Download or read book Purinergic Signalling and the Nervous System written by Geoffrey Burnstock and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-06-05 with total page 724 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In the first 20 years that followed the purinergic signalling hypothesis in 1972, most scientists were sceptical about its validity, largely because ATP was so well established as an intracellular molecule involved in cell biochemistry and it seemed unlikely that such a ubiquitous molecule would act as an extracellular signalling molecule. However, after the receptors for ATP and adenosine were cloned and characterized in the early 1990s and ATP was established as a synaptic transmitter in the brain and sympathetic ganglia, the tide turned. More recently it has become clear that ATP is involved in long-term (trophic) signalling in cell proliferation, differentiation and death, in development and regeneration, as well as in short-term signalling in neurotransmission and secretion. Also, important papers have been published showing the molecular structure of P2X receptors in primitive animals like Amoeba and Schistosoma, as well as green algae. This has led to the recognition of the widespread nature of the purinergic signalling system in most cell types and to a rapid expansion of the field, including studies of the pathophysiology as well as physiology and exploration of the therapeutic potential of purinergic agents. In two books, Geoffrey Burnstock and Alexej Verkhratsky have aimed at drawing together the massive and diverse body of literature on purinergic signalling. The topic of this first book is purinergic signalling in the peripheral and central nervous systems and in the individual senses. In a second book the authors focus on purinergic signalling in non-excitable cells, including those of the airways, kidney, pancreas, endocrine glands and blood vessels. Diseases related to these systems are also considered.
Download or read book Purinergic Signalling and the Nervous System written by Geoffrey Burnstock and published by Springer. This book was released on 2012-06-05 with total page 715 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In the first 20 years that followed the purinergic signalling hypothesis in 1972, most scientists were sceptical about its validity, largely because ATP was so well established as an intracellular molecule involved in cell biochemistry and it seemed unlikely that such a ubiquitous molecule would act as an extracellular signalling molecule. However, after the receptors for ATP and adenosine were cloned and characterized in the early 1990s and ATP was established as a synaptic transmitter in the brain and sympathetic ganglia, the tide turned. More recently it has become clear that ATP is involved in long-term (trophic) signalling in cell proliferation, differentiation and death, in development and regeneration, as well as in short-term signalling in neurotransmission and secretion. Also, important papers have been published showing the molecular structure of P2X receptors in primitive animals like Amoeba and Schistosoma, as well as green algae. This has led to the recognition of the widespread nature of the purinergic signalling system in most cell types and to a rapid expansion of the field, including studies of the pathophysiology as well as physiology and exploration of the therapeutic potential of purinergic agents. In two books, Geoffrey Burnstock and Alexej Verkhratsky have aimed at drawing together the massive and diverse body of literature on purinergic signalling. The topic of this first book is purinergic signalling in the peripheral and central nervous systems and in the individual senses. In a second book the authors focus on purinergic signalling in non-excitable cells, including those of the airways, kidney, pancreas, endocrine glands and blood vessels. Diseases related to these systems are also considered.
Download or read book Purinergic Signalling in the Central Nervous System and its pharmacological importance in neurological and psychiatric illnesses written by Yong Tang and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2024-01-26 with total page 139 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This Research Topic aims to honour the 80th birthday of Professor Peter Illes, who is a member of the European Academy of Sciences, the founder/first president of the German Purine Club, and Honorary President of the Chinese Purine Club. He established a worldwide co-operation network on purinergic signalling and is an internationally recognized leader in the field. We aim to collect research articles and reviews from friends, colleagues and co-operation partners of Dr. Illes to showcase, build on and develop research being achieved related to the physiological/pathophysiological roles of purines in the central nervous system (CNS). Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) is an intracellular energy-storing molecule, but may also reach the extracellular space, where it participates in cell-to-cell signalling. For this purpose, ATP utilises a range of purinergic receptors activated either by ATP itself (P2X receptors; seven subtypes) or by ATP/ADP and UTP/UDP (P2Y receptors; 8 subtypes) and finally via its enzymatic degradation product, adenosine (P1/A receptors; 4 subtypes). Purine nucleotides and nucleosides together with the whole plethora of receptors and degrading enzymes constitute the purinome. This fascinating and extensive network exists both in the animal kingdom and in humans and is essential in regulating important physiological functions. Disturbances in the network can lead to a variety of illnesses clinically associated with both neurological or psychiatric traits. In recent years, hope has arisen that pharmacological chemistry together with various newly developed methods, will enable researchers to discover and design efficient drugs for treating these neurodegenerative and affective diseases.
