Download or read book Public Childcare Provision and Fertility Behavior written by Sandra Krapf and published by Verlag Barbara Budrich. This book was released on 2014-02-19 with total page 232 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The author analyzes the relationship between the availability of public childcare for children under age three and the decision to have a first child. One would expect that providing women with the option of returning to work soon after childbirth would reduce the anticipated negative effects of having a child on a woman’s career. However, existing research results on this relationship are inconsistent.
Download or read book Policy and Population written by Mingean Park and published by . This book was released on 2024 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The population reflects the potential of a society or nation, and population structure has consistently garnered attention as a key factor in shaping government policies and administration. Moreover, it has been demonstrated that marriage and childbirth are crucial factors in explaining population increase and are indicators of a society's viability. This dissertation, consisting of three essays, examines how government policies affect people's decisions about having children. This will be accomplished by analyzing the policies of OECD member nations, with a particular emphasis on the cases of South Korea--which has the lowest fertility rate in the world--and the United States--which places a higher priority on immigration and abortion restrictions. The dissertation will present both theoretical and empirical evidence in the field of public administration and policy concerning fertility issues. In the first essay, a noteworthy point is the family policy-related expenditures used by OECD countries, where services such as childcare and education were statistically insignificant and demonstrated the lowest policy impact. On the other hand, financial support and tax breaks favorably influenced fertility. Administratively and in terms of policy, state tax benefits impact people's reproductive choices most, and this strategy can provide the most effectively implemented policy outcomes for enhancing the total fertility rate. Consequently, it follows naturally that greater state engagement in service delivery will not improve fertility results. The OECD Family Database displays that many OECD nations with low fertility tend to prioritize service spending. Therefore, the chapter's findings suggest that tax breaks, which influence people's fertility behaviors, should be prioritized when designing policies to address low fertility. The second essay employed a spatiotemporal model to assess the effects of low birthrate response initiatives with a policy bundle approach to supplement the variety of policy environments. The policy bundle approach identified and measured variables that impact fertility trends from the pertinent legislation of 226 local governments in South Korea. The study examined legislative strengthening, increasing support for first-born children, and financial incentives as policy bundles, examining these laws since the timing of fertility-related legislative revisions has the greatest influence on the birth rate. The chapter results showed that the policy bundle significantly affected all birth order rankings, with a trend for the policy's impacts to diminish with increasing birth order. Thus, to support married couples' ability to conceive and nurture children, policies aimed at families must be strengthened. Given the substantial impact that regional spatial factors have on the crude birth rate, areas where low birth rates are anticipated may need to work together or implement suitable remedies through population impact assessments. Event studies showed that fertility dynamics are influenced by socioeconomic shifts, such as economic crises and rapidly rising real estate values, and that population policies for the lowest fertility rates have been less and less successful in recent years. These changes in the population suggest that the government should adopt more aggressive policy measures. The third essay examines the causality between the abortion restriction and Americans' fertility behavior, concentrating on Kentucky and Illinois. According to the research findings, Kentucky's prospective birthrate is negatively impacted by the abortion restriction. This indicates that while the abortion ban could appear to force childbirth, which would boost births initially, there might be long-term negative externalities. Moreover, the prohibition on abortion may lead to problems with hospital and obstetric services, which might be harmful to maternal and infant health. Thus, this chapter makes the case that the abortion debate ought to be approached from the standpoint of the public interest rather than as a political or religious one. The study suggests that careful consideration of alternatives and thorough policy research should be done before enacting an abortion ban in the United States due to the possible long-term harm to public health. This dissertation offers a theoretical framework and possible empirical models in population policy research. It begins by presenting a model of fertility behavior developed with Ostrom's SES and IAD frameworks. Concerning births, this fertility behavior model shows how the interplay between macro-level national policy and micro-level personal decision-making affects the population. Demographic policies, including state-mandated birth control or abortion ban, have historically impacted individual decision-making, which in turn has affected the demographic structure of the country. This mechanism suggests that population structure is influenced by policy. Furthermore, this dissertation supports Calhoun's experiments by showing that civilizations characterized by fierce rivalry and constrained space may be unable to allocate resources effectively and run the danger of going extinct. A community with just rivalry and no collaboration among its members is unsustainable, and a population confined to a small area suffers. In this sense, the sustainability of humankind depends on increasing human habitat through space exploration or technological breakthroughs.
Download or read book People Before Markets written by Daniel Scott Souleles and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2022-09-30 with total page 499 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Offers fresh perspectives on twenty important global questions, challenging traditional capitalist or neoliberal frameworks.
