Download or read book Regulatory RNAs in the Nervous System 2nd Edition written by Tommaso Pizzorusso and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2018-11-13 with total page 346 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Until about a decade ago, the non-coding part of the genome was considered without function. RNA sequencing studies have shown, however, that a considerable part of the non-coding genome is transcribed and that these non-coding RNAs (nc-RNAs) can regulate gene expression. Almost on weekly basis, new findings reveal the regulatory role of nc-RNAs exert in many biological processes. Overall, these studies are making increasingly clear that, both in model organisms and in humans, complexity is not a function of the number of protein-coding genes, but results from the possibility of using combinations of genetic programs and controlling their spatial and temporal regulation during development, senescence and in disease by regulatory RNAs. This has generated a novel picture of gene regulatory networks where regulatory nc-RNAs represent novel layers of regulation. Particularly well-characterized is the role of microRNAs (miRNAs), small nc-RNAs, that bind to mRNAs and regulate gene expression after transcritpion. This message is particularly clear in the nervous system, where miRNAs have been involved in regulating cellular pathways controlling fundamental functions during development, synaptic plasticity and in neurodegenerative disease. It has also been shown that neuronal miRNAs are tightly regulated by electrical activity at the level of transcription, biogenesis, stability and specifically targeted to dendrites and synapses. Deregulation of expression of miRNAs is proposed not only as potential disease biomarker, but it has been implicated directly in the pathogenesis of complex neurodegenerative disease. This so-called RNA revolution also lead to the exploitation of RNA interference and the development of related tools as potential treatment of a vast array of CNS disease that could benefit from regulation of disease-associated genes. In spite of these advancements, the relatively young age of this field together with the inherent high molecular complexity of RNA regulation of biological processes have somewhat hindered its communication to the whole of the neuroscience community. This Research Topic aims at improving this aspect by putting around the same virtual table scientists covering aspects ranging from basic molecular mechanisms of regulatory RNAs in the nervous system to the analysis of the role of specific regulatory RNAs in neurobiological processes of development, plasticity and aging. Furthermore, we included papers analyzing the role of regulatory RNAs in disease models from neuromuscular to higher cognitive functions, and more technically oriented papers dealing with new methodologies to study regulatory RNA biology and its translational potential.
Download or read book Regulatory RNAs in the Nervous System 2nd Edition written by and published by . This book was released on 2018 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Until about a decade ago, the non-coding part of the genome was considered without function. RNA sequencing studies have shown, however, that a considerable part of the non-coding genome is transcribed and that these non-coding RNAs (nc-RNAs) can regulate gene expression. Almost on weekly basis, new findings reveal the regulatory role of nc-RNAs exert in many biological processes. Overall, these studies are making increasingly clear that, both in model organisms and in humans, complexity is not a function of the number of protein-coding genes, but results from the possibility of using combinations of genetic programs and controlling their spatial and temporal regulation during development, senescence and in disease by regulatory RNAs. This has generated a novel picture of gene regulatory networks where regulatory nc-RNAs represent novel layers of regulation. Particularly well-characterized is the role of microRNAs (miRNAs), small nc-RNAs, that bind to mRNAs and regulate gene expression after transcritpion. This message is particularly clear in the nervous system, where miRNAs have been involved in regulating cellular pathways controlling fundamental functions during development, synaptic plasticity and in neurodegenerative disease. It has also been shown that neuronal miRNAs are tightly regulated by electrical activity at the level of transcription, biogenesis, stability and specifically targeted to dendrites and synapses. Deregulation of expression of miRNAs is proposed not only as potential disease biomarker, but it has been implicated directly in the pathogenesis of complex neurodegenerative disease. This so-called RNA revolution also lead to the exploitation of RNA interference and the development of related tools as potential treatment of a vast array of CNS disease that could benefit from regulation of disease-associated genes. In spite of these advancements, the relatively young age of this field together with the inherent high molecular complexity of RNA regulation of biological processes have somewhat hindered its communication to the whole of the neuroscience community. This Research Topic aims at improving this aspect by putting around the same virtual table scientists covering aspects ranging from basic molecular mechanisms of regulatory RNAs in the nervous system to the analysis of the role of specific regulatory RNAs in neurobiological processes of development, plasticity and aging. Furthermore, we included papers analyzing the role of regulatory RNAs in disease models from neuromuscular to higher cognitive functions, and more technically oriented papers dealing with new methodologies to study regulatory RNA biology and its translational potential.