Download or read book Purinergic Signalling in Neuron Glia Interactions written by Derek J. Chadwick and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2006-05-01 with total page 302 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: ATP, the intracellular energy source, is also an extremely important cell–cell signalling molecule for a wide variety of cells across evolutionarily diverse organisms. The extracellular biochemistry of ATP and its derivatives is complex, and the multiple membrane receptors that it activates are linked to many intracellular signalling systems. Purinergic signalling affects a diverse range of cellular phenomena, including ion channel function, cytoskeletal dynamics, gene expression, secretion, cell proliferation, differentiation and cell death. Recently, this class of signalling molecules and receptors has been found to mediate communication between neurons and non-neuronal cells (glia) in the central and peripheral nervous systems. Glia are critical for normal brain function, development and response to injury. Neural impulse activity is detected by glia and purinergic signalling is emerging as a major means of integrating functional activity between neurons, glia and vascular cells in the nervous system. These interactions mediate effects of neural activity on the development of the nervous system and in association with injury, neurodegeneration, myelination and cancer. Bringing together contributions from experts in diverse fields, including glial biologists, neurobiologists and specialists in purinergic receptor structure and pharmacology, this book considers how extracellular ATP acts to integrate communication between different types of glia, and between neurons and glia. Beginning with an overview of glia and purinergic signalling, it contains detailed coverage of purine release, receptors and reagents, purinergic signalling in the neural control of glial development, glial involvement in information processing, and discussion of the interactions between neurons and microglia.
Download or read book Glioma Signaling written by Jolanta Barańska and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2020-02-07 with total page 311 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Gliomas, developing in the brain from the transformed glial cells, are a very special kind of tumor, extremely refractory to conventional treatments. Therefore, for the development of new antitumor strategies, a better understanding of molecular mechanisms responsible for their biology, growth and invasion is still needed. This book is a reference on cellular signaling processes regulating gliomas physiology and invasiveness. The work is focused on the mechanism of nucleotide receptor activation by exogenous nucleotides and formation of complex signaling cascades induced by growth factors, cytokines and cannabinoids. The second edition of the book enriched in new chapters provides a framework explaining how signal transduction elements may modulate numerous genetic and epigenetic alterations, describes the role of local microenvironment in cellular growth, progression and invasion and, in the light of extensive new results, presents perspectives concerning potential targets for gliomas therapy.
Download or read book Adenosine Receptors in Health and Disease written by Constance N. Wilson and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2009-07-28 with total page 656 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Since their discovery approximately 25 years ago, adenosine receptors have now emerged as important novel molecular targets in disease and drug discovery. These proteins play important roles in the entire spectrum of disease from inflammation to immune suppression. Because of their expression on a number of different cell types and in a number of different organ systems they play important roles in specific diseases, including asthma, rheumatoid arthritis, Parkinson’s disease, multiple sclerosis, Alzheimer’s disease, heart disease, stroke, cancer, sepsis, and obesity. As a result of intense investigations into understanding the molecular structures and pharmacology of these proteins, new molecules have been synthesized that have high specificity for these proteins and are now entering clinical trials. These molecules will define the next new classes of drugs for a number of diseases with unmet medical needs.
