Download or read book Quantifying Causes Schedule and Cost Impacts of Change Orders written by Nelson Han and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The most professions who are engaged in the highway construction industry would commonly concur with an idea that the project cannot be delivered with no change. Regardless of considering different contract methods or what so ever, contract change orders (CCO) are yet inevitable due to unforeseen utility conflicts, unpredicted geology, and other unanticipated conditions. No matter of the project location and/or condition, the CCO negatively affects the project in aspects of project cost and schedule. The main purpose of this study is to carefully examine the influences of change orders in infrastructure development projects in the schedule and cost aspects. The aim of this study starts with collecting Florida Department of Transportation's (FDOT) 9 years of solid data that contains abundant information of CCO in highway projects completed in the state of Florida. In addition to the data, it contains 2,990 infrastructure projects completed between 2002 and 2011, 43,000 change order types, 8 contract methods including conventional (D/B/B), Design-Build (D/B), Incentive/Disincentive (I/D), No Excuse Bonus, Lump Sum, etc., and 7 major types of projects. These detailed and vast data was utilized to evaluate each method's performances affecting projects on cost and schedule aspects by carrying quantitative analysis, such as graphs, box plots, etc. Lastly, the research hypothesis test, which utilized regression analyses, Q-Q plots, scatterplot matrixes, etc., was conducted to verify the data variation, normal distribution, equal variances, correlation, etc. The research results reveal that the innovative methods perform better than conventional in aspects of saving project cost and time. In addition to the innovative methods, D/B is the most effective method that saves both cost and time of projects. I/D compresses project duration but often causes project cost overrun. And Lump Sum significantly saves the project cost but causes project schedule overrun. This study will help interstate transportation agencies with a proper guideline to choose an ideal delivery or contracting method for a project. By providing the information of each method's advantages and disadvantages, it is expected to significantly reduce the agencies' time and expenses required to deliver projects. The electronic version of this dissertation is accessible from http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/152587

Download or read book Quantifying the Impact of Change Orders on Construction Labor Productivity Using System Dynamics written by Sasan Golnaraghi and published by . This book was released on 2021 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Researchers and industry practitioners agree that changes are unavoidable in construction projects and may become troublesome if poorly managed. One of the root causes of sub-optimal productivity in construction projects is the number and impact of changes introduced to the initial scope of work during the course of project execution. In labor-intensive construction projects, labor costs represent a substantial percentage of the total project budget. Understanding labor productivity is essential to project success. If productivity is impacted by any reasons such as extensive changes or poor managerial policies, labor costs will increase over and above planned cost. The true challenge of change management is having a comprehensive understanding of change impacts and how these impacts can be reduced or prevented before they cascade forming serious problems. This thesis proposes a change management framework that project teams can use to quantify labor productivity losses due to change orders and managerial policies across all phases of construction projects. The proposed framework has three models; fuzzy risk-based change management, AI baseline-productivity estimating, and system dynamics to illustrate cause-impact relationships. These models were developed in five stages. In the first stage, the fuzzy risk-based change management (FRCM) model was developed to prioritize change orders in a way that only essential change orders can be targeted. In this stage, Fuzzy Analytic Hierarchy Process (F-AHP) and Hierarchical Fuzzy Inference System are utilized to calculate relative weights of the factors considered and generate a score for each contemplated change. In the second stage, baseline productivity model was developed considering a set of environmental and operational variables. In this step, various techniques were used including Stepwise, Best Subset, Evolutionary Polynomial Regression (EPR), General Regression Neural Network (GRNN), Artificial Neural Network (ANN), Radial Basis Function Neural Network (RBFNN), and Adaptive Neuro Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS) in order to compare results and choose the best method for producing that estimate. The selected method was then used in the development of a novel AI model for estimating labor productivity. The developed AI model is based on Radial Basis Function Neural Network (RBFNN) after enhancing it by raw dataset preprocessing and Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) to extract significant dataset features for better generalization. The model, named PSO-RBFNN, was selected over other techniques based on its statistical performance and was used to estimate the baseline productivity values used as the initial value in the developed system dynamics (SD) model. In the fourth stage, a novel SD model was developed to examine the impact of change orders and different managerial decisions in response to imposed change orders on the expected productivity during the lifecycle of a project. In other words, the SD model is used to quantify the impact of change orders and related managerial decisions on excepted productivity. The SD model boundary was defined by clustering key variables into three categories: exogenous, endogenous, and excluded. The relationships among these key variables were extracted from the literature and experts in this domain. A holistic causal loop diagram was then developed to illustrate the interaction among various variables. In the final stage, the developed computational framework and its models were verified and validated through a real case study and the results show that the developed SD model addresses various consequences derived from a change in combination with the major environmental and operational variables of the project. It allows for the identification and quantification of the cumulative impact of change orders on labor productivity in a timely manner to facilitate the decision-making process. The developed framework can be used during the development and execution phases of a project. The findings are expected to enhance the assessment of change orders, facilitate the quantification of productivity losses in construction projects, and help to perform critical analysis of the impact of various scope change internal and external variables on project time and cost.