Download or read book Regulatory RNAs in the Nervous System written by and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page 344 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Regulation of Gene Expression in the Nervous System written by Anna Maria Giuffrida Stella and published by . This book was released on 1990-07-19 with total page 504 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Offers an up-to-date account of the latest research findings concerned with the regulatory mechanisms of gene expression in neuronal and glial cells under different conditions. The book explores the cellular and neurobiological aspects of important phenomena of the nervous system and its role in health, disease and injury. Contributions from prominent scientists in the field address a variety of specific topics concerned with gene expression in the nervous system--from growth, hormonal and trophic factors to neural tissue reactions in injury or aging.
Download or read book MicroRNA Regulation of Central Nervous System Development and Their Species specific Role in Evolution written by Hayley Sarah McLoughlin and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page 106 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Genetic dissection of loci important in the control of neurogenesis has improved our understanding of both the evolutionarily conserved and divergent processes in neurodevelopment. These loci include not only protein coding genes [1, 2], but also noncoding RNAs [3-5]. One important family of non-coding RNAs is miRNAs, which control gene expression fundamental in developmental regulation and mature cell maintenance [3, 5-9]. Here, we will first focus our efforts by surveying miRNA regulation in the developing brain. We hypothesize a strong regulatory role of miRNAs during proliferation, cell death, migration and differentiation in the developing mammalian forebrain that has yet to be adequately described in the literature. Second, we will assess miRNA's role in the evolutionary divergence of brain-related gene expression. We hypothesize that a human specific single nucleotide change(s) in the miRNA recognition element of transcription factors 3' untranslated regions contributes to species-specific differences in transcription factor expression and ultimately alters regulatory function.
Download or read book Identifying Regulatory Elements of MRNA Stability and Translation in the Nervous System written by Panid Sharifnia and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page 14 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The mechanism from gene to protein, also known as the central dogma, has been one of the fundamental principles of biology. From the start of transcription, to the production of a mature RNA transcript, and to the translation of RNA into protein, regulatory steps control the entire process. Studies have revealed many layers of quality control, especially in regards to mRNA stability, decay, localization and translation. In the nervous system, the idea of mRNA regulation is tempting in regards to certain events, such as those that require quick responses to stimuli. Key experiments have identified ribosomes in dendrites of neurons. RNA binding proteins (RBPs) that localize cytoplasmically and sequences within the untranslated regions of mRNA that mediate binding of these RBPs that regulate its localization and stability. It has become apparent that both cis and trans elements contribute to this tightly controlled network of biology but few studies have examined this interaction in the nervous system of C. elegans. In the following chapters I will describe my studies using the model organism C. elegans to examine RBPs in the nervous system with specific regard to a transcription factor, cebp-1, whose 3'UTR has important roles in controlling its expression during development and adult stages, and two trans factors that may regulate cebp-1 through cebp-1's 3'UTR.
Download or read book Emerging Roles of Non Coding RNA in Neuronal Function and Dysfunction written by Shona Pfeiffer and published by . This book was released on 2022 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Advancements in RNA sequencing technologies in recent years have contributed greatly to our understanding of the transcriptome and the now widely recognized multifaceted functions of RNA. The discovery and functional analysis of an increasing number of novel small non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) has highlighted their importance as critical regulators of gene expression and brain function. In particular, two diverse classes of ncRNAs, microRNAs (miRNAs) and tRNA-derived small RNAs (tsRNAs), are especially abundant in the nervous system and play roles in regulation of gene expression and protein translation, cellular stress responses and complex underlying pathophysiology of neurological diseases. This chapter will discuss the most recent findings highlighting the dysregulation, functions and regulatory roles of ncRNAs in the pathophysiological mechanisms of neurological disorders and their relevance as novel biomarkers of injury and therapeutic agents.