Download or read book Handbook of Neurochemistry written by Abel Lajtha and published by . This book was released on 1982 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book The Physiology of the Lower Urinary Tract written by Michael Torrens and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 857 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In this book we attempt a synthesis of knowledge from two investigative extremes. On the one hand, neurophysiology and neuropharmacology are progressing via the single neuron to a subcellular level; on the other, clinicians are studying the function ofthe human urinary system in vivo as a whole. A special effort must be made over the next decade to bridge this gap. We hope that the information summarized here will catalyse the process. In 1968, de Groat and Ryall published a group of papers in the Journal of Physiology in which modern quantitative electrophysiological techniques were applied to the study ofthe reflexes that regulate bladder Junction. These papers represent alandmark in the history of bladder neurophysiology, forming a dividing li ne between old and new. The earlier techniques of lesioning and stimulation of nervous structures yielded mainly qualitative information which was open to criticism because of lack of precise control over what was actually being destroyed or stimulated. Much of this earlier work was reviewed in an authoritative volume by Bors and Comarr in 1971, entitled Neurolqgical Urology. The 16 years have seen great advances in our understanding ofthe control oflower subsequent urinary tract function.
Download or read book Purinergic Signaling in Health and Disease written by Eric Boué-Grabot and published by . This book was released on 2020 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP) is one of the most abundant molecule in living cells serving as universal energy "currency." After slow acceptance of the concept of the release and extracellular action of ATP, purinergic signaling is recognized as a widespread mechanism for cell-to-cell communication in living organisms. Additionally, the contribution of pyrimidine nucleotides (such as UTP and UDP) and sugar-nucleotides (i.e., UDP-glucose and UDP-galactose) have been more recently discovered. Purinergic signaling plays major physiological roles in mammalian central nervous system (CNS) such as neurotransmission, neuromodulation, communication in glial network and between neurons and glia. Extracellular ATP and its metabolic breakdown is a source of other nucleotides and adenosine providing the versatile basis for complex purinergic signaling through the activation of several families of purinergic receptors. G-protein coupled P1 receptors for adenosine, ionotropic P2X receptors for ATP and G-protein coupled P2Y receptors for ATP and other nucleotides are abundant and widely distributed in central neurons at pre-and post-synapse and in glial cells. Alterations of purinergic signals are associated with major CNS disorders including chronic pain, brain trauma ischemia, epilepsy, neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer disease or Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis associated with neuro-inflammation as well as neuropsychiatric diseases, including depression, anxiety and schizophrenia.
Download or read book Receptors P1 and P2 as Targets for Drug Therapy in Humans written by Robson Faria and published by BoD – Books on Demand. This book was released on 2020-03-11 with total page 112 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book aims to provide a brief update on the functions of purinergic receptors in various systems, in addition to the signaling pathway activated to mediate these functions. We address the influence of hypoxia by modulating the activity of these receptors under physiological and pathophysiological conditions. Additionally, we describe the mechanisms of induction of pain and inflammation in different systems. Finally, the book discusses some of the main bioinformatics tools currently used to improve or discover new prototypes capable of selectively acting on these receptors with estimated parameters of satisfactory solubility and toxicity for possible commercial implementation.
Download or read book Purinergic Signaling in Neurodevelopment Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration written by Henning Ulrich and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2023-07-16 with total page 381 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume explores the quickly evolving field of Purinergic signaling, and examines how receptors for ATP and other nucleotides, and receptors for adenosine, act in neuronal transmission, control of synaptic activity, proliferation, differentiation and cell death regulation in the CNS. This book focuses on the participation of purinergic receptors and ectonucleotidases, degrading ATP into adenosine, in embryonic and adult neurogenesis in vitro and in vivo as well as in synaptic transmission and pathophysiology. Further, the chapters discuss varying brain diseases, including Parkinson’s, and Alzheimer’s disease, autism, mood disorders and epilepsy, as well as brain tumors, in the context of purinergic signaling and its clinical aspects. The development of purinergic receptor agonists is also an important issue of this book. This book provides a critical review of the current state of science and will be useful for both scientists and students who are or would like to get involved in this area. Furthermore, this book addresses neuroscientists, physician and professionals from the industry, who would like to update themselves in this exciting and rapidly growing field of neuroscience.
