammad D. Al-Amri and published by Springer. This book was released on 2016-12-12 with total page 509 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Light and light based technologies have played an important role in transforming our lives via scientific contributions spanned over thousands of years. In this book we present a vast collection of articles on various aspects of light and its applications in the contemporary world at a popular or semi-popular level. These articles are written by the world authorities in their respective fields. This is therefore a rare volume where the world experts have come together to present the developments in this most important field of science in an almost pedagogical manner. This volume covers five aspects related to light. The first presents two articles, one on the history of the nature of light, and the other on the scientific achievements of Ibn-Haitham (Alhazen), who is broadly considered the father of modern optics. These are then followed by an article on ultrafast phenomena and the invisible world. The third part includes papers on specific sources of light, the discoveries of which have revolutionized optical technologies in our lifetime. They discuss the nature and the characteristics of lasers, Solid-state lighting based on the Light Emitting Diode (LED) technology, and finally modern electron optics and its relationship to the Muslim golden age in science. The book’s fourth part discusses various applications of optics and light in today's world, including biophotonics, art, optical communication, nanotechnology, the eye as an optical instrument, remote sensing, and optics in medicine. In turn, the last part focuses on quantum optics, a modern field that grew out of the interaction of light and matter. Topics addressed include atom optics, slow, stored and stationary light, optical tests of the foundation of physics, quantum mechanical properties of light fields carrying orbital angular momentum, quantum communication, and Wave-Particle dualism in action.
Download or read book Nanoscale Photonic Imaging written by Tim Salditt and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2020-06-09 with total page 634 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This open access book, edited and authored by a team of world-leading researchers, provides a broad overview of advanced photonic methods for nanoscale visualization, as well as describing a range of fascinating in-depth studies. Introductory chapters cover the most relevant physics and basic methods that young researchers need to master in order to work effectively in the field of nanoscale photonic imaging, from physical first principles, to instrumentation, to mathematical foundations of imaging and data analysis. Subsequent chapters demonstrate how these cutting edge methods are applied to a variety of systems, including complex fluids and biomolecular systems, for visualizing their structure and dynamics, in space and on timescales extending over many orders of magnitude down to the femtosecond range. Progress in nanoscale photonic imaging in Göttingen has been the sum total of more than a decade of work by a wide range of scientists and mathematicians across disciplines, working together in a vibrant collaboration of a kind rarely matched. This volume presents the highlights of their research achievements and serves as a record of the unique and remarkable constellation of contributors, as well as looking ahead at the future prospects in this field. It will serve not only as a useful reference for experienced researchers but also as a valuable point of entry for newcomers.
Download or read book Magnetism and Synchrotron Radiation written by Eric Beaurepaire and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2010-03-12 with total page 435 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Advances in the synthesis of new materials with often complex, nano-scaled structures require increasingly sophisticated experimental techniques that can probe the electronic states, the atomic magnetic moments and the magnetic microstructures responsible for the properties of these materials. At the same time, progress in synchrotron radiation techniques has ensured that these light sources remain a key tool of investigation, e.g. synchrotron radiation sources of the third generation are able to support magnetic imaging on a sub-micrometer scale. With the Fifth Mittelwihr School on Magnetism and Synchrotron Radiation the tradition of teaching the state-of-the-art on modern research developments continues and is expressed through the present set of extensive lectures provided in this volume. While primarily aimed at postgraduate students and newcomers to the field, this volume will also benefit researchers and lecturers actively working in the field.
Download or read book Coherent X Ray Optics written by David Paganin and published by Oxford University Press on Demand. This book was released on 2006-01-12 with total page 424 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: X-ray optics is undergoing a renaissance, which may be paralleled to that experienced by visible-light optics following the invention of the laser. The associated surge of activity in "coherent" x-ray optics has been documented in this monograph, the first of its type in the field.
