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Book Real Time Embedded Components and Systems with Linux and RTOS

Download or read book Real Time Embedded Components and Systems with Linux and RTOS written by Sam Siewert and published by Mercury Learning and Information. This book was released on 2015-12-29 with total page 500 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book is intended to provide a senior undergraduate or graduate student in electrical engineering or computer science with a balance of fundamental theory, review of industry practice, and hands-on experience to prepare for a career in the real-time embedded system industries. It is also intended to provide the practicing engineer with the necessary background to apply real-time theory to the design of embedded components and systems. Typical industries include aerospace, medical diagnostic and therapeutic systems, telecommunications, automotive, robotics, industrial process control, media systems, computer gaming, and electronic entertainment, as well as multimedia applications for general-purpose computing. This updated edition adds three new chapters focused on key technology advancements in embedded systems and with wider coverage of real-time architectures. The overall focus remains the RTOS (Real-Time Operating System), but use of Linux for soft real-time, hybrid FPGA (Field Programmable Gate Array) architectures and advancements in multi-core system-on-chip (SoC), as well as software strategies for asymmetric and symmetric multiprocessing (AMP and SMP) relevant to real-time embedded systems, have been added. Companion files are provided with numerous project videos, resources, applications, and figures from the book. Instructors’ resources are available upon adoption. FEATURES: • Provides a comprehensive, up to date, and accessible presentation of embedded systems without sacrificing theoretical foundations • Features the RTOS (Real-Time Operating System), but use of Linux for soft real-time, hybrid FPGA architectures and advancements in multi-core system-on-chip is included • Discusses an overview of RTOS advancements, including AMP and SMP configurations, with a discussion of future directions for RTOS use in multi-core architectures, such as SoC • Detailed applications coverage including robotics, computer vision, and continuous media • Includes a companion disc (4GB) with numerous videos, resources, projects, examples, and figures from the book • Provides several instructors’ resources, including lecture notes, Microsoft PP slides, etc.

Book Real time Embedded Components and Systems

Download or read book Real time Embedded Components and Systems written by Sam Siewert and published by Charles River Media. This book was released on 2007 with total page 392 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Due to the rapidly expanding market for digital media services and systems, there is a growing interest in real-time systems. Real-Time Embedded Systems and Components is a much-needed resource addressing this field for practicing engineers and students, particularly engineers moving from best-effort applications to hard or soft real-time applications. The book is written to teach practicing engineers how to apply real-time theory to the design of embedded components and systems in order to successfully build a real-time embedded system. It is also intended to provide a balance of fundamental theory, review of industry practice, and hands-on experience for undergraduate seniors or first-year grad students preparing for a career in the real-time embedded system industries. Throughout the book, you'll explore hard real-time theory and soft real-time concepts, real-time scheduling, debugging components, high availability and high reliability design, system lifecycles, and the processes for hardware, firmware, and software development for systems built from components. And you'll find a balance of theory, practice, and applications to help you learn the fundamental concepts needed to build your own real-time embedded system.

Book Real Time Embedded Systems

Download or read book Real Time Embedded Systems written by Xiaocong Fan and published by Newnes. This book was released on 2015-02-25 with total page 687 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book integrates new ideas and topics from real time systems, embedded systems, and software engineering to give a complete picture of the whole process of developing software for real-time embedded applications. You will not only gain a thorough understanding of concepts related to microprocessors, interrupts, and system boot process, appreciating the importance of real-time modeling and scheduling, but you will also learn software engineering practices such as model documentation, model analysis, design patterns, and standard conformance. This book is split into four parts to help you learn the key concept of embedded systems; Part one introduces the development process, and includes two chapters on microprocessors and interrupts---fundamental topics for software engineers; Part two is dedicated to modeling techniques for real-time systems; Part three looks at the design of software architectures and Part four covers software implementations, with a focus on POSIX-compliant operating systems. With this book you will learn: The pros and cons of different architectures for embedded systems POSIX real-time extensions, and how to develop POSIX-compliant real time applications How to use real-time UML to document system designs with timing constraints The challenges and concepts related to cross-development Multitasking design and inter-task communication techniques (shared memory objects, message queues, pipes, signals) How to use kernel objects (e.g. Semaphores, Mutex, Condition variables) to address resource sharing issues in RTOS applications The philosophy underpinning the notion of "resource manager" and how to implement a virtual file system using a resource manager The key principles of real-time scheduling and several key algorithms Coverage of the latest UML standard (UML 2.4) Over 20 design patterns which represent the best practices for reuse in a wide range of real-time embedded systems Example codes which have been tested in QNX---a real-time operating system widely adopted in industry

