Download or read book Sex Differences and Observational Fear Conditioning written by Megan M. Kelly and published by . This book was released on 2005 with total page 100 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Sex Differences in Fear Response written by Anne Campbell and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2021-04-10 with total page 75 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book reviews the evolutionary forces behind sex differences in fear responses and, crucially, delves into the mechanisms through which sexual selection might have driven sex differences in connection with fear. Fear is an evolved mechanism that helps us stay alive, but is also an emotion experienced more intensely, more frequently, and longer in women than in men. This book therefore asks the following question: Why might evolution have made women more motivated than men to avoid danger? It provides an overview of the brain areas underpinning the experience of fear and evaluates the evidence that these areas manifest sex-specific differences in their structure and function. Given its scope, the book will be essential reading for anyone interested in an evolutionary perspective on psychological sex differences.
Download or read book Sex Differences in Fear Conditioning and Extinction written by Hollie Blackley and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page 174 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Sex Differences in Differential Fear Conditioning During the Acquisition and Consolidation of Learned Safety written by David S. Reis and published by . This book was released on 2017 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Sex Differences in the Central Nervous System written by Rebecca M. Shansky and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2015-09-14 with total page 430 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Sex Differences in the Central Nervous System offers a comprehensive examination of the current state of sex differences research, from both the basic science and clinical research perspectives. Given the current NIH directive that funded preclinical research must consider both females and males, this topic is of interest to an increasing percentage of the neuroscience research population. The volume serves as an invaluable resource, offering coverage of a wide range of topics: sex differences in cognition, learning, and memory, sex hormone signaling mechanisms, neuroimmune interactions, epigenetics, social behavior, neurologic disease, psychological disorders, and stress. Discussions of research in both animal models and human patient populations are included. Details how sex hormones have widespread effects on the nervous system and influence the way males and females function Assists readers in determining how sex impacts their research and practice, and assists in determining how to adjust research programs to incorporate sex influences Includes discussions of research in both animal models and human patient populations, and at various developmental stages Features revised and updated chapters by leaders in the field around the globe—the broadest, most expert coverage available
Download or read book Associative Behavioral and Computational Analysis of Sex Differences in Defensive Behavior and Hippocampal Function written by Jeremy Michael Trott and published by . This book was released on 2022 with total page 148 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Fear is an adaptive response that allows animals to respond appropriately to danger, and Pavlovian fear learning provides a mechanism that allows animals to learn about, predict, and effectively respond to dangerous situations. In the laboratory, fear conditioning is a frequently used procedure used to study the learning, expression, and underlying neurobiology of fear and emotional behavior. In such an experiment, animals learn to associate some cue/conditional stimulus (CS) or contextual location with an aversive outcome/unconditional stimulus (US), such as a footshock. As a result of this learned association, the animal will now respond to the initially neutral CS with defensive behavior, a conditional response (CR) as a result of learning. This dissertation contains two chapters which investigate different aspects of cued and contextual fear learning in male and female rodents, first with a focus on the selection and associative nature of defensive responding, then with a focus on potential sex differences and any potential underlying mechanisms. Chapter #1 of this dissertation presents behavioral experiments in mice that assess defensive behavior after various auditory fear conditioning procedures. Particularly, we employed a serial compound conditional stimulus (SCS), consisting of a tone followed by a white noise, training procedure which allowed us to asses differential freezing and activity burst behaviors to each component of the SCS. A number of experiments were run with various control groups to assess the associative or non-associative nature of defensive responding following such a procedure. Contrary to some conclusions in the recent literature, while associative processes had some impact on the topography of flight behavior, cue-elicited activity bursts were primarily due to nonassociative learning processes. Such activity burst behavior was viewed as being similar to a fear-potentiated startle response. The results of the experiments led to the production of a rule for defensive behavior selection: "When afraid, freeze until there is a sudden novel change in stimulation, then burst into vigorous flight attempts," (Trott et al., 2022, p. 2). Chapter #2 of this dissertation presents behavioral contextual fear learning experiments in rats and computational simulations of the same experiments using BACON, a conceptual and computational model of hippocampal function. Behaviorally, animals underwent a 3-day contextual fear conditioning procedure in which they received pre-exposure to a to-be-shocked context on Day 1, a shock after some placement-to-shock interval (PSI) on Day 2, and a fear test on Day 3. Experiments 1A and 1B results revealed that after shorter pre-exposure periods, male rats showed higher levels of contextual fear; however, after longer pre-exposure periods, female rats showed greater fear. In Experiment 2, when testing recently vs remotely acquired fear memories, males again showed more contextual fear. Additionally, while pre-exposure and PSI are both periods of time prior to shock, Experiment 3 revealed that they were not equivalent to each other such that there were overall sex differences and differences in the timing of fear expression based on whether animals received the majority of pre-shock context exposure as pre-exposure or PSI. Through the use of BACON, a computational model of hippocampal function, we simulated many of our key findings and suggest a potential mechanism for such findings, that of an increased contextual feature sampling rate in males. The experiments presented here asses both cued auditory and contextual fear learning in both rats and mice and add to a rich literature on fear conditioning and defensive behavior. The experiments and discussion within Chapter #1 introduce important controls and considerations for the conduction and interpretation of fear conditioning experiments, particularly for a set of increasingly used fear conditioning procedures which result in different freezing and flight behavior to different cues paired with a shock US. Results from Chapter #2 provide insight into sex differences in contextual learning and suggest a hippocampal mechanism for such differences, adding to a growing literature on sex differences in learning and hippocampal function