Download or read book Ultrafast Nonlinear Optics written by Robert Thomson and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2013-03-20 with total page 385 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The field of ultrafast nonlinear optics is broad and multidisciplinary, and encompasses areas concerned with both the generation and measurement of ultrashort pulses of light, as well as those concerned with the applications of such pulses. Ultrashort pulses are extreme events – both in terms of their durations, and also the high peak powers which their short durations can facilitate. These extreme properties make them powerful experiment tools. On one hand, their ultrashort durations facilitate the probing and manipulation of matter on incredibly short timescales. On the other, their ultrashort durations can facilitate high peak powers which can drive highly nonlinear light-matter interaction processes. Ultrafast Nonlinear Optics covers a complete range of topics, both applied and fundamental in nature, within the area of ultrafast nonlinear optics. Chapters 1 to 4 are concerned with the generation and measurement of ultrashort pulses. Chapters 5 to 7 are concerned with fundamental applications of ultrashort pulses in metrology and quantum control. Chapters 8 and 9 are concerned with ultrafast nonlinear optics in optical fibres. Chapters 10 to 13 are concerned with the applications of ultrashort pulses in areas such as particle acceleration, microscopy, and micromachining. The chapters are aimed at graduate-student level and are intended to provide the student with an accessible, self-contained and comprehensive gateway into each subject.
Download or read book Handbook of Particle Detection and Imaging written by Claus Grupen and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-01-08 with total page 1251 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The handbook centers on detection techniques in the field of particle physics, medical imaging and related subjects. It is structured into three parts. The first one is dealing with basic ideas of particle detectors, followed by applications of these devices in high energy physics and other fields. In the last part the large field of medical imaging using similar detection techniques is described. The different chapters of the book are written by world experts in their field. Clear instructions on the detection techniques and principles in terms of relevant operation parameters for scientists and graduate students are given.Detailed tables and diagrams will make this a very useful handbook for the application of these techniques in many different fields like physics, medicine, biology and other areas of natural science.
Download or read book Optics and Photonics written by F. Graham Smith and published by . This book was released on 2000-06-20 with total page 476 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Table of contents
Download or read book X ray Characterization of Materials written by Eric Lifshin and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2008-07-11 with total page 277 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Linking of materials properties with microstructures is a fundamental theme in materials science, for which a detailed knowledge of the modern characterization techniques is essential. Since modern materials such as high-temperature alloys, engineering thermoplastics and multilayer semiconductor films have many elemental constituents distributed in more than one phase, characterization is essential to the systematic development of such new materials and understanding how they behave in practical applications. X-ray techniques play a major role in providing information on the elemental composition and crystal and grain structures of all types of materials. The challenge to the materials characterization expert is to understand how specific instruments and analytical techniques can provide detailed information about what makes each material unique. The challenge to the materials scientist, chemist, or engineer is to know what information is needed to fully characterize each material and how to use this information to explain its behavior, develop new and improved properties, reduce costs, or ensure compliance with regulatory requirements. This comprehensive handbook presents all the necessary background to understand the applications of X-ray analysis to materials characterization with particular attention to the modern approach to these methods.
Download or read book Handbook of Practical X Ray Fluorescence Analysis written by Burkhard Beckhoff and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2007-05-18 with total page 897 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: X-Ray fluorescence analysis is an established technique for non-destructive elemental materials analysis. This book gives a user-oriented practical guidance to the application of this method. The book gives a survey of the theoretical fundamentals, analytical instrumentation, software for data processing, various excitation regimes including gracing incidents and microfocus measurements, quantitative analysis, applications in routine and micro analysis, mineralogy, biology, medicine, criminal investigations, archeology, metallurgy, abrasion, microelectronics, environmental air and water analysis. This book is the bible of X-Ray fluorescence analysis. It gives the basic knowledge on this technique, information on analytical equipment and guides the reader to the various applications. It appeals to researchers, analytically active engineers and advanced students.