Book Linux for Embedded and Real time Applications

Download or read book Linux for Embedded and Real time Applications written by Doug Abbott and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2011-04-01 with total page 352 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The open source nature of Linux has always intrigued embedded engineers, and the latest kernel releases have provided new features enabling more robust functionality for embedded applications. Enhanced real-time performance, easier porting to new architectures, support for microcontrollers and an improved I/O system give embedded engineers even more reasons to love Linux! However, the rapid evolution of the Linux world can result in an eternal search for new information sources that will help embedded programmers to keep up! This completely updated second edition of noted author Doug Abbott’s respected introduction to embedded Linux brings readers up-to-speed on all the latest developments. This practical, hands-on guide covers the many issues of special concern to Linux users in the embedded space, taking into account their specific needs and constraints. You’ll find updated information on: • The GNU toolchain • Configuring and building the kernel • BlueCat Linux • Debugging on the target • Kernel Modules • Devices Drivers • Embedded Networking • Real-time programming tips and techniques • The RTAI environment • And much more The accompanying CD-ROM contains all the source code from the book’s examples, helpful software and other resources to help you get up to speed quickly. This is still the reference you’ll reach for again and again! * 100+ pages of new material adds depth and breadth to the 2003 embedded bestseller. * Covers new Linux kernel 2.6 and the recent major OS release, Fedora. * Gives the engineer a guide to working with popular and cost-efficient open-source code.

Book Mastering Embedded Linux Programming

Download or read book Mastering Embedded Linux Programming written by Frank Vasquez and published by Packt Publishing Ltd. This book was released on 2021-05-14 with total page 758 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Harness the power of Linux to create versatile and robust embedded solutions Key Features Learn how to develop and configure robust embedded Linux devices Explore the new features of Linux 5.4 and the Yocto Project 3.1 (Dunfell) Discover different ways to debug and profile your code in both user space and the Linux kernel Book DescriptionIf you’re looking for a book that will demystify embedded Linux, then you’ve come to the right place. Mastering Embedded Linux Programming is a fully comprehensive guide that can serve both as means to learn new things or as a handy reference. The first few chapters of this book will break down the fundamental elements that underpin all embedded Linux projects: the toolchain, the bootloader, the kernel, and the root filesystem. After that, you will learn how to create each of these elements from scratch and automate the process using Buildroot and the Yocto Project. As you progress, the book will show you how to implement an effective storage strategy for flash memory chips and install updates to a device remotely once it’s deployed. You’ll also learn about the key aspects of writing code for embedded Linux, such as how to access hardware from apps, the implications of writing multi-threaded code, and techniques to manage memory in an efficient way. The final chapters demonstrate how to debug your code, whether it resides in apps or in the Linux kernel itself. You’ll also cover the different tracers and profilers that are available for Linux so that you can quickly pinpoint any performance bottlenecks in your system. By the end of this Linux book, you’ll be able to create efficient and secure embedded devices using Linux.What you will learn Use Buildroot and the Yocto Project to create embedded Linux systems Troubleshoot BitBake build failures and streamline your Yocto development workflow Update IoT devices securely in the field using Mender or balena Prototype peripheral additions by reading schematics, modifying device trees, soldering breakout boards, and probing pins with a logic analyzer Interact with hardware without having to write kernel device drivers Divide your system up into services supervised by BusyBox runit Debug devices remotely using GDB and measure the performance of systems using tools such as perf, ftrace, eBPF, and Callgrind Who this book is for If you’re a systems software engineer or system administrator who wants to learn how to implement Linux on embedded devices, then this book is for you. It's also aimed at embedded systems engineers accustomed to programming for low-power microcontrollers, who can use this book to help make the leap to high-speed systems on chips that can run Linux. Anyone who develops hardware that needs to run Linux will find something useful in this book – but before you get started, you'll need a solid grasp on POSIX standard, C programming, and shell scripting.

