Download or read book Reduction of Hydrocarbons in the Cold Start in an Alcohol Burning Internal Combustion Engine written by Ryan Kyle Gehmlich and published by . This book was released on 2010 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Alcohol fuels offer a potential alternative to gasoline in modern spark ignition engines. Benefits include reduction in greenhouse gas emissions, lesser dependence on foreign oil assets, and increased thermal efficiency. However, due to their large latent heats of vaporization and low vapor pressures, it can be difficult to produce a flammable vapor composition during the cold start transient. Various methods have been introduced to compensate for this deficiency when running engines on pure or highly concentrated alcohol fuels. One proposed method is the addition of a hydrogen-rich gas to the intake during the cold start transient to open the flammability limits of the mixture to a wider and more stable range. While several studies have investigated cold start performance and reliability using alcohol fuels, few have measured and reported on the actual engine-out cold start hydrocarbon emissions of systems using alcohol fuels enhanced by hydrogen. A 2-cylinder, 0.745 L 4-stroke engine was modified to run with hydrogen fumigation into a custom mixing chamber and intake manifold. The study compares cold start hydrocarbon emissions performance using ethanol and methanol fuels with and without hydrogen enrichment during the cold start transient. The hydrogen flow rate used for fumigation was 15 SLPM. Using moderately lean cold start calibrations, an average of 36% reductions in hydrocarbon emissions was measured for ethanol and 16% reduction for methanol. Furthermore, nitrogen oxide emissions were reduced by 34% for ethanol and 32% for methanol. Carbon monoxide emissions, however, increased by 100% and 21%, respectively. Further leaning of the cold start calibration was found to be possible, which would further reduce both hydrocarbon emissions and carbon monoxide emissions for the alcohol fuels.

Download or read book Control Strategy for Hydrocarbon Emissions in Turbocharged Direct Injection Spark Ignition Engines During Cold start written by Kevin David Cedrone and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page 191 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Gasoline consumption and pollutant emissions from transportation are costly and have serious, demonstrated environmental and health impacts. Downsized, turbocharged direct-injection spark ignition (DISI) gasoline engines consume less fuel and achieve superior performance compared with conventional port fuel injected spark ignition (PFI-SI) engines. Although more efficient, turbocharged DISI engines have new emissions challenges during cold start. DISI fuel injection delivers more liquid fuel into the combustion chamber, increasing the emissions of unburned hydrocarbons. The turbocharger slows down activation (warm-up) of the catalytic exhaust after-treatment system. The objective of this research is to find a control strategy that: 1. Accelerates warm-up of the catalyst, and 2. Maintains low emissions of unburned hydrocarbons (UBHCs) during the catalyst warm-up process. This research includes a broad experimental survey of engine behaviour and emission response for a modern turbocharged DISI engine. The study focuses on the idle period during cold-start for which DISI engine emissions are worst. Engine experiments and simulations show that late and slow combustion lead to high exhaust gas temperatures and mass flow rate for fast warm-up. However, late and slow combustion increase the risk of partial-burn misfire. At the misfire limit for each parameter, the following conclusions are drawn: 1. Late ignition timing is the most effective way to increase exhaust enthalpy flow rate for fast catalyst warm-up. 2. By creating a favourable spatial fuel-air mixture stratification, split fuel injection can simultaneously retard and stabilize combustion to improve emissions and prevent partial-burn misfire. 3. Excessive trapped residuals from long valve overlap limit the potential for valve timing to reduce cold-start emissions. 4. Despite their more challenging evaporation characteristics, fuel blends with high ethanol content showed reasonable emissions behaviour and greater tolerance to late combustion than neat gasoline. 5. Higher exhaust back-pressure leads to high exhaust temperature during the exhaust stroke, leading to significantly more post-flame oxidation. 6. Post-flame oxidation in the combustion chamber and exhaust system play a critical role in decreasing the quantity of catalyst-in emissions due to hydrocarbons that escape primary (flame) combustion. A cold start strategy combining late ignition, 15% excess air, and high exhaust backpressure yielded the lowest cumulative hydrocarbon emissions during cold start.

