Download or read book Quantifying Predicting and Verifying Changes in Soil Carbon written by and published by . This book was released on 1999 with total page 20 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Concern about climate change has led to considerable interest in the potential for mitigation increases in atmospheric carbon dioxide by sequestering organic carbon in soils. Assessments of potential carbon sequestration are constrained by the availability of suitable methods to quantify, predict, and verify changes in soil carbon. This paper summarizes the strengths & weaknesses of the best available methods & tools. The first section covers measurement of soil carbon, including soil sampling, calculation of carbon storage, forms of soil carbon & their analysis, soil carbon variability, and measurement of temporal changes. Section two reviews the isotopic assessment of soil carbon changes, including the use of carbon-14 labelling. The last section covers modelling of soil carbon and discusses the scope & complexity of mathematical models, complex & simple models of soil carbon dynamics, and how the models are validated.

Download or read book Quantifying and Mapping Soil Organic Carbon in Mali West Africa Using Spatiotemporal Methods written by Antonio Luis Evora Ferreira Querido and published by . This book was released on 2008 with total page 416 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Kyoto protocol recognized the importance of the terrestrial sink of carbon and proposed schemes that allow countries to treat sequestered carbon as a commodity that can be traded for global environmental benefit. Carbon sequestration can be a win-win scenario because it also introduces a set of new benefits into dryland farming communities particularly in Sub-Saharan Africa. The possibility, however, for agricultural producers to participate in the emerging market for tradable carbon-credits requires a reliable verification mechanism. Soil carbon inventories of many developing nations rely on a broad scale assessment. These approaches do not account for the spatial and temporal variability of soil carbon nor do they provide a measure of uncertainty associated with these assessments. This study proposed the use of Bayesian Maximum Entropy (BME) to quantify and map soil organic carbon at field scale in four agroecological zones of Mali, Sub-Saharan Africa. The prediction model comparisons using the mean error (ME) indicated that BME performed better than did the kriging methods (0.033, 0.41, respectively). BME prediction also provided a lower MSE representing a 25% reduction compared with Kriging, and 10% compared with cokriging. This study also demonstrated potential use of space---time covariances as tools to improve our understanding of spatial and temporal variability of soil organic carbon. Based on the temporal and spatial models maps were generated to predict mean trends. The estimation of tree biomass in Sub-Saharan Africa is important for an accurate assessment of the potential of these systems to capture and store carbon. The results show that tree carbon represented as much as 34% of the amount of organic carbon stored in soil surface (0-20 cm). Data from 2000 to 2006 indicated a net increase of soil organic carbon, which varied between 2.6 to 13.9 Mg ha-1. Despite the complexities that characterize the spatial and temporal distribution of most environmental processes, BME provides a framework to analyze both space and time components.

Download or read book Prairie Soil Carbon Balance Project written by and published by . This book was released on 1999* with total page 6 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Soil Organic Carbon Mapping Cookbook written by Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations and published by Food & Agriculture Org.. This book was released on 2018-05-21 with total page 222 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Soil Organic Carbon Mapping cookbook provides a step-by-step guidance for developing 1 km grids for soil carbon stocks. It includes the preparation of local soil data, the compilation and pre-processing of ancillary spatial data sets, upscaling methodologies, and uncertainty assessments. Guidance is mainly specific to soil carbon data, but also contains many generic sections on soil grid development, as it is relevant for other soil properties. This second edition of the cookbook provides generic methodologies and technical steps to produce SOC maps and has been updated with knowledge and practical experiences gained during the implementation process of GSOCmap V1.0 throughout 2017. Guidance is mainly specific to SOC data, but as this cookbook contains generic sections on soil grid development it can be applicable to map various soil properties.

