Download or read book Safety of Oral Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate based Pre exposure Prophylaxis for HIV Prevention written by Kenneth K. Mugwanya and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page 173 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Antiretroviral pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) with tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF) alone or when co-formulated with emtricitabine (FTC), the same medication used for treatment of HIV infection, is a recommended and highly effective strategy to reduce the risk of sexual acquisition of HIV. The central objective of the studies described in this dissertation was to quantify the risk of potential off-target safety signals associated with TDF-based PrEP use in HIV-uninfected men and women with the overarching goal of providing the evidence base for clinical practice guidelines to accelerate population level delivery of PrEP to fight the global HIV epidemic. The specific aims include to: 1) determine whether TDF-based PrEP causes clinically significant decline in glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), a commonly used-measure of overall kidney function, in HIV-uninfected men and women; 2) determine whether TDF-based PrEP causes proximal tubular dysfunction when used as PrEP and whether proximal tubular dysfunction is associated with clinically relevant decline eGFR; 3) quantify infant exposure to tenofovir and emtricitabine via maternal breast milk when used as PrEP by lactating HIV-uninfected women; 4) determine whether open-label PrEP use for HIV prevention is associated with reduction in safer sex practices (i.e., sexual risk compensation); and 5) review and summarize the totality of empirical literature on the TDF-induced off-target effects when use as PrEP. Findings: Effect of TDF-based PrEP on eGFR: In a large randomized, placebo-controlled trial of daily oral TDF and FTC-TDF PrEP among 4640 heterosexual persons, with median per-protocol follow-up of 18 months and maximum follow-up of 36 months, PrEP resulted in a small but non-progressive decline in eGFR that was not accompanied by a substantial increase in the risk of clinically relevant (≥25%) eGFR decline. The decline quickly resolves within weeks after TDF discontinuation. Effect of FTC-TDF PrEP on proximal tubular dysfunction: In a randomized, placebo-controlled comparison among >1500 HIV-uninfected men and women, FTC-TDF PrEP was not associated with increased risk for proximal tubular dysfunction up to 24 months nor was proximal tubular dysfunction associated with clinically relevant decline in eGFR. Infant exposure to PrEP via breastfeeding: Among lactating women using FTC-TDF PrEP during early postpartum, the estimated infant doses received from breastfeeding and the resultant infant plasma concentrations for both tenofovir and emtricitabine are 12500- and >200-fold below the respective proposed pediatric doses used for therapeutic treatment of infant HIV infection and for prevention of infant postnatal HIV infection and tenofovir was unquantifiable in a majority of infant plasma samples, suggesting that PrEP can be safely used during breastfeeding with minimal infant drug exposure. Sexual risk compensation: The transition from a double-blinded, placebo-controlled phase to one in which all participants were aware that they were receiving active, effective PrEP in the Partners PrEP Study, provided a natural experiment to assess behavioral risk compensation. PrEP given as part of a comprehensive HIV prevention package, did not result in substantial changes in risk-taking sexual behavior by heterosexual couples. Summary of current empirical literature: TDF-based PrEP is generally safe and well tolerated in HIV-uninfected men and women, and infant exposure via breastfeeding is minimal. The risk of the small, non-progressive, and reversible decline in eGFR and bone mineral density as well as the potential for selection of drug resistant viral mutation associated with PrEP are outweighed, at the population level and broadly for individuals, by PrEP’s substantial reduction in the risk of HIV infection. These data support the safety of TDF-based PrEP for prevention HIV combination with safer sex practices.

Download or read book Guidelines for the Psychosocially Assisted Pharmacological Treatment of Opioid Dependence written by World Health Organization. Department of Mental Health and Substance Abuse and published by World Health Organization. This book was released on 2009 with total page 133 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "These guidelines were produced by the World Health Organization (WHO), Department of Mental Health and Substance Abuse, in collaboration with the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) a Guidelines Development Group of technical experts, and in consultation with the International Narcotics Control Board (INCB) secretariat and other WHO departments. WHO also wishes to acknowledge the financial contribution of UNODC and the Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS) to this project. " - p. iv

Download or read book Consolidated Guidelines on the Use of Antiretroviral Drugs for Treating and Preventing HIV Infection written by World Health Organization and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page 429 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: These guidelines provide guidance on the diagnosis of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, the use of antiretroviral (ARV) drugs for treating and preventing HIV infection and the care of people living with HIV. They are structured along the continuum of HIV testing, prevention, treatment and care. This edition updates the 2013 consolidated guidelines on the use of antiretroviral drugs following an extensive review of evidence and consultations in mid-2015, shared at the end of 2015, and now published in full in 2016. It is being published in a changing global context for HIV and for health more broadly.

