Download or read book Removals of Pesticides and Pesticide Transformation Products During Drinking Water Treatment Processes and Their Impact on Mutagen Formation Potential After Chlorination written by and published by . This book was released on 2018 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Formation and Removal of Pesticides and Pesticide Transformation Products During Water Treatment written by Evelyn F. Chamberlain and published by . This book was released on 2008 with total page 344 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "A comprehensive suite of over 60 pesticides (herbicides, insecticides, and fungicides) representing a variety of classes at environmentally relevant concentrations (low [mu]g/L) were screened for reactivity under typical drinking water conditions and dosages. The most common oxidants/transformation agents in water treatment systems were examined for reactivity including free and combined chlorine, chlorine dioxide, permanganate, ozone, hydrogen peroxide, ultraviolet radiation, and high pH (alkaline hydrolysis). Due to the broad nature of the study, pesticide compounds were analyzed as multiple mixes broken into two groups based on analytical methods, those analyzed by GC/ECD and those by LC/MS. Combinations of reactive disinfectant/oxidant and pesticide most likely to lead to significant degradate formation within water utilities were quantitatively identified. Results from the screening study portion of this work were prioritized based on reactivity, anticipated occurrence, anticipated toxicity implications, and other considerations. The most important systems were then studied in detail to determine major degradation products, kinetic rates, and other information specific to the disinfectant/oxidant - pesticide combination. One detailed system in particular, fipronil and several commonly utilized oxidants, was investigated. Findings indicate that fipronil is readily degraded by free chlorine, chlorine dioxide and permanganate but not by monochloramine. Furthermore, permanganate oxidation produces a degradation byproduct, fipronil sulfone, which accumulates within the system if no other oxidant is utilized. This body of work provides highly valuable information on the most reactive oxidant/pesticides systems, signifying the highest potential for degradation formation. Additionally, detailed information on a widely used insecticide is supplied. This work helps to direct future research and provides treatment facilities guidance as to relative removals of problematic pesticide compounds as well as an initial alert to future potential problems arising from degradate formation"--Abstract, leaf iv.

Download or read book Pesticides Remediation Technologies from Water and Wastewater written by Mohammad Hadi Dehghani and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2022-04-26 with total page 464 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Pesticides Remediation Technologies from Water and Wastewater focuses on environmental aspects and health effects of pesticides, the use of conventional and AOPs technologies, and adsorption processes and nanomaterials for the removal of pesticides from water and wastewater. The deterioration of water quality is of great concern due to its effects on aquatic organisms, humans and the ecosystem. Among the pollutants, pesticides are a major concern in villages and farm land. This edited book bridges the gap between old and new knowledge about the categorization of pesticides, the presence of them in water, wastewater, soil and foods, and new methods to detect them from water matrices. This edited book provides the necessary basic knowledge to new researchers who want to learn about pesticides and the ways to eliminate them in aqueous matrices. Moreover, it is also a helpful resource for mature researchers in this field, providing them with new trends in water and wastewater treatment processes, preparation and application of novel adsorbent materials. Includes methods for effectively removing pesticides from potable water and water bodies Provides techniques that are eco-friendly and that do not use toxic chemicals and are lower in cost Presents information needed to identify severe health effects on human beings and aquatic animals

Download or read book Organophosphate Pesticide Degradation Under Drinking Water Treatment Conditions written by Stephen E. Duirk and published by . This book was released on 2005 with total page 68 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Little work to date has solely investigated the kinetics and pathways of pesticide transformations under drinking water treatment conditions. Free chlorine has been found to react with s-triazine, carbamate, and organophosphate pesticides. However, these experimental conditions did not account for naturally occurring aquatic constituents such as natural organic matter (NOM) or inorganic ions (i.e., bromide). The kinetics and degradation pathways for chlorpyrifos (CP), an OP pesticide, have been established in buffered deionized water. However, the effect of NOM and bromide on the rate of CP has yet to be thoroughly investigated. This research was designed to examine the influence of NOM and bromide on the loss of CP in the presence of free chlorine.