Book MicroC OS II

    Book Details:
  • Author : Jean Labrosse
  • Publisher : CRC Press
  • Release : 2002-02-05
  • ISBN : 1482295601
  • Pages : 605 pages

Download or read book MicroC OS II written by Jean Labrosse and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2002-02-05 with total page 605 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: MicroC/OS II Second Edition describes the design and implementation of the MicroC/OS-II real-time operating system (RTOS). In addition to its value as a reference to the kernel, it is an extremely detailed and highly readable design study particularly useful to the embedded systems student. While documenting the design and implementation of the ker

Book Hands On RTOS with Microcontrollers

Download or read book Hands On RTOS with Microcontrollers written by Brian Amos and published by Packt Publishing Ltd. This book was released on 2020-05-15 with total page 479 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Build a strong foundation in designing and implementing real-time systems with the help of practical examples Key Features Get up and running with the fundamentals of RTOS and apply them on STM32 Enhance your programming skills to design and build real-world embedded systems Get to grips with advanced techniques for implementing embedded systems Book DescriptionA real-time operating system (RTOS) is used to develop systems that respond to events within strict timelines. Real-time embedded systems have applications in various industries, from automotive and aerospace through to laboratory test equipment and consumer electronics. These systems provide consistent and reliable timing and are designed to run without intervention for years. This microcontrollers book starts by introducing you to the concept of RTOS and compares some other alternative methods for achieving real-time performance. Once you've understood the fundamentals, such as tasks, queues, mutexes, and semaphores, you'll learn what to look for when selecting a microcontroller and development environment. By working through examples that use an STM32F7 Nucleo board, the STM32CubeIDE, and SEGGER debug tools, including SEGGER J-Link, Ozone, and SystemView, you'll gain an understanding of preemptive scheduling policies and task communication. The book will then help you develop highly efficient low-level drivers and analyze their real-time performance and CPU utilization. Finally, you'll cover tips for troubleshooting and be able to take your new-found skills to the next level. By the end of this book, you'll have built on your embedded system skills and will be able to create real-time systems using microcontrollers and FreeRTOS.What you will learn Understand when to use an RTOS for a project Explore RTOS concepts such as tasks, mutexes, semaphores, and queues Discover different microcontroller units (MCUs) and choose the best one for your project Evaluate and select the best IDE and middleware stack for your project Use professional-grade tools for analyzing and debugging your application Get FreeRTOS-based applications up and running on an STM32 board Who this book is for This book is for embedded engineers, students, or anyone interested in learning the complete RTOS feature set with embedded devices. A basic understanding of the C programming language and embedded systems or microcontrollers will be helpful.

Book Embedded Linux System Design and Development

Download or read book Embedded Linux System Design and Development written by P. Raghavan and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2005-12-21 with total page 420 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Based upon the authors' experience in designing and deploying an embedded Linux system with a variety of applications, Embedded Linux System Design and Development contains a full embedded Linux system development roadmap for systems architects and software programmers. Explaining the issues that arise out of the use of Linux in embedded systems, the book facilitates movement to embedded Linux from traditional real-time operating systems, and describes the system design model containing embedded Linux. This book delivers practical solutions for writing, debugging, and profiling applications and drivers in embedded Linux, and for understanding Linux BSP architecture. It enables you to understand: various drivers such as serial, I2C and USB gadgets; uClinux architecture and its programming model; and the embedded Linux graphics subsystem. The text also promotes learning of methods to reduce system boot time, optimize memory and storage, and find memory leaks and corruption in applications. This volume benefits IT managers in planning to choose an embedded Linux distribution and in creating a roadmap for OS transition. It also describes the application of the Linux licensing model in commercial products.

