Download or read book External Reference Pricing and Parallel Imports of Pharmaceuticals written by Foad Iravani and published by . This book was released on 2020 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Governments across the world constantly use a variety of measures to contain drug costs in order to increase patient access to critical medications. External Reference Pricing (ERP), or international price comparison, is a commonly employed policy to control prices of pharmaceuticals. ERP uses the price(s) of a medicinal product in one or several countries in order to derive a benchmark or reference price for the purposes of setting the price of the product in a given country. Despite potential drawbacks, empirical studies show ERP has been successful in reducing drug prices. Another strategy that can reduce drug prices is legalizing parallel imports of drugs from low-price countries. Motivated by the differences between government policies and the absence of national price management policies in the U.S., in this paper we compare the effects of implementing ERP or authorizing parallel imports on firm profit and different social welfare measures. We find that authorizing parallel imports can result in higher firm profit and/or social welfare than using ERP. We also examine, in a decentralized supply chain, two variations of ERP that are used in practice, the ex-factory-based ERP and the pharmacy purchase price (PPP)-based ERP. We show that despite the ex-factory-based ERP being more common, PPP-based ERP can increase both firm profits and social welfare. Therefore, governments should consider using PPP-based ERP policies. Our findings help generate insights for ongoing policy discussions around measures for controlling drug prices in the U.S.
Download or read book Reference Pricing and Parallel Imports written by Laura Birg and published by . This book was released on 2019 with total page 21 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: I study the effect of reference pricing on competition by parallel imports, in particular the market share of parallel imports and the number of parallel traders. First, I analyze the effect of reference pricing on competition by parallel imports in a vertical differentiation model with a locally sourced version and a parallel import offered by n identical parallel traders. Second, I explore the effect of reference pricing on competition by parallel imports using a dataset with prescription drugs with competition from parallel imports. Both model and estimation results suggest that the introduction of reference pricing inrceases the market share of the parallel import and the number of parallel traders, while a decrease in the reference price decreases the market share of the parallel import and the number of parallel traders.
Download or read book Vertical Price Control and Parallel Imports written by Keith Eugene Maskus and published by World Bank Publications. This book was released on 2000 with total page 46 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Parallel imports are genuine products brought into a country without the authorization of the copyright, patent, or trademark owner. Countries vary considerably in their legal treatment of parallel imports, as determined by their choice of exhaustion doctrine. A new model analyzes parallel imports a a response to vertical pricing arrangements between a rights holder ("manufacturer") and a foreign distributor.
Download or read book How Do Drug Prices Respond to a Change from External to Internal Reference Pricing written by Ulrich Kaiser and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page 11 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book WHO guideline on country pharmaceutical pricing policies written by and published by World Health Organization. This book was released on 2020-09-29 with total page 70 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In recent years, high prices of pharmaceutical products have posed challenges in high- and low-income countries alike. In many instances, high prices of pharmaceutical products have led to significant financial hardship for individuals and negatively impacted on healthcare systems' ability to provide population-wide access to essential medicines. Pharmaceutical pricing policies need to be carefully planned, carried out, and regularly checked and revised according to changing conditions. Strong, well-thought-out policies can guide well-informed and balanced decisions to achieve affordable access to essential health products. This guideline replaces the 2015 WHO guideline on country pharmaceutical pricing policies, revised to reflect the growing body of literature since the last evidence review in 2010. This update also recognizes country experiences in managing the prices of pharmaceutical products.
Download or read book Parallel Imports and Price Controls written by Gene M. Grossman and published by . This book was released on 2006 with total page 46 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Price controls create opportunities for international arbitrage. Many have argued that such arbitrage, if tolerated, will undermine intellectual property rights and dull the incentives for investment in research-intensive industries such as pharmaceuticals. We challenge this orthodox view and show, to the contrary, that the pace of innovation often is faster in a world with international exhaustion of intellectual property rights than in one with national exhaustion. The key to our conclusion is to recognize that governments will make different choices of price controls when parallel imports are allowed by their trade partners than they will when they are not.