Download or read book Disease Control Priorities Third Edition Volume 6 written by King K. Holmes and published by World Bank Publications. This book was released on 2017-11-06 with total page 1027 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Infectious diseases are the leading cause of death globally, particularly among children and young adults. The spread of new pathogens and the threat of antimicrobial resistance pose particular challenges in combating these diseases. Major Infectious Diseases identifies feasible, cost-effective packages of interventions and strategies across delivery platforms to prevent and treat HIV/AIDS, other sexually transmitted infections, tuberculosis, malaria, adult febrile illness, viral hepatitis, and neglected tropical diseases. The volume emphasizes the need to effectively address emerging antimicrobial resistance, strengthen health systems, and increase access to care. The attainable goals are to reduce incidence, develop innovative approaches, and optimize existing tools in resource-constrained settings.

Download or read book HIV AIDS written by Nancy Dumais and published by BoD – Books on Demand. This book was released on 2017-02-22 with total page 176 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: With increasing efficacy of antiretroviral therapy, HIV/AIDS has shifted from a disease with high mortality to a chronic illness with substantial longevity. However, researchers, physicians and social workers still face many challenges, and it is important to raise awareness on several aspects that people living with HIV/AIDS have to deal in their daily lives. This book has assembled an array of chapters on the medical, social and economic aspects of HIV/AIDS. The chapters were written by experts from around the globe reflecting the importance of the topic. This book will be of great interest not only to graduate students but also to active academics and practitioners.

Download or read book Handbook of Antimicrobial Resistance written by Matthias Gotte and published by Springer. This book was released on 2018-02-12 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: While many volumes have been written about various aspects of antimicrobial resistance, this book is a comprehensive reference work. All manifestations of resistance are addressed: viral; bacterial, parasitical and fungal are given dedicated sections. The underlining molecular mechanisms, which depend not only on the microbe but on the specific drug (target), are highly diverse. This work discusses and compares the biological, biochemical and structural aspects of resistance and its evolution.

Download or read book Differentiated and simplified pre exposure prophylaxis for HIV prevention written by and published by World Health Organization. This book was released on 2022-07-31 with total page 46 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Antiviral Drugs written by Wieslaw M. Kazmierski and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2011-08-23 with total page 468 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book focuses on new small molecule approaches to combat viral infections. The chapters describe the discovery and development from bench through the clinic of relatively recently-approved antiviral drugs and compounds in advanced clinical development. Organized by a virus (such as HIV, HCV, RSV, influenza, HBV and CMV) and written by top academic and industrial authorities in the field, the book provides a unique opportunity to study, understand and apply discovery and development principles and learning without the need for an individual to research, analyze and synthesize all immense sourcing references. Topics showcase challenges and solutions of issues encountered, offering tremendous experience accumulated over many years of research that will be particularly useful to basic and bench scientists as well as clinicians as they continue discovering and developing new drugs and therapies.

Download or read book A Review of Pre exposure Prophylaxis PrEP for HIV Prevention written by Celia Moffat Joel Matyanga and published by LAP Lambert Academic Publishing. This book was released on 2014-12-29 with total page 52 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved and licensed a drug to prevent HIV acquisition in 2012. This is the first ever FDA drug approval for HIV prevention. Tenofovir combined with emtricitabine (Truvada (R)) was licensed to be used in conjunction with other HIV prevention methods by HIV negative people at high risk of HIV acquisition. This novel method of HIV prevention is termed HIV pre - exposure prophylaxis (PrEP). Whilst the use of PrEP has been implemented in some countries, this is still a new method and several countries are to still implement PrEP. The use of PrEP will go a long way in globally controlling the ever surging rise of the AIDS epidemic. This book, therefore provides an extensive description of PrEP from basic information to scientific studies. It offers a concise and comprehensive description of how Truvada (R) was tested for safety and efficacy in both animals and humans. In addition, it describes the safety profile of Truvada (R) for PrEP. This book is especially useful to clinicians, medical personnel, pharmacists, regulatory authorities and even consumers who may require more information on this novel and effective drug to prevent HIV.