Download or read book Regulation of Gene Expression by Small RNAs written by Rajesh K. Gaur and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2009-04-27 with total page 440 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: New Findings Revolutionize Concepts of Gene FunctionEndogenous small RNAs have been found in various organisms, including humans, mice, flies, worms, fungi, and bacteria. Furthermore, it's been shown that microRNAs acting as cellular rheostats have the ability to modulate gene expression. In higher eukaryotes, microRNAs may regulate as much as 50 p
Download or read book Cell Type specific RNA Metabolism in the Drosophila Nervous System written by Mohamed Aboukilila and published by . This book was released on 2021 with total page 240 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Hight-throughput technologies of functional genomics have revolutionized the dissection of gene expression regulation during development & pathology. However, most of the available genome-wide approaches have traditionally been focusing on the steady-state snapshot of gene expression, which overlooks the dynamic complexity of gene expression regulation that is achieved via different layers of post-transcriptional regulation. Through a set of overlapping processes, post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression achieves an essential spatiotemporal control of protein abundance & functionality, not only through synthesis but also through localization & decay. The structural & functional architecture of the Drosophila central & peripheral nervous systems provide a unique opportunity to model the events & processes of post-transcriptional regulation. While candidate-based studies have revealed important mechanisms of post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression via RNA processing, localization and decay, a more global genome-wide view of such events is still scarce. This is mostly due to the lack of availability of techniques that allow in vivo isolation of cell type-specific RNA for downstream analysis in combination with other approaches addressing the different aspects of post-transcriptional regulation. A method that has been employed to address some of those limitations over the past two decades is called TU-tagging. This method depends on the metabolic tagging of nascent transcripts by a uridine analogue in a cell type-specific manner by exposing UPRT-expressing-cell(s) of interest to 4-thiouracil (4TU). TU-tagging suffers from major specificity limitations due to endogenous pathways of 4-thiouracil (4TU) incorporation. We developed an alternative method, named EC-tagging, to overcome such limitations, which yielded more robust & highly specific isolation of cell type-specific RNA. The sensitivity and specificity of EC-tagging are demonstrated by obtaining cell type-specific gene expression data from intact Drosophila larvae, including transcriptome data from a small population of central brain neurons. This has led to the identification of previously uncharacterized ppk-expressing neurons in the Drosophila mushroom bodies without any need to enrich for such neurons via physical dissection. We also used EC-tagging to profile the transcriptome of the multidendritic (md) sensory neurons of the Drosophila peripheral nervous system. Traditionally, it has been a technical challenge to isolate RNA from these neurons without potentially altering gene expression due to their complex morphology and interconnected microenvironments. In addition to the fact that we further confirmed the sensitivity of EC-tagging in purifying cell type-specific RNA, we were able to identify two genes that encode RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) that play a role in regulating the arborization of dendrites in the multidendritic (md) sensory neurons. Knocking down the poly(A) polymerase Hiiragi and the translation regulator Hephaestus caused significant defects in dendrite arborization. This work provides a technical framework in which combining efficient & specific metabolic tagging of nascent transcripts with high-throughput genomic technologies can be used to profile RNA regulation & metabolism in small subpopulation of cells, including those whose structures render them not amenable to physical isolation.