Book Linux  Embedded Development

Download or read book Linux Embedded Development written by Alexandru Vaduva and published by Packt Publishing Ltd. This book was released on 2016-09-27 with total page 989 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Leverage the power of Linux to develop captivating and powerful embedded Linux projects About This Book Explore the best practices for all embedded product development stages Learn about the compelling features offered by the Yocto Project, such as customization, virtualization, and many more Minimize project costs by using open source tools and programs Who This Book Is For If you are a developer who wants to build embedded systems using Linux, this book is for you. It is the ideal guide for you if you want to become proficient and broaden your knowledge. A basic understanding of C programming and experience with systems programming is needed. Experienced embedded Yocto developers will find new insight into working methodologies and ARM specific development competence. What You Will Learn Use the Yocto Project in the embedded Linux development process Get familiar with and customize the bootloader for a board Discover more about real-time layer, security, virtualization, CGL, and LSB See development workflows for the U-Boot and the Linux kernel, including debugging and optimization Understand the open source licensing requirements and how to comply with them when cohabiting with proprietary programs Optimize your production systems by reducing the size of both the Linux kernel and root filesystems Understand device trees and make changes to accommodate new hardware on your device Design and write multi-threaded applications using POSIX threads Measure real-time latencies and tune the Linux kernel to minimize them In Detail Embedded Linux is a complete Linux distribution employed to operate embedded devices such as smartphones, tablets, PDAs, set-top boxes, and many more. An example of an embedded Linux distribution is Android, developed by Google. This learning path starts with the module Learning Embedded Linux Using the Yocto Project. It introduces embedded Linux software and hardware architecture and presents information about the bootloader. You will go through Linux kernel features and source code and get an overview of the Yocto Project components available. The next module Embedded Linux Projects Using Yocto Project Cookbook takes you through the installation of a professional embedded Yocto setup, then advises you on best practices. Finally, it explains how to quickly get hands-on with the Freescale ARM ecosystem and community layer using the affordable and open source Wandboard embedded board. Moving ahead, the final module Mastering Embedded Linux Programming takes you through the product cycle and gives you an in-depth description of the components and options that are available at each stage. You will see how functions are split between processes and the usage of POSIX threads. By the end of this learning path, your capabilities will be enhanced to create robust and versatile embedded projects. This Learning Path combines some of the best that Packt has to offer in one complete, curated package. It includes content from the following Packt products: Learning Embedded Linux Using the Yocto Project by Alexandru Vaduva Embedded Linux Projects Using Yocto Project Cookbook by Alex Gonzalez Mastering Embedded Linux Programming by Chris Simmonds Style and approach This comprehensive, step-by-step, pragmatic guide enables you to build custom versions of Linux for new embedded systems with examples that are immediately applicable to your embedded developments. Practical examples provide an easy-to-follow way to learn Yocto project development using the best practices and working methodologies. Coupled with hints and best practices, this will help you understand embedded Linux better.

Book Embedded Linux Primer

    Book Details:
  • Author : Christopher Hallinan
  • Publisher : Pearson Education
  • Release : 2010-10-26
  • ISBN : 9780137061105
  • Pages : 576 pages

Download or read book Embedded Linux Primer written by Christopher Hallinan and published by Pearson Education. This book was released on 2010-10-26 with total page 576 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Up-to-the-Minute, Complete Guidance for Developing Embedded Solutions with Linux Linux has emerged as today’s #1 operating system for embedded products. Christopher Hallinan’s Embedded Linux Primer has proven itself as the definitive real-world guide to building efficient, high-value, embedded systems with Linux. Now, Hallinan has thoroughly updated this highly praised book for the newest Linux kernels, capabilities, tools, and hardware support, including advanced multicore processors. Drawing on more than a decade of embedded Linux experience, Hallinan helps you rapidly climb the learning curve, whether you’re moving from legacy environments or you’re new to embedded programming. Hallinan addresses today’s most important development challenges and demonstrates how to solve the problems you’re most likely to encounter. You’ll learn how to build a modern, efficient embedded Linux development environment, and then utilize it as productively as possible. Hallinan offers up-to-date guidance on everything from kernel configuration and initialization to bootloaders, device drivers to file systems, and BusyBox utilities to real-time configuration and system analysis. This edition adds entirely new chapters on UDEV, USB, and open source build systems. Tour the typical embedded system and development environment and understand its concepts and components. Understand the Linux kernel and userspace initialization processes. Preview bootloaders, with specific emphasis on U-Boot. Configure the Memory Technology Devices (MTD) subsystem to interface with flash (and other) memory devices. Make the most of BusyBox and latest open source development tools. Learn from expanded and updated coverage of kernel debugging. Build and analyze real-time systems with Linux. Learn to configure device files and driver loading with UDEV. Walk through detailed coverage of the USB subsystem. Introduces the latest open source embedded Linux build systems. Reference appendices include U-Boot and BusyBox commands.