Download or read book Clinical Advisory written by and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page 6 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Puberty written by Philip Kumanov and published by Springer. This book was released on 2016-08-30 with total page 298 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Bringing together the latest knowledge on the growth and development of children and the most important abnormalities of puberty, this comprehensive text presents the current views on the pathogenesis, diagnostic possibilities and therapeutic options of the main deviations from the normal course of puberty (e.g., precocious and delayed puberty). The chain of physical and hormonal changes in the transitional years is carefully followed, including the regulation of the hypothalamic pulse generator as well as the timing of puberty. Further topics include growth disturbances, adolescent varicocele, adolescent gynecomastia, polycystic ovary syndrome, pubertal acne, and the psychosocial development of adolescents with pubertal abnormalities. Written and edited by internationally noted experts, Puberty will be an excellent resource for pediatricians, endocrinologists, gynecologists, andrologists, urologists, family practitioners, child psychologists and public health specialists – all those who will be challenged in their everyday practice with the problems of puberty.

Download or read book Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Pre Exposure Prophylaxis Against HIV written by Max Von Kleist and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2020-10-27 with total page 91 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This eBook is a collection of articles from a Frontiers Research Topic. Frontiers Research Topics are very popular trademarks of the Frontiers Journals Series: they are collections of at least ten articles, all centered on a particular subject. With their unique mix of varied contributions from Original Research to Review Articles, Frontiers Research Topics unify the most influential researchers, the latest key findings and historical advances in a hot research area! Find out more on how to host your own Frontiers Research Topic or contribute to one as an author by contacting the Frontiers Editorial Office: frontiersin.org/about/contact.

Download or read book Drug Induced Liver Disease written by Neil Kaplowitz and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2002-10-16 with total page 790 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Featuring more than 4100 references, Drug-Induced Liver Disease will be an invaluable reference for gastroenterologists, hepatologists, family physicians, internists, pathologists, pharmacists, pharmacologists, and clinical toxicologists, and graduate and medical school students in these disciplines.

Download or read book WHO implementation tool for pre exposure prophylaxis PrEP of HIV infection written by World Health Organization and published by World Health Organization. This book was released on 2024-07-10 with total page 60 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This 2024 update of the Provider module for oral and long-acting PrEP of the WHO PrEP Implementation Tool replaces the 2017 Clinical Module. The module integrates clinical service delivery guidance for all three WHO recommended PrEP products (oral PrEP, the dapivirine vaginal ring and long acting injectable cabotegravir). It provides practical support and important considerations for the safe and effective PrEP provision by a range of providers, including physicians, nurses, clinical officers, community health workers, pharmacists and lay and peer providers, in either clinical or community settings.

Download or read book Molecular Virology of Human Pathogenic Viruses written by Wang-Shick Ryu and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2016-03-30 with total page 441 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Molecular Virology of Human Pathogenic Viruses presents robust coverage of the key principles of molecular virology while emphasizing virus family structure and providing key context points for topical advances in the field. The book is organized in a logical manner to aid in student discoverability and comprehension and is based on the author’s more than 20 years of teaching experience. Each chapter will describe the viral life cycle covering the order of classification, virion and genome structure, viral proteins, life cycle, and the effect on host and an emphasis on virus-host interaction is conveyed throughout the text. Molecular Virology of Human Pathogenic Viruses provides essential information for students and professionals in virology, molecular biology, microbiology, infectious disease, and immunology and contains outstanding features such as study questions and recommended journal articles with perspectives at the end of each chapter to assist students with scientific inquiries and in reading primary literature. Presents viruses within their family structure Contains recommended journal articles with perspectives to put primary literature in context Includes integrated recommended reading references within each chapter Provides access to online ancillary package inclusive of annotated PowerPoint images, instructor’s manual, study guide, and test bank

Download or read book The Travel and Tropical Medicine Manual E Book written by Christopher A. Sanford and published by Elsevier Health Sciences. This book was released on 2016-08-07 with total page 682 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Prevent, evaluate, and manage diseases that can be acquired in tropical environments and foreign countries with The Travel and Tropical Medicine Manual. This pragmatic resource equips medical providers with the knowledge they need to offer effective aid, covering key topics in pre- and post-travel medicine, caring for immigrants and refugees, and working in low-resource settings. It's also the perfect source for travelers seeking quick, easy access to the latest travel medicine information. Dynamic images illustrate key concepts for an enhanced visual understanding. Evidence-based treatment recommendations enable you to manage diseases confidently. This eBook allows you to search all of the text, figures, images, and references from the book on a variety of devices. Highlights new evidence and content surrounding mental health and traveling. Covers emerging hot topics such as Ebola virus disease, viral hemorrhagic fevers, the role of point-of-care testing in travel medicine, and antibiotic-resistant bacteria in returning travelers and students traveling abroad. Includes an enhanced drug appendix in the back of the book.

Download or read book Public Health and Human Rights written by Chris Beyrer and published by JHU Press. This book was released on 2007-09-28 with total page 520 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Provides critical evidenced based assessements and tools with which to investigate the role of rights abrogation in the health of populations.