Download or read book The Impact of New Fertility Policies on Early Education and Development in China written by Xiumin Hong and published by Taylor & Francis. This book was released on 2023-12-04 with total page 179 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book is among the first to comprehensively examine the far-reaching impact of China’s new fertility policies on early education and development. Since the beginning of the 21st century, China has entered a period of declining fertility rate and aging population, which poses a serious threat to its sustainable development. To address this crisis, China has radically revised its fertility policy through the state’s guidance for regulating couples’ reproductive choices, abandoning its iconic one-child policy, and adopting the selective two-child (2013), universal two-child (2016), and then the three-child (2021) policy. Drawing on empirical evidence obtained through various research methods, this book offers multidisciplinary perspectives on the far-reaching impact of these policies. Part I summarizes the lessons learned from new fertility policies and identifies important directions for future research. Focusing on two major microsystems, part II presents research assessing families’ fertility desire for an additional child and projecting the demand for preschool education. Part III attends to family dynamics and their relation to early learning and development for both only and non-only children. Part IV addresses the importance of expanding access to affordable and high-quality early childhood education and care for children from birth through age 6. The Impact of New Fertility Policies on Early Education and Development in China contributes to policy development and practical improvement and serves as a catalyst to stimulate future studies on the topic. It will be a valuable resource for researchers, policymakers, and practitioners of early childhood education and care, as well as for families of young children. The chapters in this book were originally published as a special issue of Early Education and Development.
Download or read book Religion and the Decline of Fertility in the Western World written by Renzo Derosas and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2006-10-05 with total page 321 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The impact of religion on family and reproduction is one of the most fascinating and complex topics open to scholarly research, but the linkage between family and religion has received no systematic comparative study. This book explores relationships between religion and demography the nineteenth and early twentieth century. The book offers a wealth of descriptive information on family life and fertility in different national and religious settings, and rich conceptual insight.
Download or read book Children Families and States written by Cristina Allemann-Ghionda and published by Berghahn Books. This book was released on 2011-03-01 with total page 458 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Due to the demand for flexible working hours and employees who are available around the clock, the time patterns of childcare and schooling have increasingly become a political issue. Comparing the development of different “time policies” of half-day and all-day provisions in a variety of Eastern and Western European countries since the end of World War II, this innovative volume brings together internationally known experts from the fields of comparative education, history, and the social and political sciences, and makes a significant contribution to this new interdisciplinary field of comparative study.
Download or read book Low Fertility Institutions and their Policies written by Ronald R. Rindfuss and published by Springer. This book was released on 2016-06-16 with total page 305 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume examines ten economically advanced countries in Europe and Asia that have experienced different levels of fertility decline. It offers readers a cross-country perspective on the causes and consequences of low birth rates and the different policy responses to this worrying trend. The countries examined are not only diverse geographically, historically, and culturally, but also have different policies and institutions in place. They include six very-low-fertility countries (Austria, Czech Republic, Hungary, Italy, Spain, and Taiwan) and four that have close to replacement-level fertility (United Kingdom, Norway, Canada, and France). Although fertility has gone down in all these countries over the past 50 years, the chapters examine the institutional, policy, and cultural factors that have led some countries to have much lower fertility rates than others. In addition, the final chapter provides a cross-country comparison of individual perceptions about obs tacles to fertility, based on survey data, and government support for families. This broad overview, along with a general introduction, helps put the specific country papers in context. As birth rates continue to decline, there is increasing concern about the fate of social welfare systems, including healthcare and programs for the elderly. This book will help readers to better understand the root causes of such problems with its insightful discussion on how a country’s institutions, policies, and culture shape fertility trends and levels.
Download or read book After the Fall of the Wall written by Martin Diewald and published by Stanford University Press. This book was released on 2006-09-26 with total page 420 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The fall of the Berlin Wall in 1989 was the beginning of one of the most interesting natural experiments in recent history. The East German transition from a Communist state to part of the Federal Republic of Germany abruptly created a new social order as old institutions were abolished and new counterparts imported. This unique situation provides an exceptional opportunity to examine the central tenets of life course sociology. The empirical chapters of this book draw a comprehensive picture of life course transformation, demonstrating how the combination of life course dynamics coupled with an extraordinary pace of system change affect individual lives. How much turbulence was created by the transition and how much stability was preserved? How did the qualifications and resources acquired before 1989 influence the fortunes in the restructured economy? How did the privatization and reorganization of firms impact individuals? Did the transformation experiences differ by age/cohort and gender? How stable were social networks at work and in the family? Were personality characteristics important mediators of post-1989 success or failure or were they rather changed by them? How specific were the East German life trajectories in comparison with Poland and West-Germany?