Download or read book Partial Oxidation for Improved Cold Starts in Alcohol fueled Engines written by and published by . This book was released on 1998 with total page 34 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Alcohol fuels exhibit poor cold-start performance because of their low volatility. Neat alcohol engines become difficult, if not impossible, to start at temperatures close to or below freezing. Improvements in the cold-start performance (both time to start and emissions) are essential to capture the full benefits of alcohols as an alternative transportation fuel. The objective of this project was to develop a neat alcohol partial oxidation (POX) reforming technology to improve an alcohol engine's ability to start at low temperatures (as low as -30 C) and to reduce its cold-start emissions. The project emphasis was on fuel-grade ethanol (E95) but the technology can be easily extended to other alcohol fuels. Ultimately a compact, on-vehicle, ethanol POX reactor was developed as a fuel system component to produce a hydrogen-rich, fuel-gas mixture for cold starts. The POX reactor is an easily controllable combustion device that allows flexibility during engine startup even in the most extreme conditions. It is a small device that is mounted directly onto the engine intake manifold. The gaseous fuel products (or reformate) from the POX reactor exit the chamber and enter the intake manifold, either replacing or supplementing the standard ethanol fuel consumed during an engine start. The combustion of the reformate during startup can reduce engine start time and tail-pipe emissions.

Download or read book Reducing Cold Start Hydrocarbon Emissions from Port Fuel Injected Spark Ignition Engines with Improved Management of Hardware Controls written by Kevin R. Lang and published by . This book was released on 2006 with total page 172 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: (Cont.) By timing split injection such that the second injection event hits the overlap back flow, a small mixture preparation and emissions benefit was achieved. Earlier IVO results in a longer back flow period, however the impact on mixture preparation is small. The observed reduction in HC emissions resulted from a higher residual gas fraction due to early IVO, which yielded later combustion phasing, which in turn yielded increased post-flame oxidation. Under steady-state cold coolant conditions, operation of a 4-cylinder engine with three cylinders running rich and the fourth used to pump air into the exhaust manifold resulted in near total oxidation of CO and HC at sufficiently retarded spark timing. Exhaust gas temperatures and enthalpy flow rates were significantly higher than for the conventional engine configuration at fast idle. Using this strategy to perform real cold starts proved challenging without the additional hardware needed for sufficient control over air flow to the engine.

Download or read book Alcohol as an Alternative Fuel for Internal Combustion Engines written by Pravesh Chandra Shukla and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2021-05-15 with total page 273 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: div="" This book covers different aspects related to utilization of alcohol fuels in internal combustion (IC) engines with a focus on combustion, performance and emission investigations. The focal point of this book is to present engine combustion, performance and emission characteristics of IC engines fueled by alcohol blended fuels such as methanol, ethanol and butanol. The contents also highlight the importance of alcohol fuel for reducing emission levels. Possibility of alcohol fuels for marine applications has also been discussed. This book is a useful guide for researchers, academics and scientists. ^

Download or read book Alcohol a Fuel for Internal Combustion Engines written by S. J. W. Pleeth and published by . This book was released on 1949 with total page 288 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Technology Assessment of Changes in the Future Use and Characteristics of the Automobile Transportation System Technical report written by United States. Congress. Office of Technology Assessment and published by . This book was released on 1979 with total page 390 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Technology Assessment of Changes in the Future Use and Characteristics of the Automobile Transportation System written by United States. Congress. Office of Technology Assessment and published by . This book was released on 1979 with total page 536 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Farm and Forest Produced Alcohol written by and published by . This book was released on 1980 with total page 88 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Cold Start Fuel Management of Port fuel injected Internal Combustion Engines written by James Michael Cuseo and published by . This book was released on 2005 with total page 64 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The purpose of this study is to investigate how changes in fueling strategy in the second cycle of engine operation influence the delivered charge fuel mass and engine out hydrocarbon (EOHC) emissions in that and subsequent cycles. Close attention will be paid to cycle-to-cycle interaction of the fueling strategy. It is our intent to see if residual fuel from each cycle has a predicable influence on subsequent cycle's charge mass and EOHC emissions. The fast flame ionization detector is employed to measure both in-cylinder and engine out hydrocarbon concentrations for various cold start strategies. The manufacturer's original fueling strategy is used as a starting point and is compared to a "in-cylinder fuel air ratio (Phi) [approx.] 1" case (a fueling strategy that results in an in-cylinder concentration of approximately stoichiometric for each of the first five cycles) and to a number of cases that are chosen to illustrate cycle-to-cycle mixture preparation dependence on second cycle fueling. Significant cycle-to-cycle dependence is observed with the change in second cycle. A fueling deficit in cycle two has a more pronounce effect on future cycles delivered charge mass than a fueling surplus while a fueling surplus in cycle two has a more pronounce effect on future cycles charge mass than a fueling deficit.