Download or read book Enteric Glia written by Brian D. Gulbransen and published by Biota Publishing. This book was released on 2014-07-01 with total page 72 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The enteric nervous system (ENS) is a complex neural network embedded in the gut wall that orchestrates the reflex behaviors of the intestine. The ENS is often referred to as the “little brain” in the gut because the ENS is more similar in size, complexity and autonomy to the central nervous system (CNS) than other components of the autonomic nervous system. Like the brain, the ENS is composed of neurons that are surrounded by glial cells. Enteric glia are a unique type of peripheral glia that are similar to astrocytes of the CNS. Yet enteric glial cells also differ from astrocytes in many important ways. The roles of enteric glial cell populations in the gut are beginning to come to light and recent evidence implicates enteric glia in almost every aspect of gastrointestinal physiology and pathophysiology. However, elucidating the exact mechanisms by which enteric glia influence gastrointestinal physiology and identifying how those roles are altered during gastrointestinal pathophysiology remain areas of intense research. The purpose of this e-book is to provide an introduction to enteric glial cells and to act as a resource for ongoing studies on this fascinating population of glia. Table of Contents: Introduction / A Historical Perspective on Enteric Glia / Enteric Glia: The Astroglia of the Gut / Molecular Composition of Enteric Glia / Development of Enteric Glia / Functional Roles of Enteric Glia / Enteric Glia and Disease Processes in the Gut / Concluding Remarks / References / Author Biography
Download or read book Purinergic and Pyrimidinergic Signalling II written by Maria P. Abracchio and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 459 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Physiological, pharmacological and molecular biological data generated over the past three decades have demonstrated the existence of two major families of extracellular receptors, the P1, a family of four G-protein coupled receptors and the P2, a family of at least 12 receptors responsive to purine (ATP, ADP) and pyrimidine (UTP) nucleotides through which adenosine and ATP can function as extracellular messengers. The present two-part volume represents an integrated compendium of invited chapters by leading researchers in the area focusing on advances in the understanding of purinergic and pyrimidinergic signaling systems, their role(s) in tissue function and pathophysiology and advances in developing potential new medications based on the modulation of P1 and P2 receptor signaling processes. The volumes will thus provide the reader with a topical, comprehensive and integrated overview of this important area.
Download or read book Purinergic Signaling in Neuroinflammation written by Dmitry Aminin and published by Mdpi AG. This book was released on 2023-05-18 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: It is currently apparent that extracellular ATP's physiological effect is mediated by its interaction with specific purinergic receptors. All purinergic receptors are divided into P1-purinoreceptors and P2-purinoreceptors. Each of the subtypes is divided into a number of families. For instance, P2 receptors are divided into P2X and P2Y receptors according to the mechanism by which their effect is realized: P2Y are G-protein-coupled receptors, while P2X receptors are ligand-operated ion channels. P2X receptors are important molecular therapeutic targets, the malfunctioning of which leads to severe complications in the physiology of humans and animals and causes dangerous diseases. The search for compounds that can modulate the function of purinergic receptors can lead to the creation of new drugs that are effective in central and peripheral nervous system and immune system disease treatment, including neuroinflammation, hypoxia/ischemia, epilepsy and neuropathic pain. In this Special Issue, we wish to offer a platform for high-quality publications on the latest advances in the identification of P2X/Y- and P1-receptor blockers, functions and regulation by them; the characterization of these receptor signaling networks and crosstalk; mechanisms underlying the role of purinoceptors in neurodegenerative illnesses as well as chronic neuronal changes following acute noxious damage and therapeutic opportunities associated with regulation of purinergic receptor activity.