Download or read book A protocol for measurement monitoring reporting and verification of soil organic carbon in agricultural landscapes written by Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations and published by Food & Agriculture Org.. This book was released on 2020-10-01 with total page 140 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This document provides a conceptual framework and standard methodologies for the monitoring, reporting and verification of changes in SOC stocks and GHG emissions/removals from agricultural projects that adopt sustainable soil management practices (SSM) at farm level. It is intended to be applied in different agricultural lands, including annual and perennial crops (food, fibre, forage and bioenergy crops), paddy rice, grazing lands with livestock including pastures, grasslands, rangelands, shrublands, silvopasture and agroforestry. Although developed for projects carried out at farm level, potential users include investors, research institutions, government agencies, consultants, agricultural companies, NGOs, individual farmers or farmer associations, supply chain and other users who are interested in measuring and estimating SOC stocks and changes and GHG emissions in response to management practices. The document is an outcome of the successful Global Symposium on Soil Organic Carbon (GSOC17), which was held in Rome in March 2017. The document is of technical nature in support of the Soil organic carbon (SOC) sequestration work. Its use is not mandatory but of voluntary nature.

Download or read book Soil Carbon written by Alfred E. Hartemink and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2014-04-01 with total page 503 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Few topics cut across the soil science discipline wider than research on soil carbon. This book contains 48 chapters that focus on novel and exciting aspects of soil carbon research from all over the world. It includes review papers by global leaders in soil carbon research, and the book ends with a list and discussion of global soil carbon research priorities. Chapters are loosely grouped in four sections: § Soil carbon in space and time § Soil carbon properties and processes § Soil use and carbon management § Soil carbon and the environment A wide variety of topics is included: soil carbon modelling, measurement, monitoring, microbial dynamics, soil carbon management and 12 chapters focus on national or regional soil carbon stock assessments. The book provides up-to-date information for researchers interested in soil carbon in relation to climate change and to researchers that are interested in soil carbon for the maintenance of soil quality and fertility. Papers in this book were presented at the IUSS Global Soil C Conference that was held at the University of Wisconsin-Madison, USA.

Download or read book Country to Global Prediction of Soil Organic Carbon and Soil Moisture Using Digital Soil Mapping written by Mario Guevara and published by . This book was released on 2020 with total page 252 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The largest carbon pool in terrestrial ecosystems is contained in soils and it plays a key role regulating hydrological processes, such as the spatial variability of soil moisture dynamics. Specifically, soil moisture and soil organic carbon are variables directly linked to ecosystem services such as food production and water storage. However, there are important knowledge gaps in the spatial representation (e.g., maps) of soil moisture and soil organic information from the country specific to the global scales. There is a pressing need to update the spatial detail of soil moisture estimates and the accuracy of digital soil carbon maps for improved land management, improved Earth system modeling and improved strategies (i.e., public policy) to combat land degradation. From the country specific to the global scale, the overreaching goal of this PhD research is to develop a reproducible digital soil mapping framework to increase the statistical accuracy of spatially continuous information on soil moisture and soil organic carbon across different scales of data availability (e.g., country-specific, regional, global). Chapter 1 provides a general introduction. Chapters 2 and 3 are focused on up-scaling soil organic carbon from the country-specific scale to the continental scale. Chapter 2 provides a country-specific and multi-modeling approach for soil organic carbon mapping across Latin America, where I identify key predictors and conclude that there is no best modeling method in a quantifiable basis across all the analyzed countries. In Chapter 3, I compare and test different methods and combinations of prediction factors to model the variability of soil organic carbon across Mexico and conterminous United States (CONUS). I describe soil organic carbon stocks across different land covers across the region, quantify the model uncertainty and discuss estimates derived from previous studies. Chapters 4 and 5 are devoted to improving the statistical detail and accuracy of satellite soil moisture from the country to the global scale. Chapter 4 describes how the machine learning fusion of satellite soil moisture with Geomorphometry increase the statistical accuracy and spatial detail of current soil moisture estimates across CONUS. Chapter 5 extends the previous chapter to the global scale and identifies global soil moisture trends. I provide a novel (gap-free) soil moisture global estimate that could be potentially used to predict the global feedback between primary productivity and long-term soil moisture trends. Chapters 4 and 5 reveal evidence of soil moisture decline across large areas of the world. Finally, chapter 6 summarizes the main findings of this research, the key conclusions, emergent challenges and future steps. The results of this research were useful to generate benchmarks against which to assess the impact of climate and land cover changes on soil organic carbon stocks and soil moisture trends. This research provides a framework (including high quality data and novel methodologies) to generate environmentally relevant science that can be used for the formulation of public policy around soil and water conservation efforts.