Download or read book Ageing Populations in Post Industrial Democracies written by Pieter Vanhuysse and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2013-06-17 with total page 336 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Most advanced democracies are currently experiencing accelerated population ageing, which fundamentally changes not just their demographic composition; it can also be expected to have far-reaching political and policy consequences. This volume brings together an expert set of scholars from Europe and North America to investigate generational politics and public policies within an approach explicitly focusing on comparative political science. This theoretically unified text examines changing electoral policy demands due to demographic ageing, and features analysis of USA, UK, Japan, Germany, Italy and all major EU countries. As the first sustained political science analysis of population ageing, this monograph examines both sides of the debate. It examines the actions of the state against the interests of a growing elderly voting bloc to safeguard fiscal viability, and looks at highly-topical responses such as pension cuts and increasing retirement age. It also examines the rise of ‘grey parties’, and asks what, if anything, makes such pensioner parties persist over time, in the first ever analysis of the emergence of pensioner parties in Europe. Ageing Populations in Post-Industrial Democracies will be of interest to students and scholars of European politics, and to those studying electoral and social policy reform. Official publication date 1st January 2012.
Download or read book EFFECTS OF CHILDCARE LEAVE POLICY ON MALES CHILDCARE PARTICIPATION AND FERTILITY IN JAPAN written by Mamoru Higashikokubaru and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page 104 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This paper investigates the effectiveness of a legislated change in a childcare leave policy for Japanese government officials beginning in 2002. By utilizing data from the Survey on Time Use and Leisure Activities from Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications, the paper empirically examines the changes in fathers' childcare participation and household's incentive on childbirth in Japan. Childcare activities include taking care of children's group, child-raising support, or manning bullying hot lines, i.e. - changing diapers for infants, taking care of infants, playing with children and education for children. In Japan, the rate of fathers' childcare participation remains at a low level, while mothers play the major role in childcare activities. However, I find that there was a growing trend for males' childcare participation during the 2001-2006 period. The legislated change influenced Japanese males parents' childcare participation, especially for couples in which both of the parents were working as fulltime, but did not rigorously increase their commitment in terms of time. Among those with both parents working, I find statistically significant evidence that the legislated change increased the probability of having a youngest child under five over the period. From these econometric analyses, I reconfirm cooperative behavior of Japanese husbands to engage in childcare activities, provided their childcare leave eligibility is extended. These findings indicate that employers in both private and public sectors will introduce more suitable work-life-balance policies so that they may become a powerful countermeasure for Japan's declining fertility rate for the next generation.
Download or read book The Palgrave Handbook of Family Policy written by Rense Nieuwenhuis and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2020 with total page 727 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "This engaging collection gathers theoretical and empirical insights from leading family policy experts. The authors - representing diverse countries, disciplines, and methods - bring to life the volume's innovative conceptual framework, which is organized around policy institutions, both public and private. The volume closes with a call for new lines of research that should inform family policy scholars for years to come."--Janet Gornick, Professor of Political Science and Sociology, and Director of the Stone Center on Socio-Economic Inequality, The Graduate Center, City University of New York, USA "Featuring exciting contributors from a range of often-siloed scholarly disciplines, countries and cultures, this Handbook offers nuanced insights into how interacting societal inequality factors influence family policy enactment to reinforce or improve inequality outcomes across gender, class, and nations. It is ambitious, broad-reaching, and succeeds in providing a strategic view within and across nations to inspire thoughtful evidence-based policy implications to improve societies in the future."--Ellen Ernst Kossek, Basil S. Turner Professor of Management, Purdue University, USA This open access handbook provides a multilevel view on family policies, combining insights on family policy outcomes at different levels of policymaking: supra-national organizations, national states, sub-national or regional levels, and finally smaller organizations and employers. At each of these levels, a multidisciplinary group of expert scholars assess policies and their implementation, such as child income support, childcare services, parental leave, and leave to provide care to frail and elderly family members. The chapters evaluate their impact in improving children's development and equal opportunities, promoting gender equality, regulating fertility, productivity and economic inequality, and take an intersectional perspective related to gender, class, and family diversity. The editors conclude by presenting a new research agenda based on five major challenges pertaining to the levels of policy implementation (in particular globalization and decentralization), austerity and marketization, inequality, changing family relations, and welfare states adapting to women's empowered roles
Download or read book Social Networks and Family Formation Processes written by Sylvia Keim and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2011-06-24 with total page 265 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: How do young adults decide to become parents or to remain childless? Is this an individual choice, a couple’s decision or are there other social influences involved, such as social networks? Using a mixed-methods design, Sylvia Keim combines problem-centred interviews and network data collected among young adults in western Germany. The author shows that personal relations strongly influence the perceptions, attitudes, and plans individuals express concerning parenthood. She identifies basic mechanisms and channels of social influence as well as relevant network structures. This book is valuable reading for academics, students, and policy makers interested in family research, the network perspective, and mixed-methods research.