Download or read book Construction Change Order Claims written by Michael T. Callahan and published by Wolters Kluwer. This book was released on 2005-01-01 with total page 628 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Construction Change Order Claims brings you up-to-date with the latest methods for determining value of work or all types of projects. Commonly encountered claim issues are covered in detail, including: Surety issues Evaluating changes resulting from ambiguous specifications or inadequate design Measuring the cost impact of delays Proving the price of damages This all-in-one resource guides you through every type and aspect of change claims, offering hands-on guidance and analysis from 25 experienced practitioners. Construction Change Order Claims helps you quickly answer difficult questions such as: Is a change order on a construction project an and“extraand”and—or is it included within the scope of the basic contract price? When does an ownerand’s unintentional interference cross the line between a mere impairment or hindrance to an alteration of the contractorand’s intended methods of performance? What specific circumstances support the use of the cardinal change doctrine? What circumstances must be present to employ the Percentage of Completion accounting method? Construction Change Order Claims delivers: Innovative defenses to avoid being bound by a release Guidance for anticipating contractor defenses, and for preparing opposing arguments Practical tips and accounting tools for evaluating progress and calculating payments Federal, state and local certification requirements for public and private projects And more!

Download or read book Calculating Construction Damages written by William Schwartzkopf and published by Wolters Kluwer. This book was released on 2000-01-01 with total page 488 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Calculating construction damages can be complex and confusing. Written by recognized experts in the area of construction claims, Aspen Publishersand’ Calculating Construction Damages is a one-of-a-kind resource providing step-by-step guidelines for valuing a claim and calculating damages. Calculating Construction Damages keeps you completely up-to-date with the changes in the construction industry, and provides new and updated coverage on: Reductions in scope through deductive changes The meaning and explanation of acceleration The use of the actual cost method and the total cost method to calculate damages The effectiveness of expanding on productivity analysis. The definition of home office overhead costs and the use of the Eichleay formula. The most recent assessment of attorneysand’ fees on Miller Act claims Only Aspen Publishersand’ Calculating Construction Damages leads you through every step you need to take in order to reach an accurate assessment of construction damages. Complete coverage includes: General Principles of Damage Calculation Labor Costs Equipment and Small Tool Costs; Additional Equipment Costs Material Costs Bond and Insurance Costs Home Office Overhead Calculating Construction Damages is organized by type of damage rather than type of claim. Its clear, mathematical techniques will enable you to value any claim and accurately calculate damages.

Download or read book The Impact of Change Orders on Mechanical Construction Labor Efficiency written by Paul Joseph Vandenberg and published by . This book was released on 1996 with total page 236 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Change orders impact many areas of construction projects. However, the impacts that change orders have on labor efficiency are much harder to quantify and are, therefore, a significant risk to contractors. Little research has been completed in the past quantifying these impacts so that disputes are common between owners and contractors regarding the actual cost of change. This study uses data from 43 projects, 27 impacted by changes and 16 not impacted by changes, to develop a linear regression model that predicts the impact on labor efficiency. The input factors needed for the model are: (1) Total Actual Project Hours, (2) Total Estimated Change Hours, (3) Impact Classification, and (4) Timing of Change. Timing of Change is calculated by breaking the project schedule down into six periods (i.e., changes before construction start, 0 - 20%, 20 - 40%, 40 - 60%A, 60 - 80%, and 80 - 100%), listing the percentage of change that occurred in each period, and calculating a weighted timing factor. The model calculates the labor loss or gain in efficiency for a particular project so that owners and contractors will better understand the true change impact on labor efficiency. Significant results have been found in hypothesis testing. The results show that impacted projects have larger amounts of change, have a larger decrease in labor efficiency, and are more impacted by change that occurs later in the project schedule. These results appear to be consistent with the intuitive judgement of industry professionals. The research is limited to the mechanical trade, but does include specific work in plumbing, HVAC, process piping, and fire protection.