Download or read book Forest and Rangeland Soils of the United States Under Changing Conditions written by Richard V. Pouyat and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2020-09-02 with total page 306 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This open access book synthesizes leading-edge science and management information about forest and rangeland soils of the United States. It offers ways to better understand changing conditions and their impacts on soils, and explores directions that positively affect the future of forest and rangeland soil health. This book outlines soil processes and identifies the research needed to manage forest and rangeland soils in the United States. Chapters give an overview of the state of forest and rangeland soils research in the Nation, including multi-decadal programs (chapter 1), then summarizes various human-caused and natural impacts and their effects on soil carbon, hydrology, biogeochemistry, and biological diversity (chapters 2–5). Other chapters look at the effects of changing conditions on forest soils in wetland and urban settings (chapters 6–7). Impacts include: climate change, severe wildfires, invasive species, pests and diseases, pollution, and land use change. Chapter 8 considers approaches to maintaining or regaining forest and rangeland soil health in the face of these varied impacts. Mapping, monitoring, and data sharing are discussed in chapter 9 as ways to leverage scientific and human resources to address soil health at scales from the landscape to the individual parcel (monitoring networks, data sharing Web sites, and educational soils-centered programs are tabulated in appendix B). Chapter 10 highlights opportunities for deepening our understanding of soils and for sustaining long-term ecosystem health and appendix C summarizes research needs. Nine regional summaries (appendix A) offer a more detailed look at forest and rangeland soils in the United States and its Affiliates.

Download or read book Storing Carbon in Agricultural Soils written by Norman J. Rosenberg and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2013-03-09 with total page 128 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Soil carbon sequestration can play a strategic role in controlling the increase of CO2 in the atmosphere and thereby help mitigate climatic change. There are scientific opportunities to increase the capacity of soils to store carbon and remove it from circulation for longer periods of time. The vast areas of degraded and desertified lands throughout the world offer great potential for the sequestration of very large quantities of carbon. If credits are to be bought and sold for carbon storage, quick and inexpensive instruments and methods will be needed to monitor and verify that carbon is actually being added and maintained in soils. Large-scale soil carbon sequestration projects pose economic and social problems that need to be explored. This book focuses on scientific and implementation issues that need to be addressed in order to advance the discipline of carbon sequestration from theory to reality. The main issues discussed in the book are broad and cover aspects of basic science, monitoring, and implementation. The opportunity to restore productivity of degraded lands through carbon sequestration is examined in detail. This book will be of special interest to professionals in agronomy, soil science, and climatology.

Download or read book Soil Carbon written by Steven A Banwart and published by CABI. This book was released on 2014-12-03 with total page 429 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book brings together the essential evidence and policy opportunities regarding the global importance of soil carbon for sustaining Earth's life support system for humanity. Covering the science and policy background for this important natural resource, it describes land management options that improve soil carbon status and therefore increase the benefits that humans derive from the environment. Written by renowned global experts, it is the principal output from a SCOPE rapid assessment process project.

Download or read book Options Report written by National Climate Change Secretariat (Canada) and published by . This book was released on 2000 with total page 76 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In response to the Kyoto Protocol, Canada's First Ministers asked their Environment and Energy Ministers to develop a comprehensive national strategy to reduce Canadian greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. The Ministers created the National Climate Change Secretariat who established 16 Issue Tables to examine options for reducing Canada's GHG emissions. In their Options Reports, the Tables identified, analyzed and evaluated policy options for GHG reduction in their sectors. This document is the Options Report for the Agriculture and Agri-Food Table.