Download or read book Childbearing Trends and Policies in Europe written by Tomas Frejka and published by BoD – Books on Demand. This book was released on 2008 with total page 488 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book China s Low Fertility and the Impacts of the Two Child Policy written by Wei Chen and published by Taylor & Francis. This book was released on 2023-08-25 with total page 391 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book examines China’s fertility transition over the past seven decades and explores the socioeconomic impacts of the two-child policy. The first half of this book highlights the characteristics of China’s low fertility and the risk of falling to an ultra-low state, aiming to answer the question: How China’s fertility is changing and evolving? How low is China’s fertility? What are the demographic structure, driving forces and institutional characteristics of China’s low fertility? The second half models the impacts of the two-child policy on China’s population trends and demands for women, infant and child health services, and education resources for preschool, compulsive education, addressing the questions of how the two-child policy affects fertility behaviours of Chinese women, particularly the second-child fertility? How would the two-child policy impact China’s future population trends, particularly labour supply and population aging? What are the consequences for obstetrics and gynaecological services, paediatrics and childcare services; and for school capacity and demand for teachers over compulsory education? The book will be an essential read for students and scholars of Chinese studies, population and demography studies, and those interested in contemporary China.
Download or read book Demography Analysis and Synthesis Four Volume Set written by Graziella Caselli and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2006-01-03 with total page 2857 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This four-volume collection of over 140 original chapters covers virtually everything of interest to demographers, sociologists, and others. Over 100 authors present population subjects in ways that provoke thinking and lead to the creation of new perspectives, not just facts and equations to be memorized. The articles follow a theory-methods-applications approach and so offer a kind of "one-stop shop" that is well suited for students and professors who need non-technical summaries, such as political scientists, public affairs specialists, and others. Unlike shorter handbooks, Demography: Analysis and Synthesis offers a long overdue, thorough treatment of the field. Choosing the analytical method that fits the data and the situation requires insights that the authors and editors of Demography: Analysis and Synthesis have explored and developed. This extended examination of demographic tools not only seeks to explain the analytical tools themselves, but also the relationships between general population dynamics and their natural, economic, social, political, and cultural environments. Limiting themselves to human populations only, the authors and editors cover subjects that range from the core building blocks of population change--fertility, mortality, and migration--to the consequences of demographic changes in the biological and health fields, population theories and doctrines, observation systems, and the teaching of demography. The international perspectives brought to these subjects is vital for those who want an unbiased, rounded overview of these complex, multifaceted subjects. Topics to be covered: * Population Dynamics and the Relationship Between Population Growth and Structure * The Determinants of Fertility * The Determinants of Mortality * The Determinants of Migration * Historical and Geographical Determinants of Population * The Effects of Population on Health, Economics, Culture, and the Environment * Population Policies * Data Collection Methods and Teaching about Population Studies * All chapters share a common format * Each chapter features several cross-references to other chapters * Tables, charts, and other non-text features are widespread * Each chapter contains at least 30 bibliographic citations
Download or read book Literature Search written by National Library of Medicine (U.S.) and published by . This book was released on 1979 with total page 284 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Disease Control Priorities Third Edition Volume 2 written by Robert Black and published by World Bank Publications. This book was released on 2016-04-11 with total page 419 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The evaluation of reproductive, maternal, newborn, and child health (RMNCH) by the Disease Control Priorities, Third Edition (DCP3) focuses on maternal conditions, childhood illness, and malnutrition. Specifically, the chapters address acute illness and undernutrition in children, principally under age 5. It also covers maternal mortality, morbidity, stillbirth, and influences to pregnancy and pre-pregnancy. Volume 3 focuses on developments since the publication of DCP2 and will also include the transition to older childhood, in particular, the overlap and commonality with the child development volume. The DCP3 evaluation of these conditions produced three key findings: 1. There is significant difficulty in measuring the burden of key conditions such as unintended pregnancy, unsafe abortion, nonsexually transmitted infections, infertility, and violence against women. 2. Investments in the continuum of care can have significant returns for improved and equitable access, health, poverty, and health systems. 3. There is a large difference in how RMNCH conditions affect different income groups; investments in RMNCH can lessen the disparity in terms of both health and financial risk.