Download or read book The Interaction Between Parallel Imports Generics and Counterfeit Goods with Special Reference to the Pharmaceutical Industry written by Herodotus Kyriakides and published by . This book was released on 2006 with total page 816 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Parallel Imports of Pharmaceuticals written by Cédric Julien Poget and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2007-12-20 with total page 158 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Parallel trade occurs if international price differences for identical products are high and a policy of regional or international exhaustion of the respective property right has been implemented in the high price country. The work by C. Poget analyses how parallel imports of pharmaceuticals are affecting end consumer prices and drug expenditures in three Scandinavian countries, Sweden, Denmark and Norway. Based on his observations he derives proposals for policy reforms in EU member countries and Switzerland.
Download or read book Making Medicines Affordable written by National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2018-03-01 with total page 235 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Thanks to remarkable advances in modern health care attributable to science, engineering, and medicine, it is now possible to cure or manage illnesses that were long deemed untreatable. At the same time, however, the United States is facing the vexing challenge of a seemingly uncontrolled rise in the cost of health care. Total medical expenditures are rapidly approaching 20 percent of the gross domestic product and are crowding out other priorities of national importance. The use of increasingly expensive prescription drugs is a significant part of this problem, making the cost of biopharmaceuticals a serious national concern with broad political implications. Especially with the highly visible and very large price increases for prescription drugs that have occurred in recent years, finding a way to make prescription medicinesâ€"and health care at largeâ€"more affordable for everyone has become a socioeconomic imperative. Affordability is a complex function of factors, including not just the prices of the drugs themselves, but also the details of an individual's insurance coverage and the number of medical conditions that an individual or family confronts. Therefore, any solution to the affordability issue will require considering all of these factors together. The current high and increasing costs of prescription drugsâ€"coupled with the broader trends in overall health care costsâ€"is unsustainable to society as a whole. Making Medicines Affordable examines patient access to affordable and effective therapies, with emphasis on drug pricing, inflation in the cost of drugs, and insurance design. This report explores structural and policy factors influencing drug pricing, drug access programs, the emerging role of comparative effectiveness assessments in payment policies, changing finances of medical practice with regard to drug costs and reimbursement, and measures to prevent drug shortages and foster continued innovation in drug development. It makes recommendations for policy actions that could address drug price trends, improve patient access to affordable and effective treatments, and encourage innovations that address significant needs in health care.
Download or read book Parallel Trade in Europe written by Christopher Stothers and published by Bloomsbury Publishing. This book was released on 2007-04-02 with total page 526 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Shortlisted for the 2008 Young Authors Inner Temple Book Prize Are parallel importers the key to free trade, breaking down long-established national barriers for the benefit of all? Or do they instead just operate in a dubious 'grey market' for their own profit, free-loading on the investment of innovators and brand owners to the ultimate detriment of everyone? Parallel trade is in turn lionised and demonised, both in legal commentary and in the mainstream press. As one might expect, the truth lies somewhere between these extremes. Once goods have been manufactured they are put onto the market in one country by the manufacturer. Parallel trade occurs when the goods are subsequently transferred to a second country by another party (the parallel trader, who may be the end consumer). The distinguishing feature of parallel trade is that the manufacturer did not intend those particular goods to end up in the second country. The goods are normally described in that country as 'parallel imports' or 'grey market goods'. The latter term is generally used to suggest that the trade, while not exactly 'black market', is not entirely lawful either. Understanding how European Community law operates to permit or restrict parallel trade involves exploring a complex matrix of rules from the fields of free movement, intellectual property, competition and regulatory law, including both private and public enforcement regimes. Where goods are parallel imported from outside the Community these rules change and new considerations come into play, such as obligations arising from the European Economic Area, the World Trade Organization and bilateral free trade agreements. The experience of Europe, which has grappled with the issues on a regional basis for more than four decades, provides a fertile source for examination of parallel trade in other jurisdictions. Christopher Stothers' comprehensive treatment successfully analyses this difficult topic, considering both Community and national decisions.
