Download or read book Seedling Shoot and Root Growth Responses Among Soybean Glycine Max Genotypes to Drought Stress written by Obed Mwenye and published by . This book was released on 2020 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Drought stress is a major limiting factor in soybean production in South Africa. The development of soybean varieties with enhanced tolerance to soil waterlimited induced stress (WLIS) is one sustainable way to deal with drought. Root traits have shown strong potential for improvement of drought tolerance through breeding. The objectives of this study were to evaluate seedling shoot- and root growth responses under WLIS in order to study root morphology as a mechanism to cope with drought stress and to determine if there were genotypic differences in shoot- and root morphology between drought tolerant and -sensitive soybean genotypes. Seedlings of three drought tolerant and one sensitive genotype were subjected to soil WLIS in deep-root-pots for 21 days. Results suggested significant genotypic differences for shoot length, number of leaves, tap root length and root-to-shoot length ratio. Soybean tolerant genotypes were associated with moderate shoot biomass, deep rooting abilities and maintained a large root-to-shoot ratio under WLIS conditions. In contrast, the sensitive genotype was associated with a reduced root-to-shoot ratio and shallower root system. Soybean genotypes showed varying seedling root growth responses to soil WLIS, while shoot biomass characteristics were similar.
Download or read book Evaluation of Soybean Glycine Max L Merr Root Development in Greenhouse Solution Culture and the Relationship to Drought Tolerance in the Field written by Lynn Liane Scherbert and published by . This book was released on 1985 with total page 218 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Plasticity of Soybean Glycine Max l Merrill Root Development Under Mild Water Deficits written by Yong He and published by . This book was released on 2008 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Drought is the major abiotic factor limiting soybean yield in the US. Under water deficit conditions, root systems may exhibit developmental plasticity resulting in morphological changes that extend the water-absorbing surface area of the roots. The objective of this study was to identify soybean genotypes which exhibit genetic diversity in root system developmental plasticity in response to water deficits, in order to enable physiological and genetic analyses of the regulatory mechanisms involved. Studies were conducted both at the seedling stage under precisely-controlled water deficits, and during three-week soil drying treatments of plants growing in 1.5 m-deep soil cylinders in controlled-environment chambers. Using the seedling system, 11 soybean genotypes selected from both domestic and Plant Introduction lines were studied. The results showed substantial genetic diversity in the capacity for increased lateral root development (number and total length of roots produced) and in the responses of overall root and shoot growth under water deficit conditions. Studies of the spatial and temporal patterns of lateral root development showed that the promotion of lateral root length under water deficit conditions was due to an increased root production rate rather than earlier initiation or promotion of root elongation. Genotypes with either superior or inferior root plasticity responses at the seedling stage were selected for more detailed studies using the deeper soil cylinder system with more mature plants. The results showed consistent genetic differences in lateral root developmental plasticity under water deficit conditions between the seedling and more mature plant systems.
Download or read book Soybean written by Minobu Kasai and published by BoD – Books on Demand. This book was released on 2019-02-20 with total page 192 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Plants are important for a permanent ecosystem, because in the ecological pyramid plants support all the other living organisms at the base. Very important organization is thought to be the integral process of resource, transport, partitioning, metabolism, and production, which involves yield, biomass, and productivity in plants. Accordingly, it is important to obtain more information about the knowledge concerning yield, biomass, and productivity in plants. Soybean is one of the main crops largely contributing to our life, which is thought to be connected to our ecosystem through the above-mentioned integral process. This book focuses on the soybean, and reviews and research concerning the yield, biomass, and productivity of soybean are presented herein. This text updates the book published in 2017. Although there are many difficulties, the main aim of this book is to present a basis for the above-mentioned integral processes of resource, transport, partitioning, metabolism, and production, which involves yield, biomass, and productivity in plants (soybean), and to understand what supports this basis and the integral process. It is hoped that this and the preceding book will be essential reads.