Download or read book Kaufman s Atlas of Mouse Development Supplement written by Richard Baldock and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2015-09-23 with total page 343 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Kaufman's Atlas of Mouse Development: With Coronal Sections continues the stellar reputation of the original Atlas by providing updated, in-depth anatomical content and morphological views of organ systems.The publication offers written descriptions of the developmental origins of the organ systems alongside high-resolution images for needed visualization of developmental processes. Matt Kaufman himself has annotated the coronal images in the same clear, meticulous style of the original Atlas. Kaufman's Atlas of Mouse Development: With Coronal Sections follows the original Atlas as a continuation of the standard in the field for developmental biologists and researchers across biological and biomedical sciences studying mouse development. Provides high-resolution images for best visualization of key developmental processes and structures Offers in-depth anatomy and morphological views of organ systems Written descriptions convey developmental origins of the organ systems
Download or read book From Molecules to Networks written by Ruth Heidelberger and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2009-01-27 with total page 654 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: An understanding of the nervous system at virtually any level of analysis requires an understanding of its basic building block, the neuron. From Molecules to Networks provides the solid foundation of the morphologic, biochemical, and biophysical properties of nerve cells. All chapters have been thoroughly revised for this second edition to reflect the significant advances of the past 5 years. The new edition expands on the network aspects of cellular neurobiology by adding a new chapter, Information Processing in Neural Networks, and on the relation of cell biological processes to various neurological diseases. The new concluding chapter illustrates how the great strides in understanding the biochemical and biophysical properties of nerve cells have led to fundamental insights into important aspects of neurodegenerative disease. Written and edited by leading experts in the field, the second edition completely and comprehensively updates all chapters of this unique textbook Discusses emerging new understanding of non-classical molecules that affect neuronal signaling Full colour, professional graphics throughout Includes two new chapters: Information Processing in Neural Networks - describes the principles of operation of neural networks and the key circuit motifs that are common to many networks in the nervous system. Molecular and Cellular Mechanisms of Neurodegenerative Disease - introduces the progress made in the last 20 years in elucidating the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying brain disorders, including Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS), Parkinson disease, and Alzheimer’s disease
Download or read book Molecular Biology of The Cell written by Bruce Alberts and published by . This book was released on 2002 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book The Oxford Handbook of Neuronal Protein Synthesis written by Wayne S. Sossin and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2021-04-15 with total page 512 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Translational control in the nervous system is important. Many physiological processes in the nervous system depend on accurate control of the proteome that is mediated through protein synthetic mechanisms and thus, the nervous system is very sensitive to dysregulation of translational control. The Oxford Handbook of Neuronal Protein Synthesis reviews the mechanisms of translational control used by the nervous system, as well as how important nervous system functions, such as plasticity and homeostasis, depend on accurate translational control. The handbook extensively covers how dysregulation of protein synthesis can manifest itself in many distinct pathological processes including neurodevelopmental, neuropsychiatric, and neurodegenerative diseases. The handbook is comprehensive in its coverage of translational control mechanisms with particular focus on how these general control mechanisms are specifically utilized in the context of the cell biological constraints of the nervous system from both a mechanistic and systems perspective.
Download or read book Epigenetic Regulation in the Nervous System written by J. David Sweatt and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2012-12-31 with total page 374 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Epigenetic Regulation in the Nervous System addresses current understanding of the roles of epigenetic processes at the molecular/cellular level, their impact on neural development and behavior, and the potential roles of these mechanisms in neurological and psychiatric disorders. This award-winning volume spans molecular epigenetics, development, cellular physiology and biochemistry, synaptic and neural plasticity, and behavioral models, and is unique in covering epigenetically based disorders of the central nervous system. Behavioral epigenetics is the study of how environmental factors alter behavior, addressing the fundamental mechanisms that shape development and individual vulnerability/resilience to adverse behavioral outcomes. By understanding the molecular mechanisms involved in epigenetic modulation, researchers may be able to develop targeted therapies for those individuals in whom it malfunctions. Edited by the most highly regarded leaders in the field, this book offers a comprehensive review of behavioral epigenetics and a balanced treatment of the strengths and weaknesses in experimentation in