Download or read book The Incorporation of Water Treatment Effects on Pesticide Removal and Transformations in Food Quality Protection Act FQPA Drinking Water Assessments written by and published by . This book was released on 2001 with total page 50 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Kinetics of Chlorination of the Pesticide Aldicarb in Drinking Water written by Carol Clinton and published by . This book was released on 2008 with total page 102 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Widespread use of pesticides results in residues to air, soils, groundwater and surface water. When contaminated source waters pass through drinking water treatment, they typically contact chlorine and reactions will occur. To quantify the process, chlorination kinetics and the formation of daughter compounds were studied for the carbamate pesticide aldicarb. These studies focused on a commercial product (Temik) in chlorinated drinking water instead of reagent grade material and/or laboratory pure water that have been previously studied by others. Experimental results showed that aldicarb quickly reacts with chlorine, forming first aldicarb sulfoxide then aldicarb sulfone. Reaction rates observed were roughly two orders of magnitude faster than previous literature reports. Different compositional patterns were seen under different conditions. Also, pure aldicarb reacted differently than the commercial pesticide Temik. This research helps predict the identity and concentration of drinking water contaminants present through pollution by pesticides, or through intentional addition.

Download or read book A Review of Literature on the Removal of Organic Chemicals from Drinking Water written by Nicholas J. Oke and published by . This book was released on 1996 with total page 92 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Reviews the literature concerning the current state of knowledge of removing organic chemicals from drinking water. Such chemicals may include humic substances produced by degradation of plant and animal matter, contaminated leachate from landfills and lagoons, agricultural runoff, and accidental and illegal dumping of chemicals. Treatment techniques reviewed include coagulation, softening, sedimentation, filtration, chlorination, adsorption on activated carbon or resins, air stripping, reverse osmosis, and the use of oxidants or ultraviolet radiation.

Download or read book Effect of Biofiltration on DBP Formation at Full scale and Pilot scale written by Mehrnaz Mirzaei Barzi and published by . This book was released on 2008 with total page 210 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Over the past century chlorine has been a reliable disinfectant to reduce transmission of waterborne diseases in drinking water. Concerns about chlorination have increased since it was discovered in the 1970s that use of chlorine in drinking water produces trihalomethanes (THMs), when chlorine reacts with natural organic matter (NOM), which has been observed in increased levels in surface water during the past decades. THM and other disinfection by-products (DBPs) such as some of the haloacetic acids (HAAs) and some nitrosamines are considered probable human carcinogens by USEPA. Since DBPs are still formed even when using alternative disinfectants such as chloramines, treatment processes by which disinfection by-product precursors are removed continue to be studied. Many researchers have demonstrated that the use of pre-ozonation/biological processes in the production of drinking water has the potential to decrease levels of disinfection by-products in finished water more than conventional treatment alone. Two of the parameters which affect the efficiency of DBP precursor removal in biofilters are filter media and filter flow rate. In this research, the biofiltration process was examined using pilot-scale filters receiving ozonated water to determine the relative effectiveness of these parameters for influencing the removal of natural organic matter. The research presented in this thesis initially focuses on determining the effects of flow rate and filter media including GAC (granular activated carbon) and anthracite on decreasing the levels of THM, HAA and nitrosamine precursors in biologically active filters. In the second part, the performances of full-scale and pilot-scale filters at the Mannheim Water Treatment Plant were compared. THM and HAA precursor removal was found to decrease when loading rates were increased, likely due to associated shorter contact times in the filters. Also, higher THM and HAA precursor removal was always observed in the GAC filters than in the anthracite filters. However, removal of nitrosamines was not affected by flow rate or the type of filter media. In general, the pilot-scale filter performance was representative of full-scale filter performance, especially in regards to THM precursor and chlorine demand removal. Statistical evaluation and interpretation of the data for HAA and NDMA precursor removal was more difficult, likely due to the low concentrations of these DBPs which was near their method detection limits (MDLs) and also because of some operational problems with pilot filter #1. Despite these limitations, the results of this study add to the literature concerning the use of different types of media to support biofiltration and reduce DBP precursor concentrations during drinking water treatment.