Download or read book A Genotypic Comparison of Plasticity of Root System Development During Soil Drying in Soybean Glycine Max L Merrill written by Tracy Cottle Scanlan and published by . This book was released on 2006 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Water deficit is responsible for significant losses in soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merrill) yield under dryland conditions. Under drought, increases in root depth and density, i.e., developmental plasticity, enable plants to sustain high rates of water extraction and help to maintain yield (O'Toole and Bland, 1987; Sponchiado et al., 1989; White and Castillo, 1989). The objective of this project was to screen and identify soybean lines exhibiting diversity in root system characteristics that are associated with drought tolerance, in order to enable physiological and genetic analyses of the regulatory mechanisms involved. A genetically diverse collection of soybean genotypes was selected for screening. To evaluate root plasticity in response to soil drying, an experimental system that allowed spatial and temporal monitoring of root proliferation was developed. Plants were grown in soil columns 1.5 meters in depth, and subjected to soil drying for three weeks. The vertical distribution of root development was monitored photographically at weekly intervals, and plants were harvested at the end of the experiments for taproot length and shoot biomass. In nine genotypes tested under greenhouse conditions, final taproot length ranged from 98% to 150% of well-watered controls. Genetic variation in the response of rooting density to drought was also demonstrated. However, comparison between genotypes was complicated by variation in leaf area development and, as a result, in rates of soil drying and plant stress development, as well as by seasonal variation in the greenhouse environmental conditions. Therefore, growth chamber studies which allowed equivalent rates of soil drying between two selected genotypes were conducted. These studies demonstrated that under equivalent rates of soil drying, insignificant differences in the response of rooting density to drought between the two genotypes were observed.
Download or read book Genetic Variation for Physiological Traits Affecting Drought Tolerance Among Ontario adapted Commercial Soybean Glycine Max L Merr Varieties Grown in 1 m Rooting Columns written by Michael Gebretsadik Gebre and published by . This book was released on 2020 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Drought stress significantly limits soybean production in Ontario. Identification of physiological traits to improve drought tolerance in soybean would benefit from controlled-environment phenotyping methods. It was hypothesized that elite Ontario-adapted soybean varieties would differ for drought tolerance. A greenhouse culture system was developed employing 1-m rooting columns filled with amended field soil, that presents field-like volumetric soil water content and rooting profiles by depth. Different levels of drought stress were simulated in this system by restoring soil water to 100% (control), 75% (mild stress) or 50% (drought stress) of the maximum soil water holding capacity by daily weighing and watering from first flower (R1) until maturity. The effect of applying fertilizer throughout the 1-m soil profile instead of confining it to the upper 30 cm was tested. Distributing fertilizer over the entire 1-m rooting depth resulted in deeper rooting and more soil water extraction at depth at the R1 stage; however, these effects did not persist until maturity and so did not affect drought tolerance. Fifteen Ontario-adapted commercial soybean varieties were compared for their drought tolerance, defined as the ratio of their seed yield under drought conditions compared to control conditions (seed yield ratio; SYR). Similar to the effects of drought in the field, pod number was by far the yield component most affected, with effects on seeds per pod and single-seed weight being relatively minor. Based on their SYR, two drought-sensitive varieties (Saska and OAC Drayton) and three drought-tolerant varieties (OAC Lakeview, OAC Champion, and PRO 2715R) were identified. Principal components analysis showed that drought-tolerant varieties were those that maintained relatively high water use, shoot dry matter, and pod number under stress. Varieties differed for root biomass distribution by depth, but not for soil water extraction profiles, and there was no evidence that differences in drought tolerance were associated with rooting traits among these fifteen varieties. This study helps define the physiological basis of soybean variety differences in drought tolerance, and provides novel phenotyping tools for soybean breeders to select for root function and yield formation traits that could improve soybean yield under drought stress.
Download or read book Emergence Seedling Growth and Area of Influence of Weeds Common in Soybeans Glycine Max written by David W. Monks and published by . This book was released on 1985 with total page 272 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book High Throughput Profiling of Transcription Factors Involved in Soybean Root Growth Under Water Deficit written by Huong Nguyen Thanh Tran and published by . This book was released on 2009 with total page 100 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Drought is the major abiotic stress factor limiting crop productivity worldwide. Plant root and shoot systems respond to environmental changes by altering the expression of complex gene networks through sensing environmental stresses and modifying signaling and metabolic pathways. Previous work (Yamaguchi et al., 2009) showed that the soybean primary root adapts to low water potential ( -1.6 MPa) by maintaining longitudinal expansion in the apical 4 mm (region 1), whereas in the adjacent 4 mm (region 2), longitudinal expansion reaches a maximum in well-watered roots but is progressively inhibited at low water potential. To identify the key transcription factors (TFs) that determine these responses to low water potential, we have conducted high-throughput profiling of root-related TF expression in regions 1 and 2 of water-stressed and well-watered roots using quantitative real-time PCR. 186 root- and stress-related TFs were selected to identify their specific expression patterns in root regions 1 and 2 of well-watered and water-stressed soybean seedlings at four time points (5h, 12h, 24h, and 48h) after transplanting. Several stress-specific and root-region-specific transcripts were identified which may contribute to root responses to water deficits. Among these were zinc-finger protein, MYB-related protein, GmNAC3, GmNAC4, and bZIP transcription factors. These TFs were differentially expressed in distinct root regions, and therefore they can be targeted for functional characterization and further genetic engineering for enhanced drought resistance in soybean.