Download or read book Root Cause Analysis of Cost Overrun in Construction Projects Under Different Market Sectors written by Rami Sarakbi and published by . This book was released on 2019 with total page 39 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Abstract: A project is pronounced successful if it is finished on time within the budgeted value. Cost overruns and time overrun (delays) have been a critical problem of many projects that led to poor project execution. The construction industry has a poor reputation in terms of finishing the project within budget and on time. Although contractors and designers are one of the key players in construction projects, various other factors affect the project cost overrun depending on the main cause of change. This thesis takes the previous studies one step forward by identifying the root causes of cost overrun using real data extracted from one of the largest general contractors in California and analyzing the data to find the main causes of change orders in the top three market sectors, and the key responsible parties for each change. The analysis showed that the contract value is irrelevant to the amount of change orders. In addition, it proved that depending on the market sector, the underlying root causes for the cost overrun may vary accordingly. Furthermore, it provides legitimate data to help quantify the change impacts on project performance.

Download or read book Construction Change Orders written by James Jerome O'Brien and published by McGraw Hill Professional. This book was released on 1998 with total page 406 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Written by an award-winning author, this valuable reference includes a complete example of a typical change order, and covers the entire subject thoroughly from the contractual basis for change orders, to legal considerations, impact on the schedule, cost of time, documentation, subcontractors, potential impacts of change orders, and more. 80 illus.

Download or read book Evaluating Change Orders by Unforeseen Existing Conditions in Renovation Building Construction Projects written by James A. Miller and published by . This book was released on 2019 with total page 63 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Abstract: A thorough examination of a building that is to undergo a renovation project requires time, money, or costly equipment. Existing conditions within the floors, walls, and ceiling of a structure are therefore not sufficiently examined prior to construction. Older buildings also typically do not have as-builts or construction drawings from when it was originally built. From research and field experience, unforeseen existing conditions that are not properly surveyed lead to unexpected costs and/or schedule impacts. If the cost or schedule impacts are not properly accounted for, they negatively impact the client or the general contractor. Change orders caused by unforeseen existing conditions are analyzed in this thesis. The objective of this thesis is to analyze change order data related to renovation projects and show comparisons of the relationships between divisions to help quantify and anticipate cost impacts due to unforeseen conditions. This thesis represents a statistical analysis of 27 projects and a total of 517 change orders from commercial renovation projects in California. The results of this thesis contribute to the research of change orders by highlighting the significance of the cost impacts of change orders caused by unforeseen existing conditions in renovation projects. Statistical analysis shows that this type of change order is at least equal to change orders from other causes. The change orders are also separated by division to compare frequency and mean cost, and solutions are proposed.

Download or read book Building Design Management written by Colin Gray and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2001 with total page 190 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A practical handbook on the management of building design, this guide explains the process, rules and responsibilities of those involved and ways to maximise efficiency. Well structured and easy to read, the book includes useful notes and checklists.

Download or read book Modeling Productivity Losses Due to Change Orders written by Ali Emamifar and published by . This book was released on 2019 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Change orders are an integral part of construction projects regardless of project size or complexity. Changes may cause interruption to the unchanged scope of work and working conditions and, if poorly managed, may be detrimental to project success. Many studies have been carried out to quantify the impact of change orders on construction labour productivity, with varying degrees of accuracy and variables considered. These studies reveal that quantifying loss of productivity due to change orders is not an easy task and requires a comprehensive and holistic method. There are several methods for quantifying loss of productivity, such as measured mile analysis (MMA) and the total cost method (TCM). Although measured mile analysis (MMA) is a well-known and widely accepted method for quantifying the cumulative impact of change orders on labour productivity, it is not readily applicable to many cases. In this research two models were developed to quantify losses arising from change orders. The first model does not account for the timing of change orders, but the second model considers the timing of change orders on labour productivity. Two models were developed and tested utilizing artificial neural networks and two sets of data collected by others in that field. The two datasets were statistically analyzed and preprocessed in order to transfer the data to normal distribution form and eliminate insignificant variables considered in their development. Using best subset regression, a total of seventeen variables were reduced to nine variables accordingly. Also, the study datasets were categorized into three types of timing periods; early change, normal change and late change to create the timing model. This was implemented to enable a comparison with models developed by others. Three types of artificial neural network techniques were experimented with and evaluated for possible use in the developed models. These three types are Feed Forward Neural Network, Cascade Neural Network, and Generalized Regression Neural Network. Candidate techniques were evaluated and analyzed by neural network parameters and analysis of variance (ANOVA) to select the most efficient type of neural networks, and subsequently using it to develop two models; one considers timing and the second does not. The analysis performed led to the selection of the cascade neural network for the development of the two models productivity losses due to change orders. The developed models were tested and validated utilizing several actual cases reported by others. The models were applied to a number of cases and the results were compared to those generated by frequently cited models to demonstrate their accuracy. The comparison outcome showed that the developed models can generate more accurate and satisfactory results than those of reported in previous studies.