Download or read book Magnetism written by Joachim Stöhr and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2007-01-19 with total page 827 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This text book gives a comprehensive account of magnetism, one of the oldest yet most vibrant fields of physics. It spans the historical development, the physical foundations and the continuing research underlying the subject. The book covers both the classical and quantum mechanical aspects of magnetism and novel experimental techniques. Perhaps uniquely, it discusses spin transport and magnetization dynamics phenomena associated with atomically and spin engineered nano-structures against the backdrop of spintronics and magnetic storage and memory applications. The book is for students, and serves as a reference for scientists in academia and research laboratories.
Download or read book EUV Sources for Lithography written by Vivek Bakshi and published by SPIE Press. This book was released on 2006 with total page 1104 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This comprehensive volume, edited by a senior technical staff member at SEMATECH, is the authoritative reference book on EUV source technology. The volume contains 38 chapters contributed by leading researchers and suppliers in the EUV source field. Topics range from a state-of-the-art overview and in-depth explanation of EUV source requirements, to fundamental atomic data and theoretical models of EUV sources based on discharge-produced plasmas (DPP) and laser-produced plasmas, to a description of prominent DPP and LPP designs and other technologies for producing EUV radiation. Additional topics include EUV source metrology and components (collectors, electrodes), debris mitigation, and mechanisms of component erosion in EUV sources. The volume is intended to meet the needs of both practitioners of the technology and readers seeking an introduction to the subject.
Download or read book Elements of Modern X ray Physics written by Jens Als-Nielsen and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2011-04-04 with total page 440 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Eagerly awaited, this second edition of a best-selling text comprehensively describes from a modern perspective the basics of x-ray physics as well as the completely new opportunities offered by synchrotron radiation. Written by internationally acclaimed authors, the style of the book is to develop the basic physical principles without obscuring them with excessive mathematics. The second edition differs substantially from the first edition, with over 30% new material, including: A new chapter on non-crystalline diffraction - designed to appeal to the large community who study the structure of liquids, glasses, and most importantly polymers and bio-molecules A new chapter on x-ray imaging - developed in close cooperation with many of the leading experts in the field Two new chapters covering non-crystalline diffraction and imaging Many important changes to various sections in the book have been made with a view to improving the exposition Four-colour representation throughout the text to clarify key concepts Extensive problems after each chapter There is also supplementary book material for this title available online (http://booksupport.wiley.com). Praise for the previous edition: “The publication of Jens Als-Nielsen and Des McMorrow’s Elements of Modern X-ray Physics is a defining moment in the field of synchrotron radiation… a welcome addition to the bookshelves of synchrotron–radiation professionals and students alike.... The text is now my personal choice for teaching x-ray physics…” – Physics Today, 2002
Download or read book X Ray Microscopy II written by David Sayre and published by Springer. This book was released on 2013-10-03 with total page 455 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume is based on papers presented at the International Symposium on X-Ray Microscopy held at Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton NY, August 31-September 4, 1987. Previous recent symposia on the sub ject were held in New York in 1979, Gottingen in 1983 and Taipei in 1986. Developments in x-ray microscopy continue at a rapid pace, with im portant advances in all major areas: x-ray sources, optics and components, and microscopes and imaging systems. Taken as a whole, the work pre sented here emphasizes three major directions: (a) improvements in the capability and image-quality of x-ray microscopy, expressed principally in systems attached to large, high-brightness x-ray sources; (b) greater access to x-ray microscopy, expressed chiefly in systems employing small, often pulsed, x-ray sources; and (c) increased rate of exploration of applications of x-ray microscopy. The number of papers presented at the symposium has roughly dou bled compared with that of its predecessors. While we are delighted at this growth as a manifestation of vitality and rapid growth of the field, we did have to ask the authors to limit the length of their papers and to submit them in camera-ready form. We thank the authors for their con tributions and for their efforts in adhering to the guidelines on manuscript preparation.