Download or read book Physiology of Soybean Plant written by P Basuchaudhuri and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2020-11-01 with total page 638 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The book provides in-depth knowledge on the physiology of soybean. It is written lucidly, systematically, and in depth. The book provides recent information and findings, explained with illustrations to express the ideas and concepts vividly to university students and researchers, and provides a better understanding of the improvement of the productivity of soybean to cope with the future demand. It describes the physiology of growth, development, flowering, pod development and seed yield as well as C, O, N and Oil metabolisms – their hormonal regulations under normal and stress environmental conditions. Molecular approaches are also described.
Download or read book TRANSCRIPTIONAL RESPONSES OF SOYBEAN GLYCINE MAX AND THALE CRESS ARABIDOPSIS THALIANA PLANTS EXPOSED TO DIFFERENT CLASSES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINANTS written by Rashid Kaveh and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page 177 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Plants are exposed to various environmental contaminants through irrigation with reclamation water and land application of municipal biosolids. Plants have been shown to take up contaminants from soil and groundwater, and to some extent, metabolize them in their tissues. These mechanisms have potential important implications for the environment and human health. First, as plants constitute the basis of the terrestrial food chain, accumulation of toxic chemicals or their metabolites inside plant tissues may lead to contamination of animals and humans. Second, the recognition of the capability of plants to take up and metabolize contaminants has led to the development of a plant-based remediation technology, referred to as phytoremediation. Phytoremediation is defined as the use of higher plants for the removal of environmental contaminants from soil and groundwater. Although phytoremediation is conceptually attractive as a green, environmental-friendly technology, the metabolism of xenobiotic compounds by plants is often slow and incomplete, possibly resulting in the accumulation of toxic pollutants and/or their metabolites inside plant tissues. Without further detoxification, phytoremediation may result in pollution transfer, potentially threatening the food chain, and eventually humans. Gaining further knowledge about the fate of environmental contaminants inside plant tissues is therefore of paramount importance for conducting environmental risk assessment and enhancing the efficiency of phytoremediation applications. It's an attractive concept today to cultivate plants on contaminated lands, in order to combine the benefits of phytoremediation with plant-based biofuel production. Unlike conventional plant bioenergy production, plant biomass grown on marginal contaminated soil will not compete with land for food production. However, the effect of contaminants on the plant biomass and bioenergy feedstock yield have received little attention. Molecular biology techniques, such as high-throughput gene expression analysis, constitute powerful tools to understand the molecular bases of the plant metabolism and response to environmental contaminants. The objective of this thesis is to understand the physiological and transcriptional responses of two model plants, thale cress (Arabidopsis thaliana) and soybean (Glycine max), exposed to various classes of contaminants, including silver nanoparticles (AgNPs), pharmaceuticals (zanamivir - ZAN and oseltamivir phosphate - OSP), explosives (2,4,6-trinitrotoluene - TNT), and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). Detection of the contaminants inside plants tissues was performed using advance analytical methods, including inductively-coupled plasma - mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), gas-chromatography - mass spectrometry (GC-MS), and liquid-chromatography (LC-MS). The effects of contaminants on plants were assessed by recording various plant metrics, including biomass, root and shoot length, and soybean production. The transcriptional response of plants to exposure to selected contaminants (AgNPs, OSP, and ZAN) was investigated using whole-genome expression microarrays and reverse-transcription real-time (quantitative) PCR (RT-qPCR). In the first experimental phase of this research, the effects of AgNPs and soluble silver (Ag+) on A. thaliana plants were investigated. AgNPs are widely used nanomaterials, which have raised environmental concerns because of their toxicity to most living organisms, including plants. Exposure of hydroponic A. thaliana plants for 14 days to 20-nm AgNPs resulted in a slight increase of the biomass at low concentrations (1.0 and 2.5 mg / L) and a significant decrease of the biomass at higher concentrations (5.0 to 100 mg / L). Exposure to Ag+ for 14 days resulted in a significant reduction of the biomass after 14 days at concentration at and above 5.0 mg / L. Genome-wide expression microarrays revealed that exposure of A. thaliana to AgNPs and Ag+ at the concentration of 5 mg / L for 14 days resulted in differential expression of many genes involved in the plant response to stress and to biotic and abiotic stimuli. Although distinct gene expression patterns developed upon exposure to AgNPs and Ag+, a