Download or read book Promotion of Foreign Direct Investment in Selected African Countries written by United Nations. Economic Commission for Africa and published by . This book was released on 1995 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book International Law and Legal Regimes of Foreign Direct Investment in Selected African Countries written by Nicholas Olwor and published by . This book was released on 2020 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In the past two decades, there have been significant changes in national and international policies of foreign direct investment (FDI). These changes have been both cause and effect in the ongoing integration of the world economy and the changing role of FDI in it. They have found expression in national laws and practices and in a variety of international instruments which includes bilateral, regional and multilateral. Traditionally, African States have played an active and relevant role in the formulation and development of international investment law. Generally, the contribution of these states is demonstrated through active participation in deliberations of the Non-Aligned Movement, the role of African States in the creation of specialized institutions such as UCTAD and the strategic use of numerical strength to sponsor numerous United Nations Resolutions. During the epitome of Africa's active participation, African States aggressively resisted the internationalization of foreign investment rules. However, the practice of African States appears to have changed through the conclusion of BITs containing far-reaching treaty provisions.While in earlier times indirect foreign investment was far more important than direct one, FDI acquired increasing importance as the twentieth century advanced, and it began gradually to assume the forms prevalent today. In international legal terms, however, FDI long remained a matter mainly of national concern, moving onto the international plane, where rules and principles of customary international law applied, only in exceptional cases, when arbitrary government measures affected it.After the Second World War, attitudes towards FDI and policies and conditions in host countries were shaped by the prevalence of political support for state control over the economy and the beginning of decolonialization. Socialist countries for a longtime excluded FDI from their territories, while developing countries endeavored to regain control of their natural resources from foreign interests. At the same time, controls and restrictions over entry and operations of foreign firms were imposed in many countries, with a view to excluding FDI from certain industries for the benefit of domestic investors or the State, determining the specific terms under which investments were to be made, and ensuring the participation of local nationals in major industries. No international consensus on the pertinent legal norms could be reached at the time.In the 1980s, a series of national and international developments radically reversed the policy trends prevailing then, with an immediate impact both on national policies regarding inward FDI and on regional and worldwide efforts at establishing international rules on the subject. Now at the end of the 1990s, host countries are seeking to attract FDI, by dismantling restrictions on its entry and operations and by offering strict guarantees, both national and international, against measures seriously damaging the investors' interests. The tone and direction of international legal discourse has significantly changed. Debate among policy makers is now centered on the most efficient ways of attracting FDI and deriving benefits from it rather than on questions of jurisdiction.An international legal framework for FDI has begun to emerge. It consists of many kinds of national and international rules and principles, of diverse form and origin, differing in strength and degree of specificity. The entire structure rests on the twin foundations of customary international law and national laws and regulations and relies for its substance on a multitude of international investment agreements (IIAs) and other legal instruments.An extensive network of bilateral investment promotion and protection treaties has come into existence. They are highly standardized, yet they appear to be capable of adapting to special circumstances. Their principal focus has been from the very start on the protection of investments against nationalizations or expropriations and on free transfer of funds, although they also cover a number of other areas. Regional and plurilateral international arrangements, while binding on a limited number of countries in each case, are increasingly important in matters of FDI. They help to change pre-existing structures of law and policy and create important habits and patterns of expectations on a broader transnational level. Economic integration agreements are a significant subcategory of regional instruments, whose importance has grown in recent years. At the multilateral level, there is no comprehensive instrument on the subject, although a number of recent multilateral instruments of less comprehensive scope are directly relevant, dealing with particular aspects of the FDI process.Legal rules of other kinds, of varying normative intensity and general applicability are also relevant. Soft law texts, adopted by States or international organizations on a non-binding basis, are important elements of the framework. Corporate codes of conduct and other texts of private origin help to formulate widely accepted prescriptions. Traditional arbitration not only provides useful procedures for dispute settlement but also, through the corpus of its awards, gradually fills in the normative conceptual framework for FDI issues.In terms of substance, the provisions of IIAs must be perceived in their constant interaction with national policies and measures. They concern two principal types of issues. A first class of provisions is linked to the process of liberalization, which, in its application to FDI, involves the gradual decrease or elimination of measures and restrictions on the entry and operations of firms, especially foreign ones; the application of positive standards of treatment with a view to the elimination of discrimination against foreign enterprises; and implementation of measures and policies seeking to promote the operation of markets. A second category of issues covers provisions that concern the protection of foreign investments already made against government measures damaging to them. As to both types of issues, it is important to consider the provisions and approaches which import into the operation of IIAs the flexibility necessary for enhancing the development of the host countries concerned.The past decades witnessed an increasingly rapid escalation towards globalization in the world economy. In spite of the tremendous growth of FDI flows and the ambitious expansion of MNEs, no single comprehensive set of multilateral rules has been reached governing the issue of FDI. Developing countries have generally resisted the adoption of a multilateral treaty protecting and encouraging FDI, while industrialized nations, on the other hand, have felt a great need for such an agreement, seeking to establish high standards of liberalization for global investment movements. An international legal framework for FDI has begun to emerge in recent times, which is actually in response to the current uncertainty of the customary international law. It includes, inter alia, national statutory regimes, and international rules and principles established at bilateral, regional and multilateral level. The BITs have played an important role in this process, and the rapid proliferation of these treaties signifies their importance as the potential foundation upon which a future multilateral agreement can be built. Two recent developments have further brought the issue to the fore of the international community: first, the embodiment of a set of investment related rules in the multilateral trading system, and second, the initiative of the OECD to promote an MAI. While the TRIMS Agreement was rather conservative in scope, applying merely to investment measures that have distorting effects on trade in goods, the negotiations on MAI appeared to be far more ambitious. However, the fundamental premise upon which the MAI has been built is considerably flawed and one-sided, which has indeed resulted in its abortion. From the perspective of developing countries, the most significant issue at point is precisely how a multilateral framework can be formulated in such a flexible manner that they could remain sufficient margin of autonomy to benefit from the inward FDI, and thereby pursue their own economic development objectives.