Download or read book An Investigation Into the Impacts of Change Orders on Labor Efficiency in the Mechanical Construction Industry written by Timothy W. Gotzion and published by . This book was released on 1998 with total page 288 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Professional Construction Management written by Donald S. Barrie and published by McGraw-Hill Science, Engineering & Mathematics. This book was released on 1992 with total page 616 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This text is intended for introductory courses on construction management, as well as more advanced, detailed courses on the subject. The authors aim to balance theoretical material with practical advice.

Download or read book Quantification of the Cumulative Impact of Change Orders on Sheet Metal Labor Productivity written by Kenneth Timothy Sullivan and published by . This book was released on 2004 with total page 288 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Sustainability Management Strategies and Impact in Developing Countries written by Mohd Fadhil Md Din and published by Emerald Group Publishing. This book was released on 2022-04-25 with total page 256 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Strategies and Impact in Developing Countries emphasizes the research of sustainability management and strategies in developing countries providing information to the public, researchers, planners, and stakeholders dealing with sustainability management and strategies, particularly for developing and emerging economic countries.

Download or read book Managing Construction Contracts written by Robert D. Gilbreath and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 1992-04-16 with total page 320 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This Second Edition focuses on the commercial issues of contracting, covering the lifespan of a contract in four stages: inception of need, bid and award, administration, termination. Written from the owners' perspective, it is appropriate for construction managers and contract administrators. New material includes the effects of the computer on construction management practices, the risks and rewards of cross-border contracts and the role of the lawyer.

Download or read book Construction Delay Claims written by Barry B. Bramble and published by Aspen Publishers. This book was released on 2010-10 with total page 1030 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Contracts can be your first line of defense against delays. But they have tobe drafted very carefully. Construction Delay Claims gives youan in-depth analysis of all the pertinent clauses and details what they canand can't do to minimize delays and avoid litigation.Construction Delay Claims, Fourth Edition, by Barry B. Brambleand Michael T. Callahan is written for everyone involved with delay and impactconstruction claims--the most common form of disputes in the constructionindustry. You'll find that this resource presents the most thorough, detailedreview of delay claims liability available, including a complete descriptionof the entire process for filing and pursuing claims along with more than1,950 cases and analyses.Construction Delay Claims gives you the information you need todetermine your best course of action. The book presents detailed knowledgedrawn from the authors' thirty-five years of experience in the industry.You'll learn how to anticipate delays and mitigate damages through the use ofadvanced planning and immediate responses by the parties involved. You'll alsoreceive helpful instructions about the best use of construction schedules toavert delays, or to prove their impact if they do occur.Construction Delay Claims keeps you completely up-to-date withthe changes in the construction industry, and the construction litigationprocess. Coverage includes:Effective ways to challenge a claimant's use of the Total Cost Method ofCalculationThe effectiveness of "no damages for delay" clausesThe use of ADR methods to resolve delay claimsThe meaning and implication of concurrent delaysCumulative impact effect of multiple change ordersThe impact and probability of delays in design-build, construction management,and multiple prime contractingLatest research into the effect and measurement of lost productivityThe most recent assessments of how states are applying the Eichleayformula

Download or read book Board of Contract Appeals Decisions written by United States. Armed Services Board of Contract Appeals and published by . This book was released on 1969 with total page 1672 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The full texts of Armed Services and othr Boards of Contract Appeals decisions on contracts appeals.