significant overlap of differentially expressed genes was observed between the two treatments, suggesting that AgNP-induced stress originated partly from silver toxicity and partly from nanoparticle-specific effects. In the second experimental phase of this research, the effects of the antiviral drugs, OSP and ZAN, on A. thaliana were investigated using an approach similar as the one described above. OSP and ZAN are pharmaceutical drugs that currently constitute the last line of defense against influenza infection. These drugs have been widely detected in wastewater effluents, especially during the influenza season, and they have the potential to contaminate agricultural plants through irrigation and land application of biosolids. Exposure of A. thaliana to OSP showed a significant decrease in the plants biomass at the concentrations of 20 and 100 mg / L, although no significant effect on the biomass was recorded upon exposure to ZAN (up to 100 mg / L), suggesting low acute toxicity of these compounds on plants. On the other hand, Arabidopsis exposure to OSP and ZAN at 20 mg / L resulted in significant transcriptional changes, including up- and down-regulation of many genes involved in the plant response to oxidative stresses and response to stimuli. Comparison with an Arabidopsis gene expression database (Genevestigator), revealed that many genes significantly up- and down-regulated by exposure to OSP and/or ZAN were similarly affected by exposure to biotic and abiotic stresses, toxic chemicals, and hormonal stimuli, suggesting that OSP and ZAN have negative chronic effects on plant health. The third experimental phase of this thesis focuses on the effects of two important persistent pollutants, TNT and PCBs, on the growth of soybean plants, with the objective of assessing the potential of using energy crops for the combined benefit of land remediation and biofuel (biodiesel) production. Explosives, such as TNT, are common toxic contaminants frequently observed at explosive manufacturing sites and military training ranges. PCBs are ubiquitous and toxic contaminants that are found in virtually every compartment of the environment. Short-term growth inhibition tests conducted with TNT and selected PCBs (e.g., 2,4'-dichlorobiphenyl - 2,4'-DCB) showed that these compounds exerted no or mild observable effects on plant growth even when applied at very high concentrations (i.e., 100 to 250 mg / kg soil, respectively). Analysis of TNT and 2,4'-DCB in exposed plant tissues showed average concentrations of 30 - 40 ng/g of TNT and 9,000 to 17,000 ng/g of 2,4'-DCB, which is consistent with biotransformation of TNT inside plant tissues. On the other hand, long-term exposure experiments show that exposure to TNT significantly affected soybean growth and production of bean in TNT-exposed plants (25 - 50 mg / kg soil). Exposure to TNT resulted in a significant decrease of the biomass of harvested beans after 120 days, which may have important consequences on the yield of biodiesel obtained from plants grown on contaminated land. Soybean were then exposed to 2,4'-DCB and its major transformation products, 4-OH-2,4'-DCB). Although high concentrations of the parent PCB (100 and 200 mg / kg) resulted in significant decrease of the biomass, high concentrations of the OH-metabolite resulted in increase of the plant biomass. Future research work will include the determination of the molecular bases of the effects - both positive and negative - of TNT, PCBs, and OH-PCBs on soybean plants and beans.
Download or read book Physiological and Biochemical Changes in the Soybean Glycine Max Cultivars Essex and Forrest in Response to Water deficit Stress written by Bhunesh Kothanur and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page 160 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Drought and water-deficit adversely affect plant productivity. Limited water is a multidimensional stress that induces a number of molecular, biochemical and physiological changes in affected plants. These changes include altered photosynthetic capacity, altered gas exchange and the accumulation of secondary compounds. Glycine max (L.) Merrill (soybean) is an important crop and drought is a major limitation to soybean yield world--wide. The objective of this study is to monitor the physiological and biochemical responses to water-deficit stress in seedlings of two G. max cultivars (i.e. Forrest and Essex). The responses measured are: 1) relative water content (RWC), 2) net photosynthesis, 3) stomatal conductance, 3) evaporation rate, 4) water use efficiency (WUE), 5) radiation use efficiency (RUE) and 6) trigonelline accumulation. Trigonelline is a secondary compound known to accumulate in soybean in response to salinity- and water-deficit-stress. 14 day-old seedlings of Forrest (cv.) and Essex (cv.) were grown on open benches in the SIUC greenhouse and water was withheld for six days (i.e.15-to-20 DAP). During the treatment, RWC declined in both cultivars—from 89 to 41% in Essex and 83 to 60% in Forrest. Concomitantly, net photosynthesis, stomatal conductance, evaporation rate, WUE and RUE also declined in both cultivars. As RWC declined, the amount of trigonelline increased in both cultivars—from 2.3 to 5.34 OD gFW-1 in Essex and 2.3 to 6.63 OD gFW -1 in Forrest. The data supports the idea that trigonelline may function as a compatible solute and that confirms the hypothesis that trigonelline is a biomarker for plant water status.