Download or read book The Cambridge Handbook of Human Affective Neuroscience written by Jorge Armony and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2013-01-21 with total page 983 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Neuroscientific research on emotion has developed dramatically over the past decade. The cognitive neuroscience of human emotion, which has emerged as the new and thriving area of 'affective neuroscience', is rapidly rendering existing overviews of the field obsolete. This handbook provides a comprehensive, up-to-date and authoritative survey of knowledge and topics investigated in this cutting-edge field. It covers a range of topics, from face and voice perception to pain and music, as well as social behaviors and decision making. The book considers and interrogates multiple research methods, among them brain imaging and physiology measurements, as well as methods used to evaluate behavior and genetics. Editors Jorge Armony and Patrik Vuilleumier have enlisted well-known and active researchers from more than twenty institutions across three continents, bringing geographic as well as methodological breadth to the collection. This timely volume will become a key reference work for researchers and students in the growing field of neuroscience.
Download or read book The Cambridge Handbook of Anxiety and Related Disorders written by Bunmi O. Olatunji and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2019-01-03 with total page 1339 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This Handbook surveys existing descriptive and experimental approaches to the study of anxiety and related disorders, emphasizing the provision of empirically-guided suggestions for treatment. Based upon the findings from the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5), the chapters collected here highlight contemporary approaches to the classification, presentation, etiology, assessment, and treatment of anxiety and related disorders. The collection also considers a biologically-informed framework for the understanding of mental disorders proposed by the National Institute of Mental Health's Research Domain Criteria (RDoC). The RDoC has begun to create a new kind of taxonomy for mental disorders by bringing the power of modern research approaches in genetics, neuroscience, and behavioral science to the problem of mental illness. The framework is a key focus for this book as an authoritative reference for researchers and clinicians.
Download or read book Learning written by Jerome Frieman and published by SAGE Publications. This book was released on 2015-07-29 with total page 609 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Learning: A Behavioral, Cognitive, and Evolutionary Synthesis by Jerome Frieman and Steve Reilly provides an integrated account of the psychological processes involved in learning and conditioning and their influence on human behavior. With a skillful blend of behavioral, cognitive, and evolutionary themes, the text explores various types of learning as adaptive specialization that evolved through natural selection. Robust pedagogy and relevant examples bring concepts to life in this unique and accessible approach to the field.
Download or read book The Handbook of Stress written by Cheryl D. Conrad and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2011-09-26 with total page 728 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Handbook of Stress: Neuropsychological Effects on the Brain is an authoritative guide to the effects of stress on brain health, with a collection of articles that reflect the most recent findings in the field. Presents cutting edge findings on the effects of stress on brain health Examines stress influences on brain plasticity across the lifespan, including links to anxiety, PTSD, and clinical depression Features contributions by internationally recognized experts in the field of brain health Serves as an essential reference guide for scholars and advanced students
Download or read book Interactions between emotions and social context Basic clinical and non human evidence written by Maria Ruz and published by Frontiers E-books. This book was released on 2014-07-17 with total page 218 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The emotions that we feel and also those that we perceive in others are crucial to the social functioning of both humans and non-human animals. Although the role of context has been extensively studied in basic sensory processing, its relevance for social cognition and emotional processing is little understood. In recent years, several lines of research at the behavioral and neural levels have highlighted the bidirectional interactions that take place between emotions and social context. Experienced emotions, even when incidental, bias decision-making. Remarkably, even basic emotions can be strongly influenced by situational contexts. In addition, both humans and non-human animals can use emotional expressions strategically as a means of influencing and managing the behavioral response of others in relation to specific environmental situations. Moreover, social emotions (e.g., engaged in moral judgment, empathic concern and social norms) seem to be context-dependent, which also questions a purely abstract account of emotion understanding and expression, as well as other social cognition domains. The present Research Topic of Frontiers in Human Neuroscience highlights the need for a situated approach to emotion and social cognition. We presented theoretical and empirical work at the behavioral and neural levels that contribute to our understanding of emotion within a highly contextualized social realm, and vice-versa. Relevant contributions are presented from diverse fields, including ethology, neurology, biology, cognitive and social neuroscience, and as well as psychology and neuropsychiatry. This integrated approach that entails the interaction between emotion and social context provide important new insights into the growing field of social neuroscience.