Download or read book Nitric Oxide Reduction in the Combustion of Hydrocarbon Mixtures in an Internal Combustion Engine written by Robert Alan Jorgensen and published by . This book was released on 1981 with total page 216 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Finite Physical Dimensions Optimal Thermodynamics 1 written by Michel Feidt and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2017-08-28 with total page 274 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Energy and the environment are inextricably linked to the economy. Thermodynamics therefore seems to be a privileged tool in overcoming the constraints associated with optimization.This first volume reports on an original, contemporary approach leading to optimal solutions in the form of trend models, proving the existence of solutions which can then be refined in a more complete and sophisticated manner.The validation of the proposed methodology is realized through real-life examples (engines, heat pumps, refrigeration systems, etc.). However, the more fundamental aspects linked to the dynamics of the transfer and conversion of energy and matter are also explored, as well as the evolution which characterizes the second law of thermodynamics.This book presents recent advances, often still undergoing research, as well as structured exercises, and is therefore aimed at both students and researchers in the field of energetics. It proposes a view of the evolution of knowledge regarding the thermodynamics modeling of systems and processes It shows results and also the existence of optimum all and along the development It focuses on multidisciplinary approach that characterizes thermodynamics

Download or read book Mid American Biomass Energy Workshop May 21 23 1979 written by and published by . This book was released on 1979 with total page 182 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Ethanol written by Angelo Basile and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2018-08-28 with total page 574 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Ethanol: Science and Engineering reviews the most significant research findings in both ethanol production and utilization. The book's contents are divided into four parts, beginning with an explanation of the chemical reactions involved during the conversion of ethanol to more complex molecules. Other sections focus on various processes and their potential use, the modelling of various chemical processes, and finally, their economic and environmental impact. The book includes the most advanced production processes, new technologies, applications, and the economic role ethanol plays today. The book will be great for researchers and engineers in both academic and industry. The idea of using ethanol as a fuel is one of the most promising options in the arena of alternative fuels because of it versatile use as an intermediate for producing hydrogen via reforming reactions, direct fuel cells feed and/or its production from biomass, which is also considered a sustainable feedstock. Reviews ethanol production methods from biomass Discusses the potential of ethanol as a viable future fuel Includes hydrogen production methods using ethanol in catalytic reforming processes Outlines the various technologies based on ethanol Includes ethanol powered fuel cells

Download or read book Potential Alternative Transportation Fuels Other Than Methanol written by United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on Energy and Natural Resources and published by . This book was released on 1990 with total page 312 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Fabrication and Testing of an Enhanced Ignition System to Reduce Cold start Emissions in an Ethanol E85 Light duty Truck Engine written by D. P. Gardiner and published by . This book was released on 1997 with total page 96 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Investigation and Demonstration of a Rich Combustor Cold start Device for Alcohol fueled Engines written by and published by . This book was released on 1998 with total page 89 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The authors have completed a study in which they investigated the use of a rich combustor to aid in cold starting spark-ignition engines fueled with either neat ethanol or neat methanol. The rich combustor burns the alcohol fuel outside the engine under fuel-rich conditions to produce a combustible product stream that is fed to the engine for cold starting. The rich combustor approach significantly extends the cold starting capability of alcohol-fueled engines. A design tool was developed that simulates the operation of the combustor and couples it to an engine/vehicle model. This tool allows the user to determine the fuel requirements of the rich combustor as the vehicle executes a given driving mission. The design tool was used to design and fabricate a rich combustor for use on a 2.8 L automotive engine. The system was tested using a unique cold room that allows the engine to be coupled to an electric dynamometer. The engine was fitted with an aftermarket engine control system that permitted the fuel flow to the rich combustor to be programmed as a function of engine speed and intake manifold pressure. Testing indicated that reliable cold starts were achieved on both neat methanol and neat ethanol at temperatures as low as -20 C. Although starts were experienced at temperatures as low as -30 C, these were erratic. They believe that an important factor at the very low temperatures is the balance between the high mechanical friction of the engine and the low energy density of the combustible mixture fed to the engine from the rich combustor.