Download or read book Toxicological Profile for Chlordane written by and published by . This book was released on 1994 with total page 286 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Controlling Disinfection By products and Microbial Contaminants in Drinking Water written by Robert M. Clark and published by DIANE Publishing. This book was released on 2001 with total page 330 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Comparison of Natural Organic Matter NOM Removal Processes on Disinfection Byproduct DBP Formation During Drinking Water Treatment written by John Ryan Less and published by . This book was released on 2011 with total page 67 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Natural aquatic organic matter (NOM) reacts with chlorinated disinfectants used to treat public drinking water supplies resulting in the formation of toxic and carcinogenic disinfection byproducts (DBPs). Therefore, treatment processes that reduce the concentration of NOM prior to drinking water disinfection have been found to reduce the formation of these unwanted DBPs. Conventional enhanced coagulation was compared with a novel anion exchange resins for reducing DBP precursors located in the negatively charged fraction of the NOM matrix. Three anion exchange resins (AERs) were compared (IRA-910, IRA-958, and MIEX) to determine which resin would not only remove NOM but DBP precursors as well. All the AERs were found to be highly proficient at NOM reduction specifically the moieties that absorb UV light at 254 nm and 272 nm over 75 minutes of contact time; however, MIEX removed NOM at a faster rate than the Amberlite resins. Results show that pH had no significant effect on the removal of chromophores and fluorophores (i.e. EEM base pairs A and C) when treated with MIEX or enhanced coagulation. Coagulation was effective at removing 30-45% NOM for Akron and Barberton source waters based on peak intensity excitation-emission pairs taken from the EEM (excitation- emission matrix). Peak intensity in the T region of the EEM for the Barberton source water, which correlates to positively charged soluble microbial, was found to be relatively resilient to each NOM removal process. DBP formation was determined as a function of pH for the different NOM removal processes. MIEX resulted in significant reduction in DBP concentrations for both source waters when compared to DBP formation in the chlorinated raw source waters. MIEX out performed both coagulants reducing the formation of DBPs in both source waters. At an elevated chlorine concentration in the raw samples, as pH increases from 6.5 to 8, chloroform formation increases, TCAA concentrations decrease and dichloroacetic acid (DCAA) is not affected. The two coagulants both reduced DBP formation; however, alum appeared to reduce DBP concentrations more significantly than ACH at pH 8.2.

Download or read book Fate of Natural Organic Matter and Formation of Disinfection By products in a Conventional Water Treatment Plant written by Noha Hesham Abdel Halim and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page 146 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Abstract: Elevated levels of disinfection by-products (DBPs), detected in Cairo residential water supply during the past decade, were the motivation to study the process of DBP formation at the water treatment plant (WTP) stage. It is hoped that an in-depth understanding of natural organic matter (NOM) characteristics and DBP formation/removal in an existing WTP will yield a baseline as well as insights for the development of optimum strategies for cost-effective reduction of potentially harmful drinking water compounds such as Trihalomethanes (THMs) and Haloacetic acid (HAAs). The objectives of this research were to: investigate the degree of removal of the various NOM fractions in conventional WTPs and identify the factors that may possibly enhance their removal; and investigate the levels of formed DBPs within conventional WTPs when pre-chlorination and post-chlorination are applied. Water samples were collected from El-Fustat WTP in Cairo from 4 different points along the treatment process and covering the four different seasons of a year. NOM was quantified by classical surrogate parameters such as total organic carbon (TOC), dissolved organic carbon (DOC), and ultraviolet absorbance (UVA254); and characterized more precisely according to its hydrophobic-hydrophilic properties using resin fractionation. THMs, HAAs and other water quality analyses were conducted for all collected samples. Measurements of NOM fractions following each treatment unit indicate that the hydrophobic fraction is significantly removed by the coagulation/flocculation/ sedimentation processes (56% to 13% in the various seasons) whereas the transphilic, and hydrophilic fractions were removed to much lower degree (51% to 10%) and (15% to 4%), respectively. The hydrophobic fraction had formed flocs with the added alum more than the other two fractions. No further removal of NOM takes place in rapid sand filtration or post-chlorination units. Although the THMs values recorded for the entire study were complying with the Egyptian guidelines, it is not guaranteed that tap concentrations will comply to the guidelines limits. This is because THM/THMFP does not exceed 39%, leaving room for 61% to be reacted in pipe lines and storage tanks until it reaches the customers taps. In addition, HAAs concentrations at the plant effluent were much higher than the regulating limits, alarming the WTP to exert more effort to reduce THMs, and HAAs values. On an attempt to identify the relative importance of NOM fractions in THMs formation, the measured values of the THMs were regressed to each NOM fraction and the coefficient of determination (R2) was calculated. Results showed that unlike hydrophobic fraction and transphilic fractions (R2 = 0.01, 0.14), respectively, hydrophilic NOM fractions are consistently most responsible for THM and HAAs production at the plant effluent (R2 = 0.77, 0.62. Although, hydrophilic fraction was the main contributor to THMs and HAAs formation in El-Fustat WTP; coagulation/flocculation and sedimentation could not successfully remove it during treatment. Accordingly, the processes of coagulation/flocculation/sedimentation/filtration are not guaranteed to be useful in decreasing the DBPs levels. El-Fustat WTP does not technically implement "Enhanced Coagulation"; however, initial results from this study shows that the hydrophillic DOC fraction is less likely to be removed during Enhanced Coagulation but the major DOC contributor to DBPs formation. Future work should test this hypothesis through a bigger and wider sample size. Free chlorine concentrations are responsible for the high THM levels at the plant effluent, which implies its responsibility on THMs formed in the plant and the formation potential in distribution pipelines. Therefore, reducing the chlorine doses as much as possible to reach zero free chlorine before post-chlorination and the minimum acceptable free chlorine residual for secondary disinfection is going to reduce the THMs and HAAs levels substantially.