Book Real Time Systems Design and Analysis

Download or read book Real Time Systems Design and Analysis written by Phillip A. Laplante and published by Wiley-IEEE Press. This book was released on 1997 with total page 392 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "IEEE Press is pleased to bring you this Second Edition of Phillip A. Laplante's best-selling and widely-acclaimed practical guide to building real-time systems. This book is essential for improved system designs, faster computation, better insights, and ultimate cost savings. Unlike any other book in the field, REAL-TIME SYSTEMS DESIGN AND ANALYSIS provides a holistic, systems-based approach that is devised to help engineers write problem-solving software. Laplante's no-nonsense guide to real-time system design features practical coverage of: Related technologies and their histories Time-saving tips * Hands-on instructions Pascal code Insights into decreasing ramp-up times and more!"

Book Linux for Embedded and Real time Applications

Download or read book Linux for Embedded and Real time Applications written by Doug Abbott and published by Newnes. This book was released on 2017-11-17 with total page 304 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Linux for Embedded and Real-Time Applications, Fourth Edition, provides a practical introduction to the basics, covering the latest developments in this rapidly evolving technology. Ideal for those new to the use of Linux in an embedded environment, the book takes a hands-on approach that covers key concepts of building applications in a cross-development environment. Hands-on exercises focus on the popular open source BeagleBone Black board. New content includes graphical programming with QT as well as expanded and updated material on projects such as Eclipse, BusyBox – configuring and building, the U-Boot bootloader – what it is, how it works, configuring and building, and new coverage of the Root file system and the latest updates on the Linux kernel.. Provides a hands-on introduction for engineers and software developers who need to get up to speed quickly on embedded Linux, its operation and capabilities Covers the popular open source target boards, the BeagleBone and BeagleBone Black Includes new and updated material that focuses on BusyBox, U-Boot bootloader and graphical programming with QT

Book Embedded Software for the IoT

Download or read book Embedded Software for the IoT written by Klaus Elk and published by Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. This book was released on 2018-12-03 with total page 398 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: With a mixture of theory, examples, and well-integrated figures, Embedded Software for the IoT helps the reader understand the details in the technologies behind the devices used in the Internet of Things. It provides an overview of IoT, parameters of designing an embedded system, and good practice concerning code, version control and defect-tracking needed to build and maintain a connected embedded system. After presenting a discussion on the history of the internet and the word wide web the book introduces modern CPUs and operating systems. The author then delves into an in-depth view of core IoT domains including: Wired and wireless networking Digital filters Security in embedded and networked systems Statistical Process Control for Industry 4.0 This book will benefit software developers moving into the embedded realm as well as developers already working with embedded systems.

Book Embedded Software Development with ECos

Download or read book Embedded Software Development with ECos written by Anthony J. Massa and published by Prentice Hall Professional. This book was released on 2002 with total page 420 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: How to build low-cost, royalty-free embedded solutions with eCos, covers eCos architecture, installation, configuration, coding, debugging, bootstrapping, porting, and more, includes open source tools on CD-ROM for a complete embedded software development environment with eCos as the core.