Download or read book Sex Differences in Context Fear Neural Circuitry and Behavior Across Development written by Lorianna M. Colón and published by . This book was released on 2021 with total page 214 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Moderating Factors for Findings of Sex Differences in Early Fear written by Jennifer A. Self and published by . This book was released on 2009 with total page 61 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Neurological Differential Diagnosis written by Roongroj Bhidayasiri and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2008-04-15 with total page 560 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Neurology is primarily characterized by a variety of diseases which seem very similar and are therefore difficult to distinguish between. Skill at differential diagnosis is therefore absolutely paramount. Neurological Differential Diagnosis is a streamlined handbook of prioritized differential diagnosis, to be used both in clinical practice and for exam review. By presenting differential diagnosis in order of frequency and importance, this book provides a practical handbook for clinicians in training, as well as a potential resource for quick board review. Whilst the book covers the most important syndromes and disease entities, readers are referred to other texts for more exhaustive differentials. By limiting differentials in this way - to the most likely and most serious diagnoses - the reader can more easily recall relevant disease processes when faced with a particular clinical situation, whether it be a patient in the emergency room or a difficult question on the board examination. The book specifically targets neurology residents and fellows, with overlap to neurosurgery and psychiatry. Internal medicine physicians with an interest in neurological problems and medical students looking for an edge in clinical neuroscience would also benefit from this text. The content is primarily mid-level material, in a pedagogic format. In order to organize the students' thought processes concise tables and line drawing templates are included. The book is organized into broad chapters by type of disorder and some overlap occurs between particular chapters.
Download or read book The Cambridge Handbook of Human Affective Neuroscience written by Jorge Armony and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2013-01-21 with total page 681 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This handbook is the only single volume to capture the current range of neuroscience approaches to human emotion. The contributions, written by the world's leading scientists in the field, address a wide variety of topics, from face and voice perception to pain and music, as well as social behaviors, decision making, and individual differences.
Download or read book The Handbook of Stress Science written by Richard Contrada, PhD and published by Springer Publishing Company. This book was released on 2010-09-29 with total page 672 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "[F]or those who are entering the field or who want to broaden their perspective, Ibelieve that this Handbook is indispensible. More than just a contribution to the field, theHandbook may well become a classic."--PsycCRITIQUES "The editors fully achieved their goal of producing a state-of-the-science stress reference for use by investigators, educators, and practitioners with clinical and health interests."--Psycho-Oncology "This is an important book about the scientific study of stress and human adaptation. It brings together both empirical data and theoretical developments that address the fundamental question of how psychosocial variables get inside the body to influence neurobiological processes that culminate in physical disease." From the Foreword by David C. Glass, PhD Emeritus Professor of Psychology Stony Brook University Edited by two leading health psychologists, The Handbook of Stress Science presents a detailed overview of key topics in stress and health psychology. With discussions on how stress influences physical health-including its effects on the nervous, endocrine, cardiovascular, and immune systems-the text is a valuable source for health psychologists, as well as researchers in behavioral medicine, neuroscience, genetics, clinical and social psychology, sociology, and public health. This state-of-the-art resource reviews conceptual developments, empirical findings, clinical applications, and investigative strategies and tools from the past few decades of stress research. It represents all major approaches to defining stress and describes the themes and developments that characterize the field of health-related stress research. The five sections of this handbook cover: Current knowledge regarding the major biological structures and systems that are involved in the stress response Social-contextual contributions to stress and to processes of adaptation to stress, including the workplace, socioeconomic status, and social support The concept of cognitive appraisal as it relates to stress and emotion psychological factors influencing stress such as, personality, gender, and adult development The evidence linking stress to health-related behaviors and mental and physical health outcomes Research methods, tools, and strategies, including the principles and techniques of both laboratory experimentation and naturalistic stress research
Download or read book On the Basis of Sex Impact on Traumatic Brain Injury written by T. John Wu and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2021-10-01 with total page 180 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