Download or read book A Comprehensive Survey of International Soybean Research Genetics Physiology Agronomy and Nitrogen Relationships written by James E. Board and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page 626 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Soybean is the most important oilseed and livestock feed crop in the world. These dual uses are attributed to the crop's high protein content (nearly 40% of seed weight) and oil content (approximately 20%); characteristics that are not rivaled by any other agronomic crop. Across the 10-year period from 2001 to 2010, world soybean production increased from 168 to 258 million metric tons (54% increase). Against the backdrop of soybean's striking ascendancy is increased research interest in the crop throughout the world. Information in this book presents a comprehensive view of research efforts in genetics, plant physiology, agronomy, agricultural economics, and nitrogen relationships that will benefit soybean stakeholders and scientists throughout the world. We hope you enjoy the book.
Download or read book Plant Responses to Drought Stress written by Ricardo Aroca and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-10-12 with total page 460 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book provides a comprehensive overview of the multiple strategies that plants have developed to cope with drought, one of the most severe environmental stresses. Experts in the field present 17 chapters, each of which focuses on a basic concept as well as the latest findings. The following major aspects are covered in the book: · Morphological and anatomical adaptations · Physiological responses · Biochemical and molecular responses · Ecophysiological responses · Responses to drought under field conditions The contributions will serve as an invaluable source of information for researchers and advanced students in the fields of plant sciences, agriculture, ecophysiology, biochemistry and molecular biology.
Download or read book Plant Abiotic Stress and Responses to Climate Change written by Violeta Andjelkovic and published by BoD – Books on Demand. This book was released on 2018-05-23 with total page 188 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Climate change is a serious problem influencing agricultural production worldwide and challenging researchers to investigate plant responses and to breed crops for the changed growing conditions. Abiotic stresses are the most important for crop production, affecting about 96.5% of arable land worldwide. These stress factors include high and low temperature, water deficit (drought) and flooding, salinity, heavy metals, UV radiation, light, chemical pollutants, and so on. Since some of the stresses occurred simultaneously, such as heat and water deficit, causing the interactions of physiological processes, novel multidisciplinary solutions are needed. This book provides an overview of the present state in the research of abiotic stresses and molecular, biochemical, and whole plant responses, helping to prevent the negative impact of global climate change.
Download or read book Environmental extremes threatening food crops written by Nasim Ahmad Yasin and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2023-05-08 with total page 591 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book The Soybean written by Guriqbal Singh and published by CABI. This book was released on 2010 with total page 506 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The soybean is a crop of global importance and is one of most frequently cultivated crops worldwide. It is rich in oil and protein, used for human and animal consumption as well as for industrial purposes. Soybean plants also play an important role in crop diversification and benefit the growth of other crops, adding nitrogen to the soil during crop rotation. With contributions from eminent researchers from around the world, The Soybean provides a concise coverage of all aspects of this important crop, including genetics and physiology, varietal improvement, production and protection technology, utilization and nutritional value.
Download or read book Plant Metabolites and Regulation under Environmental Stress written by Parvaiz Ahmad and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2018-03-19 with total page 450 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Plant Metabolites and Regulation Under Environmental Stress presents the latest research on both primary and secondary metabolites. The book sheds light on the metabolic pathways of primary and secondary metabolites, the role of these metabolites in plants, and the environmental impact on the regulation of these metabolites. Users will find a comprehensive, practical reference that aids researchers in their understanding of the role of plant metabolites in stress tolerance. Highlights new advances in the understanding of plant metabolism Features 17 protocols and methods for analysis of important plant secondary metabolites Includes sections on environmental adaptations and plant metabolites, plant metabolites and breeding, plant microbiome and metabolites, and plant metabolism under non-stress conditions