Book Introduction to Embedded Systems  Second Edition

Download or read book Introduction to Embedded Systems Second Edition written by Edward Ashford Lee and published by MIT Press. This book was released on 2017-01-06 with total page 562 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: An introduction to the engineering principles of embedded systems, with a focus on modeling, design, and analysis of cyber-physical systems. The most visible use of computers and software is processing information for human consumption. The vast majority of computers in use, however, are much less visible. They run the engine, brakes, seatbelts, airbag, and audio system in your car. They digitally encode your voice and construct a radio signal to send it from your cell phone to a base station. They command robots on a factory floor, power generation in a power plant, processes in a chemical plant, and traffic lights in a city. These less visible computers are called embedded systems, and the software they run is called embedded software. The principal challenges in designing and analyzing embedded systems stem from their interaction with physical processes. This book takes a cyber-physical approach to embedded systems, introducing the engineering concepts underlying embedded systems as a technology and as a subject of study. The focus is on modeling, design, and analysis of cyber-physical systems, which integrate computation, networking, and physical processes. The second edition offers two new chapters, several new exercises, and other improvements. The book can be used as a textbook at the advanced undergraduate or introductory graduate level and as a professional reference for practicing engineers and computer scientists. Readers should have some familiarity with machine structures, computer programming, basic discrete mathematics and algorithms, and signals and systems.

Book Embedded and Real Time Operating Systems

Download or read book Embedded and Real Time Operating Systems written by K. C. Wang and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2023-09-14 with total page 861 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book covers the basic concepts and principles of operating systems, showing how to apply them to the design and implementation of complete operating systems for embedded and real-time systems. It includes all the foundational and background information on ARM architecture, ARM instructions and programming, toolchain for developing programs, virtual machines for software implementation and testing, program execution image, function call conventions, run-time stack usage and link C programs with assembly code. Embedded and Real-Time Operating Systems describes the design and implementation of a complete OS for embedded systems in incremental steps, explaining the design principles and implementation techniques. For Symmetric Multiprocessing (SMP) embedded systems, the author examines the ARM MPcore processors, which include the SCU and GIC for interrupts routing and interprocessor communication and synchronization by Software Generated Interrupts (SGIs). This Second Edition covers ARM64 architecture and programming. These include exception levels, vector tables and exceptions handling, GICv3 programming and interrupt processing. It covers virtual to physical address mappings in ARMv8, and shows a 64-bit OS with kernel space in EL1 and separate user spaces in EL0. It also covers ARM TrustZone technology and secure systems. These include hardware and software architectures for secure and normal worlds, interactions and switching between the two worlds. It shows a secure world comprising a secure monitor in EL3 to provide service functions, and a normal world comprising processes in non-secure EL1, which use SMC to access service functions in the secure world. Throughout the book, complete working sample systems demonstrate the design principles and implementation techniques. The content is suitable for advanced-level and graduate students working in software engineering, programming, and systems theory.

Book Real Time C

    Book Details:
  • Author : Christopher Kormanyos
  • Publisher : Springer
  • Release : 2018-05-02
  • ISBN : 3662567180
  • Pages : 426 pages

Download or read book Real Time C written by Christopher Kormanyos and published by Springer. This book was released on 2018-05-02 with total page 426 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: With this book, Christopher Kormanyos delivers a highly practical guide to programming real-time embedded microcontroller systems in C++. It is divided into three parts plus several appendices. Part I provides a foundation for real-time C++ by covering language technologies, including object-oriented methods, template programming and optimization. Next, part II presents detailed descriptions of a variety of C++ components that are widely used in microcontroller programming. It details some of C++’s most powerful language elements, such as class types, templates and the STL, to develop components for microcontroller register access, low-level drivers, custom memory management, embedded containers, multitasking, etc. Finally, part III describes mathematical methods and generic utilities that can be employed to solve recurring problems in real-time C++. The appendices include a brief C++ language tutorial, information on the real-time C++ development environment and instructions for building GNU GCC cross-compilers and a microcontroller circuit. For this third edition, the most recent specification of C++17 in ISO/IEC 14882:2017 is used throughout the text. Several sections on new C++17 functionality have been added, and various others reworked to reflect changes in the standard. Also several new sample projects are introduced and existing ones extended, and various user suggestions have been incorporated. To facilitate portability, no libraries other than those specified in the language standard itself are used. Efficiency is always in focus and numerous examples are backed up with real-time performance measurements and size analyses that quantify the true costs of the code down to the very last byte and microsecond. The target audience of this book mainly consists of students and professionals interested in real-time C++. Readers should be familiar with C or another programming language and will benefit most if they have had some previous experience with microcontroller electronics and the performance and size issues prevalent in embedded systems programming.