Download or read book Predictive Soil Mapping with R written by Tomislav Hengl and published by Lulu.com. This book was released on 2019-02-16 with total page 372 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Predictive Soil Mapping (PSM) is based on applying statistical and/or machine learning techniques to fit models for the purpose of producing spatial and/or spatiotemporal predictions of soil variables i.e. maps of soil properties and classes at different resolutions. It is a multidisciplinary field combining statistics, data science, soil science, physical geography, remote sensing, geoinformation science and a number of other sciences. Predictive Soil Mapping with R is about understanding the main concepts behind soil mapping, mastering R packages that can be used to produce high quality soil maps, and about optimizing all processes involved so that also the production costs can be reduced. The online version of the book is available at: https: //envirometrix.github.io/PredictiveSoilMapping/ Pull requests and general comments are welcome. These materials are based on technical tutorials initially developed by the ISRIC's Global Soil Information Facilities (GSIF) development team over the period 2014?2017

Download or read book Soil Organic Carbon written by Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations and published by Food & Agriculture Org.. This book was released on 2018-07-18 with total page 90 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The publication was launched at the Global Symposium on Soil Organic Carbon (GSOC) held at FAO headquarters (Rome, 21-23 March 2017). It provides an overview to decision-makers and practitioners of the main scientific facts and information regarding the current knowledge and knowledge gaps on Soil Organic Carbon. It highlights how better information and good practices may be implemented to support ending hunger, adapting to and mitigating climate change and achieving overall sustainable development.

Download or read book Quantification of Soil Organic Carbon Using Mid and Near DRIFT Spectroscopy written by and published by . This book was released on 2002 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: New, rapid techniques to quantify the different pools of soil organic matter (SOM) are needed to improve our understanding of the dynamics and spatio-temporal variability of SOM in terrestrial ecosystems. In this study, total organic carbon (TOC) and oxidizable organic carbon (OCWB) fraction were calibrated and predicted by mid- and near-DRIFT spectroscopy in combination with partial least squares (PLS) regression method. PLS regression is a multivariate calibration method that can decompose spectral data (X) and soil property data (Y) into a new smaller set of latent variables and their scores that best describe all the variance in the data. Oxidizable organic carbon content was measured by a modified Walkley-Black method, and total organic carbon was measured by the carbon analyzer. The floodplain and Blackland Prairie soils in Texas were used for prediction of TOC and OCWB using mid- and near-DRIFT spectroscopy. Floodplain soil is mainly composed of quartz and kaolinite, whereas Blackland Prairie soils contain high concentrations of smectitic clays and low to high concentrations of carbonate minerals. The total organic carbon of 68 soil samples from two Texas sites varied between 0.19 and 4.36 wt.% C, and the oxidizable organic carbon of 26 samples from floodplain soils was in the range of 0.05 to 1.33 wt.% C. TOC and OCWB of soil were successfully calibrated and predicted by the PLS regression method using mid- and near-DRIFT spectroscopy. The correlation using mid-IR spectra for TOC (r = 0.96, RMSEV = 0.32 for calibration; r = 0.93, RMSEP = 0.44 for prediction) was about the same as the near-IR result (r = 0.95, RMSEV = 0.37; r = 0.93, RMSEP = 0.42). Therefore, we can also use mid-infrared region for quantification of total organic carbon in soils. The PLS1 regression model (r = 0.92) for prediction of OCWB using mid-IR spectra was more accurate than the PLS2 regression model (r = 0.90). PLS models showed better correlation with spectral data than the univariate least square regression method(r = 0.83) with TOC measured by the carbon analyzer. This study shows that the partial least squares (PLS1) method using mid-and near-IR spectra of neat soil samples can be used to predict both total organic carbon and oxidizable carbon fraction as a fast and routine quantitative method.

Download or read book Methods for Measuring Greenhouse Gas Balances and Evaluating Mitigation Options in Smallholder Agriculture written by Todd S. Rosenstock and published by Springer. This book was released on 2016-08-23 with total page 217 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: ​​This book provides standards and guidelines for quantifying greenhouse gas emissions and removals in smallholder agricultural systems and comparing options for climate change mitigation based on emission reductions and livelihood trade-offs. Globally, agriculture is directly responsible for about 11% of annual greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and induces an additional 17% through land use change, mostly in developing countries. Farms in the developing countries of sub-Saharan Africa and Asia are predominately managed by smallholders, with 80% of land holdings smaller than ten hectares. However, little to no information exists on greenhouse gas emissions and mitigation potentials in smallholder agriculture. Greenhouse gas measurements in agriculture are expensive, time consuming, and error prone, challenges only exacerbated by the heterogeneity of smallholder systems and landscapes. Concerns over methodological rigor, measurement costs, and the diversity of approaches, coupled with the demand for robust information suggest it is germane for the scientific community to establish standards of measurements for quantifying GHG emissions from smallholder agriculture. Standard guidelines for use by scientists, development organizations will help generate reliable data on emissions baselines and allow rigorous comparisons of mitigation options. The guidelines described in this book, developed by the CGIAR Research Program on Climate Change, Agriculture, and Food Security (CCAFS) and partners, are intended to inform anyone conducting field measurements of agricultural greenhouse gas sources and sinks, especially to develop IPCC Tier 2 emission factors or to compare mitigation options in smallholder systems.