Download or read book Advanced Oxidation Processes for Water and Wastewater Treatment written by Simon Parsons and published by IWA Publishing. This book was released on 2004-03-01 with total page 370 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The suitability of Advanced Oxidation Processes (AOPs) for pollutant degradation was recognised in the early 1970s and much research and development work has been undertaken to commercialise some of these processes. AOPs have shown great potential in treating pollutants at both low and high concentrations and have found applications as diverse as ground water treatment, municipal wastewater sludge destruction and VOCs control. Advanced Oxidation Processes for Water and Wastewater Treatment is an overview of the advanced oxidation processes currently used or proposed for the remediation of water, wastewater, odours and sludge. The book contains two opening chapters which present introductions to advanced oxidation processes and a background to UV photolysis, seven chapters focusing on individual advanced oxidation processes and, finally, three chapters concentrating on selected applications of advanced oxidation processes. Advanced Oxidation Processes for Water and Wastewater Treatment will be invaluable to readers interested in water and wastewater treatment processes, including professionals and suppliers, as well as students and academics studying in this area. Dr Simon Parsons is a Senior Lecturer in Water Sciences at Cranfield University with ten years' experience of industrial and academic research and development.

Download or read book Toxicological Profile for Chlorine Dioxide and Chlorite written by and published by . This book was released on 2004 with total page 192 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Toxicological Profile for Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons written by and published by . This book was released on 1995 with total page 500 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Toxicological Profile for N nitrosodimethylamine written by and published by . This book was released on 1989 with total page 136 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Nanoscale Materials in Water Purification written by Sabu Thomas and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2018-11-14 with total page 890 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Novel nanoscale materials are now an essential part of meeting the current and future needs for clean water, and are at the heart of the development of novel technologies to desalinate water. The unique properties of nanomaterials and their convergence with current treatment technologies present great opportunities to revolutionize water and wastewater treatment. Nanoscale Materials for Water Purification brings together sustainable solutions using novel nanomaterials to alleviate the physical effects of water scarcity. This book covers a wide range of nanomaterials, including noble metal nanoparticles, magnetic nanoparticles, dendrimers, bioactive nanoparticles, polysaccharidebased nanoparticles, nanocatalysts, and redox nanoparticles for water purification. Significant properties and characterization methods of nanomaterials such as surface morphology, mechanical properties, and adsorption capacities are also investigated Explains how the unique properties of a range of nanomaterials makes them important water purification agents Shows how the use of nanotechnology can help create cheaper, more reliable, less energy-intensive, more environmentally friendly water purification techniques Includes case studies to show how nanotechnology has successfully been integrated into water purification system design