Download or read book Impediments to Parallel Trade in Pharmaceuticals Within the European Community written by Commission of the European Communities. Directorate General for Competition and published by . This book was released on 1992 with total page 112 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Research Handbook on Intellectual Property Exhaustion and Parallel Imports written by Irene Calboli and published by Edward Elgar Publishing. This book was released on 2016-06-24 with total page 582 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: From the Americas to the European Union, Asia-Pacific and Africa, countries around the world are facing increased pressure to clarify the application of intellectual property exhaustion. This wide-ranging Research Handbook explores the questions that pose themselves as a result. Should exhaustion apply at the national, regional, or international level? Should parallel imports be considered lawful imports? Should copyright, patent, and trademark laws follow the same regime? Should countries attempt to harmonize their approaches? To what extent should living matters and self-replicating technologies be subject to the principle of exhaustion? To what extent have the rise of digital goods and the “Internet of things” redefined the concept of exhaustion in cyberspace? The Handbook offers insights to the challenges surrounding these questions and highlights how one answer does not fit all.
Download or read book Frontiers in Health Policy Research written by David M. Cutler and published by MIT Press. This book was released on 2004 with total page 196 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Leading economists discuss current health policy challenges, including prescription drugs benefits as a component of Medicare and conversion to for-profit health plans.
Download or read book Pharmaceutical Parallel Trade in the UK written by Panos Kanavos and published by Basic Civitas Books. This book was released on 2005-01-01 with total page 86 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Regulation of Pharmaceutical Prices written by Ulrich Kaiser and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book The Economics of Competition written by George G Djolov and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2014-07-16 with total page 354 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A comprehensive examination of the ways competition and innovations level the playing field in the free market The Economics of Competition uses the South African pharmaceutical industry as a case study to cogently challenge accepted economic and regulatory views on competition and monopoly, then re-establishes and emphasizes the importance of foundational economic principles. The book comprehensively explores the concept that monopoly is self-limiting within unrestricted competition, as well as the various market features of competition, innovation, and market power. This detailed examination broadens understanding of the economics of competition for both scholars and practitioners. Competition is seen as a continuous process in a free market. The Economics of Competition thoughtfully explores the competitive process in its two mechanisms, the transfer of market share from one rival to another, and innovation of a new product, new method of production, new market opening, or new source of supply of raw materials. The dynamic nature of the marketplace is thoroughly examined from the author's inside view of the South African pharmaceutical industry. This provides a rare opportunity to closely examine an industry considered to be a monopoly while actively applying economic theories of competition and freedom of choice. The effects of public policy, legislation, and pricing regulations are discussed in detail. The book has several tables and figures to enhance clarity and is extensively referenced. The Economics of Competition discusses: * monopoly and rivalry in the free market * theories of perfect competition * innovation as a controlling variable * pricing and price differentiation * barriers to competition—including historical and contemporary legislative barriers * horizontal mergers and acquisitions as a key aspect of market power * and more! The Economics of Competition is insightful, thought-provoking reading for policymakers as well as anyone practising antitrust law, microeconomics, industrial economics, managerial economics, marketing strategy, theoretical public health, and students and educators of marketing and economics.
Download or read book Vertical Price Control and Parallel Imports written by Keith E. Maskus and published by . This book was released on 2004 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The paper analyzes parallel imports, or goods traded without the authorization of a trademark owner. Parallel imports have multiple causes, including vertical price control, which the authors model. A manufacturer selling its product through an independent agent sets the wholesale price sufficiently low to induce a desired retail price abroad. This permits the agent to sell the product profitably in the originating market. Combined social surplus decreases and then increases in the cost of parallel trade. Restricting parallel imports benefits the manufacturer, but could raise or reduce global surplus. The econometric analysis indicates that the vertical-control explanation of parallel imports is important.