this area. Covering background material as well as topics of current interest, it serves both as a cutting-edge resource and a foundational reference. The book will benefit neuroscience researchers and graduate students with an interest in the links between gene regulation and behavior, as will clinicians dealing with disorders such as addiction, depression, and schizophrenia. BMA Medical Book Awards 2014 - Highly Commended, Neurology, British Medical Association BMA Medical Book Awards 2014 - First Prize, Neurology, British Medical Association 2013 PROSE Award winner for Best in Reference Works and Best Single Volume Reference in Science from the Association of American Publishers Presents a unified view of epigenetic mechanisms from behavior to genes and everything in between Discusses clinically relevant disorders in the context of epigenetics research, making the volume appealing to clinicians as well as basic scientists Provides numerous practical examples for the new investigator to facilitate implementation of research in neuroepigenetics
Download or read book Biophysics of Computation written by Christof Koch and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2004-10-28 with total page 587 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Neural network research often builds on the fiction that neurons are simple linear threshold units, completely neglecting the highly dynamic and complex nature of synapses, dendrites, and voltage-dependent ionic currents. Biophysics of Computation: Information Processing in Single Neurons challenges this notion, using richly detailed experimental and theoretical findings from cellular biophysics to explain the repertoire of computational functions available to single neurons. The author shows how individual nerve cells can multiply, integrate, or delay synaptic inputs and how information can be encoded in the voltage across the membrane, in the intracellular calcium concentration, or in the timing of individual spikes.Key topics covered include the linear cable equation; cable theory as applied to passive dendritic trees and dendritic spines; chemical and electrical synapses and how to treat them from a computational point of view; nonlinear interactions of synaptic input in passive and active dendritic trees; the Hodgkin-Huxley model of action potential generation and propagation; phase space analysis; linking stochastic ionic channels to membrane-dependent currents; calcium and potassium currents and their role in information processing; the role of diffusion, buffering and binding of calcium, and other messenger systems in information processing and storage; short- and long-term models of synaptic plasticity; simplified models of single cells; stochastic aspects of neuronal firing; the nature of the neuronal code; and unconventional models of sub-cellular computation.Biophysics of Computation: Information Processing in Single Neurons serves as an ideal text for advanced undergraduate and graduate courses in cellular biophysics, computational neuroscience, and neural networks, and will appeal to students and professionals in neuroscience, electrical and computer engineering, and physics.
Download or read book Regulatory RNAs written by Bibekanand Mallick and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-02-02 with total page 549 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Recent progress in high-throughput technologies and genome wide transcriptome studies have lead to a significant scientific milestone of discovering non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) which spans through a major portion of the genome. These RNAs most often act as riboregulators, and actively participate in the regulation of important cellular functions at the transcriptional and/or post-transcriptional levels rather than simply being an intermediated messenger between DNA and proteins. As the appreciation for the importance of ncRNAs continues to emerge, it is also increasingly clear that these play critical roles in gene regulatory processes during development and differentiation. Further, regulatory RNAs are useful biomarkers for diagnosis of diseases. Hence these RNA regulators are essential to the development of therapeutics. This book on “Regulatory RNAs” offers a comprehensive view on our current understanding of these regulatory RNAs viz. siRNA, miRNA, piRNA, snoRNA, long non-coding RNA, small RNA etc. It addresses both the biogenesis and mechanism of action of regulatory RNAs with a primary focus on their annotation, experimental methodologies (microarray, next-gen sequencing etc.) for their discovery, computational tools for their prediction, and above all, applications of these revolutionary regulatory molecules in understanding biological systems and diseases, including therapeutics. This comprehensive volume is intended for readers with research or teaching interests in ncRNA biology and will provide a major information resource on current research in the fast-moving fields of RNA and gene expression regulation. Cutting-edge and concise, “Regulatory RNAs: Basics, Methods and Applications” promises to support vital research in the field of regulatory RNAs, ever-continuing to grow rapidly and gain increasing importance in basic and translational biology.
Download or read book Long Non Coding RNA Biology written by M.R.S. Rao and published by Springer. This book was released on 2017-08-16 with total page 336 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This contributed volume offers a comprehensive and detailed overview of the various aspects of long non-coding RNAs and discusses their emerging significance. Written by leading experts in the field, it motivates young researchers around the globe, and offers graduate and postgraduate students fascinating insights into genes and their regulation in eukaryotes and higher organisms.