Download or read book Neural Control of Renal Function written by Ulla Kopp and published by Morgan & Claypool Publishers. This book was released on 2011 with total page 99 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The kidney is innervated with efferent sympathetic nerve fibers reaching the renal vasculature, the tubules, the juxtaglomerular granular cells, and the renal pelvic wall. The renal sensory nerves are mainly found in the renal pelvic wall. Increases in efferent renal sympathetic nerve activity reduce renal blood flow and urinary sodium excretion by activation of α1-adrenoceptors and increase renin secretion rate by activation of β1-adrenoceptors. In response to normal physiological stimulation, changes in efferent renal sympathetic nerve activity contribute importantly to homeostatic regulation of sodium and water balance. The renal mechanosensory nerves are activated by stretch of the renal pelvic tissue produced by increases in renal pelvic tissue of a magnitude that may occur during increased urine flow rate. Activation of the sensory nerves elicits an inhibitory renorenal reflex response consisting of decreases in efferent renal sympathetic nerve activity leading to natriuresis. Increasing efferent sympathetic nerve activity increases afferent renal nerve activity which, in turn, decreases efferent renal sympathetic nerve activity by activation of the renorenal reflexes. Thus, activation of the afferent renal nerves buffers changes in efferent renal sympathetic nerve activity in the overall goal of maintaining sodium balance. In pathological conditions of sodium retention, impairment of the inhibitory renorenal reflexes contributes to an inappropriately increased efferent renal sympathetic nerve activity in the presence of sodium retention. In states of renal disease or injury, there is a shift from inhibitory to excitatory reflexes originating in the kidney. Studies in essential hypertensive patients have shown that renal denervation results in long-term reduction in arterial pressure, suggesting an important role for the efferent and afferent renal nerves in hypertension. Table of Contents: Part I: Efferent Renal Sympathetic Nerves / Introduction / Neuroanatomy / Neural Control of Renal Hemodynamics / Neural Control of Renal Tubular Function / Neural Control of Renin Secretion Rate / Part II: Afferent Renal Sensory Nerves / Introduction / Neuroanatomy / Renorenal Reflexes / Mechanisms Involved in the Activation of Afferent Renal Sensory Nerves / Part III: Pathophysiological States / Efferent Renal Sympathetic Nerves / Afferent Renal Sensory Nerves / Conclusions / References
Download or read book Regulation of Tissue Oxygenation Second Edition written by Roland N. Pittman and published by Biota Publishing. This book was released on 2016-08-18 with total page 117 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This presentation describes various aspects of the regulation of tissue oxygenation, including the roles of the circulatory system, respiratory system, and blood, the carrier of oxygen within these components of the cardiorespiratory system. The respiratory system takes oxygen from the atmosphere and transports it by diffusion from the air in the alveoli to the blood flowing through the pulmonary capillaries. The cardiovascular system then moves the oxygenated blood from the heart to the microcirculation of the various organs by convection, where oxygen is released from hemoglobin in the red blood cells and moves to the parenchymal cells of each tissue by diffusion. Oxygen that has diffused into cells is then utilized in the mitochondria to produce adenosine triphosphate (ATP), the energy currency of all cells. The mitochondria are able to produce ATP until the oxygen tension or PO2 on the cell surface falls to a critical level of about 4–5 mm Hg. Thus, in order to meet the energetic needs of cells, it is important to maintain a continuous supply of oxygen to the mitochondria at or above the critical PO2 . In order to accomplish this desired outcome, the cardiorespiratory system, including the blood, must be capable of regulation to ensure survival of all tissues under a wide range of circumstances. The purpose of this presentation is to provide basic information about the operation and regulation of the cardiovascular and respiratory systems, as well as the properties of the blood and parenchymal cells, so that a fundamental understanding of the regulation of tissue oxygenation is achieved.
Download or read book The Enteric Nervous System written by John Barton Furness and published by . This book was released on 1987 with total page 312 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