Download or read book Predicting Carbon Sequestration for Six Periods of English Agriculture written by Paul Igboji and published by Createspace Independent Publishing Platform. This book was released on 2016-07-31 with total page 34 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Several process-based models exist for the assessment of soil, water and air nutrient dynamics. These models have been developed after several years of continuous monitoring, testing, and re-validation. Two of the most widely used models, the CENTURY 4.0 and the RothC models have been used extensively. Modelling helps to understand the principal mechanisms affecting ecosystem functioning, and the causes of disturbances to them. They are essential for long term predictions and in making recommendations aimed at reducing harmful effects and preventing environmental disturbances. Many authors have demonstrated the benefits of using computer models in agriculture . The CENTURY model version 4.0 embodies the best understanding to date of the biogeochemistry of C, N, P, and S. The primary purposes of the model are to provide a tool for ecosystem analysis, to test the consistency of data, and to evaluate the effects of changes in management and climate on ecosystems. The CENTURY Agroecosystem Version 4.0 was developed to deal with a wide range of cropping system rotations and tillage practices, for the systematic analysis of the effects of management, and global change on productivity, and sustainability of agroecosystems. Version 4.0 integrates the effects of climate and soil driven variables including agricultural management to simulate C, N, and H2O dynamics in the soil-plant system. Simulation of complex agricultural management systems including crop rotations, tillage practices, fertilization, irrigation, grazing, and harvest methodologies are now possible in this enhanced release of the model. The CENTURY model is a general FORTRAN model of the plant-soil ecosystem that has been used to represent C and nutrient dynamics for different types of ecosystems (grasslands, forest, crops, and savannahs). Aspects of the current version are discussed in Metherell (1992) while a more detailed description of the earlier development of the CENTURY model can be found in Parton et al. (1983), Parton et al. (1987), and Sanford et al. (1991). SOM changes slowly in temperate regions, following changes in land use and management, and it often takes over 20 years to observe a significant change in soil content. In a series of experiments based at Rothamsted different land use and management treatments including arable crops, grasslands, ley periods and woodland, have been studied. Samples of soil have been taken over the last 150 years and stored in the Rothamsted Archive. By measuring the C content of these archived soils, long-term changes in soil C are recorded. The winter wheat experiment at Broadbank has been a useful example of how arable soil C content can be changed over decades by different land management practices. SOM on plots where no applications of mineral or organic fertilisers have been made (nil plots) has remained at a low level reaching equilibrium between inputs from crop debris and losses through decomposition. The addition of NPK fertilisers increased crop growth and hence crop residue inputs to soil, slightly increasing SOM content. However the greatest increase in SOM content has been achieved by adding 35 t ha-1 of FYM. This has not only increased crop growth and residue inputs but provided a huge input of OM to the soil in its own right (Falloon and Poulton, 2005). Data from the long term experiments at Rothamsted has been used to develop the Rothamsted C model known as "RothC model" which is used all over the world and in natural CO2 inventory calculations. Data from the Broadbank experiment also contributes to the Global Soil Organic Matter Network (known as SOMNET) which aid calculations of C-sequestration potential for different land management scenarios in Europe and UK (Fallon and Poulton, 2005). SOMNET was established during 1995 to help predict the effects of changes in land use, agricultural practice and climate on SOM. The book is outcome of predicting carbon sequestration up to 2055 for English agriculture.

Download or read book Machine learning and Meta analysis Techniques to Quantify and Predict Soil Organic Carbon N2O N and CO2 C Emissions in Cover Crop Systems written by Deepak Raj Joshi and published by . This book was released on 2022 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: