Download or read book Role of Viruses Infecting Bacteria in Subsurface Sediments and Groundwater written by Donald Pan and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page 215 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Microorganisms play a fundamental role driving geochemical cycles. Viruses are the most abundant biological entity on Earth and often exceed cells. While microbiota influence geochemical cycling in the subsurface, the role of subsurface viruses is poorly understood. Viruses were investigated in relationship to carbon biogeochemistry within two aquifers. In the first study, subsurface sediment slurries collected in Alda, NE were amended with 13C-labeled organic carbon (OC) as acetate and nitrate. Biostimulation resulted in viral production concurrent with OC mineralization and nitrate reduction. Change in viral abundance was positively correlated to OC consumption (r 2=0.63) and 13CO2 production ( r2=0.66), whereas change in cell abundance was not, indicating that viruses lyse active cells. Change in viral abundance also correlated to changes in community structure (Gammaproteobacteria and Betaproteobacteria). In the second study, viral production was demonstrated in response to geochemical changes resulting from in-situ biostimulation (O2 injection) of an aquifer in Rifle, CO. Oxygenated groundwater injected into a previously bioreduced zone resulted in a decrease in reduction potential from -146-- -132mV to -317-- -304mV. Virus abundance increased 1.1x10 6--2.1x106 viruses/mL to 2.3x106--4.6x10 6 while cell abundance did not change. Virus-to-cell ratio increased 1.8-3.4 fold from 3.9-10.1 to 11.0-17.9, demonstrating stimulation of viral production. This supports the findings from the first study which showed that viruses are produced by stimulation of microbial activity. This occurred in conjunction with fluctuations in dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and reduction of U and Fe(III). When injection paused, U was oxidized. But at a higher rate (2.5x), U oxidation occurred, indicating that NRZs maintain a redox buffer which can be overcome when oxidants increase above a tipping point. After mineral precipitation occurred, viruses decreased from 2.3x106-4.6x10 6 viruses/mL to 3.2x105-2.4x106 , suggesting that viruses were removed from solution by adsorption or mineral precipitation. Lastly, the entire floodplain was examined under natural conditions. Viral and cell abundances were correlated (r s=0.73) to each other and to DOC (rs=0.46,0.53; respectively). Thus, viruses play a role in carbon biogeochemistry and indicate microbial activity. Viruses influence subsurface carbon cycling by infecting and lysing cells, liberating OC, thereby influencing the structure and function of microbial communities. Prokaryotes cannot be considered as the sole biological force in the subsurface. Viruses will influence carbon bioavailability and biogeochemical cycling.
Download or read book Movement and Longevity of Viruses in the Subsurface written by Ann Azadpour-Keeley and published by . This book was released on 2003 with total page 28 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Final Technical Report written by and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Microbially mediated metabolisms have been identified as a significant factor either directly or indirectly impacting the fate and transport of heavy metal/radionuclide contaminants. To date microorganisms have been isolated from contaminated environments. Examination of annotated finished genome sequences of many of these subsurface isolates from DOE sites, revealed evidence of prior viral infection. To date the role that viruses play influencing microbial mortality and the resulting community structure which directly influences biogeochemical cycling in soils and sedimentary environments remains poorly understood. The objective of this exploratory study was to investigate the role of viral infection of subsurface bacteria and the formation of contaminant-bearing viral particles. This objective was approached by examining the following working hypotheses: (i) subsurface microorganisms are susceptible to viral infections by the indigenous subsurface viral community, and (ii) viral surfaces will adsorb heavy metals and radionuclides. Our results have addressed basic research needed to accomplish the BER Long Term Measure to provide sufficient scientific understanding such that DOE sites would be able to incorporate coupled physical, chemical and biological processes into decision making for environmental remediation or natural attenuation and long-term stewardship by establishing viral-microbial relationships on the subsequent fate and transport of heavy metals and radionuclides. Here we demonstrated that viruses play a significant role in microbial mortality and community structure in terrestrial subsurface sedimentary systems. The production of viral-like particles within subsurface sediments in response to biostimulation with dissolved organic carbon and a terminal electron acceptor resulted in the production of viral-like particles. Organic carbon alone did not result in significant viral production and required the addition of a terminal electron acceptor (nitrate), indicating that nutrients are not limiting viral production, but rather substrates that can be converted into energy for host metabolism. Our results also revealed that cell abundance was not correlated to the mineralization of organic carbon, but rather viruses were positively correlated with carbon mineralization. This is a result of viral-mediated cell lysis and demonstrates that viruses are sensitive indicators of microbial activity. Viruses as an indicator of microbial activity was not unique to batch culture studies as results obtained from an in situ field experiment conducted at the DOE Old Rifle Field site. This study revealed that viral abundance increased in response to the injection of oxygenated groundwater and influx of dissolved organic carbon whereas cell abundance changes were minimal. However, the extent to which viral-mediated cell lysis alters organic matter pools subsequently influencing microbial community structure and biogeochemical function remains a critical question in subsurface biogeochemical cycling. The production of significant numbers of viruses in groundwater has implications for nanoparticulate metal as well as carbon transport in groundwater. We have demonstrated that the virus surface is reactive and will adsorb heavy metals. Thus viruses can promote colloidal contaminant mobility. Interestingly, the presence of heavy metals has a positive effect on infectivity of the phage, increasing phage infection which could lead to further production of viruses. Together, the results indicate that the sorption of metals to the surface of viruses could not only contribute to nanoparticulate metal as well as carbon transport but could also enhance infectivity further contributing to cell lysis which could subsequently influence biogeochemical cycling. As more viruses infect host microbial populations the high concentration of metals would enhance infection, resulting in cell lysis, and decreasing the metabolically active host populati ...
Download or read book Nutrient Bacterial and Virus Control as Related to Ground water Contamination written by James F. McNabb and published by . This book was released on 1977 with total page 28 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Human Viruses In Sediments Sludges Soils written by V. Chalapati Rao and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2019-06-04 with total page 256 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: First published in 1991, this book conducts a systematic analysis of information regarding the viral effects of sediments, sludges, and soils on humans. Industrial manufacturers, health professionals, governmental agencies and others concerned with the effects of chemical waste on human populations should consider this book essential reading.
Download or read book Occurrence and Distribution of Microbiological Contamination and Enteric Viruses in Shallow Ground Water in Baltimore and Harford Counties Maryland written by William S. L. Banks and published by . This book was released on 2002 with total page 50 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Comparison of bacteria from deep subsurface sediment and adjacent groundwater written by T.C. HAZEN and published by . This book was released on 1991 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Environmental Factors and Chemical and Microbiological Water quality Constituents Related to the Presence of Enteric Viruses in Ground Water from Small Public Water Supplies in Southeastern Michigan written by Donna S. Francy and published by . This book was released on 2004 with total page 68 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Indicators for Waterborne Pathogens written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2004-06-19 with total page 329 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Recent and forecasted advances in microbiology, molecular biology, and analytical chemistry have made it timely to reassess the current paradigm of relying predominantly or exclusively on traditional bacterial indicators for all types of waterborne pathogens. Nonetheless, indicator approaches will still be required for the foreseeable future because it is not practical or feasible to monitor for the complete spectrum of microorganisms that may occur in water, and many known pathogens are difficult to detect directly and reliably in water samples. This comprehensive report recommends the development and use of a "tool box" approach by the U.S Environmental Protection Agency and others for assessing microbial water quality in which available indicator organisms (and/or pathogens in some cases) and detection method(s) are matched to the requirements of a particular application. The report further recommends the use of a phased, three-level monitoring framework to support the selection of indicators and indicator approaches.Â
Download or read book Pathogenic Microorganisms and Viruses in Groundwater written by Steffen Krauss and published by . This book was released on 2011 with total page 67 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book An Integrative Study on the Transport and Fate of Wastewater Microorganisms in the Subsurface and the Effects of Air water Interfacial Forces on the Fate of Bacterial Viruses in Dynamics Aqueous Batch Systems written by Shawn Scott Thompson and published by . This book was released on 1997 with total page 450 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Viral Pollution of the Environment written by Weger Marl Berg and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2018-05-04 with total page 249 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In the decades, ahead, as virus detection technology continues to improve, we may expect greater attention to the problem of water transmission of these agents. This books' contributors will discuss the developing knowledge and technology for the detection and measurement of viruses in waters and wastewaters in dealing with the problem presented by that presence.
Download or read book In Situ and in Vitro Evaluation of Viral host Dynamics in Soils and Uranium contaminated Subsurface Aquifers written by Sharath Srinivasiah and published by . This book was released on 2011 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This dissertation seeks to answer the following first order questions within terrestrial viral ecology: what is the biogeographic distribution of viruses? How do viruses respond to the perturbation of bacterial communities? Do viral infection processes impact bacterial communities during biostimulation of uranium-polluted groundwater environments? A fingerprint comparison technique based on random amplification of polymorphic DNA-PCR (RAPD-PCR) was also developed and applied to investigations of these first order questions. Biogeographic investigations revealed that viral communities changed over short geographic distances in Antarctic soils across a transect extending upslope from dry valley ponds. Changing land use practices also resulted in different viral communities within the soils of Kellogg Biological Station. Perturbation of soil bacterial communities by the addition of recalcitrant (chitin) or readily utilizable (yeast-extract) substrates resulted in considerable changes in viral abundance and diversity. Moreover, the timing and magnitude of changes in viral communities roughly corresponded with the timing and magnitude of changes in bacterial respiration, abundance, and diversity. Untreated soils showed minimal changes in viral and bacterial parameters over time. This investigation confirmed that soils contain abundant populations of bacteriophages which respond quickly to changes in the activity and composition of bacterial communities. Within uranium-polluted groundwater environments viral production occurred at levels approaching those seen for productive estuarine environments. High viral production rates suggested equally high levels of viral loss and turnover. Biostimulation of bacterial activity through acetate amendment resulted in up to 10-fold more viral-mediated mortality of bacterial cells and RAPD-PCR analyses indicated that biostimulation enriched for specific viral populations. These findings are a first indication that viral processes within groundwater environments may have an influence on co-occurring bacterial communities and thereby shape the efficiency of uranium-remediation during biostimulation. Overall these investigations indicate that viruses are an active ecological feature shaping microbial communities within soil and sub-surface environments.
Download or read book Wastewater Pathogens written by Michael H. Gerardi and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2004-10-28 with total page 191 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A practical guide to wastewater pathogens The fourth volume in Wiley's Wastewater Microbiology series, Wastewater Pathogens offers wastewater personnel a practical guide that is free of overly technical jargon. Designed especially for operators, the text provides straight facts on the biology of treatment as well as appropriate protective measures. Coverage includes: * An overview of relevant history, hazards, and organisms * Viruses, bacteria, and fungi * Protozoa and helminthes * Ectoparasites and rodents * Aerosols, foam, and sludge * Disease transmission and the body's defenses * Removal, inactivation, and destruction of pathogens * Hygiene measures, protective equipment, and immunizations
Download or read book Ehrlich s Geomicrobiology written by Henry Lutz Ehrlich and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2015-10-15 with total page 643 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Advances in geomicrobiology have progressed at an accelerated pace in recent years. Ehrlich's Geomicrobiology, Sixth Edition surveys various aspects of the field, including the microbial role in elemental cycling and in the formation and degradation of minerals and fossil fuels. Unlike the fifth edition, the sixth includes many expert contributors
Download or read book Enteric Viruses in Water written by Joseph L. Melnick and published by S. Karger AG (Switzerland). This book was released on 1984 with total page 256 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Transmission of Viruses by the Water Route written by Gerald Berg and published by . This book was released on 1967 with total page 512 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