Download or read book New Voices in Investment written by Maria Laura Gómez Mera and published by World Bank Publications. This book was released on 2015 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This study analyzes the characteristics, motivations, strategies, and needs of FDI from emerging markets. It draws from a survey of investors and potential investors in Brazil, India, South Korea, and South Africa.

Download or read book Us Foreign Direct Investments and Economic Growth in Sub Saharan Africa written by Linda Nichols and published by . This book was released on 2018 with total page 6 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This paper uses panel data for the period ranging from 1996 to 2013 to investigate the contribution of US foreign direct investment to economic growth in fourteen Sub-Saharan African Countries. We apply the fixed and random effects model as well as the Generalized Method of Moments model to estimate two different equations. In the first equation, capital stock is estimated to include US foreign direct investments for selected years while the second equation excludes US direct investment from the capital stock variable. The results of the estimations revealed that domestic capital significantly affect economic growth in these countries but found no discernible evidence that US FDI have any direct impact on economic growth in the host countries. The results also found significant effect of political stability and openness on the growth of Sub Saharan African countries. The implication of these findings is that the region can promote economic growth by mobilizing domestic resources, ensuring that there is political stability and opening their economies to external competition.

Download or read book Foreign Direct Investment in Africa Some Case Studies written by Mr.Anupam Basu and published by INTERNATIONAL MONETARY FUND. This book was released on 2002-04-01 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This paper reviews the experiences of a few countries in Sub-Saharan Africa that have succeeded in attracting fairly large amounts of foreign investment. The review indicates that sustained efforts to promote political and macroeconomic stability and implement essential structural reforms have been the key elements contributing to the success that certain countries in Africa have achieved in attracting a substantial volume of FDI. Strong leadership, which has helped promote democracy and overcome social and political strife, and a firm commitment to economic reform have been important determinants. The adoption of sound fiscal and monetary policies, supported by an appropriate exchange rate policy, and a proactive approach to removing structural impediments to private sector activity have had a positive bearing on investor sentiment. The analysis underscores the importance of relying on stability and a broad-based reform effort to encourage foreign investment in Africa.

Download or read book Promoting Trade Competitiveness in Developing Countries written by Wineaster Anderson and published by Cambridge Scholars Publishing. This book was released on 2014-10-02 with total page 160 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Globalization has had far-reaching consequences to both developed and developing economies, and will inevitably have potentially greater roles and impacts in the future. Developing countries stand to lose or gain from globalization, depending on how they marshal resources and manage the dynamics of globalization to their advantage. Experience shows that only a few developing countries have managed to take advantage of the opportunities offered by globalization or mitigate its negative and far-reaching consequences. Most of them are still mired in the economic doldrums due to the lack of a proper understanding of the factors at play and management incapacity. In this book, various insights which critically address globalization and development issues have been thoughtfully put together in order to provoke debates and lead to solutions that help improve the lot of developing countries. The book is the results of the initiative by University of Dar es Salaam Business School, which, in 2011, brought together various stakeholders to an International Conference on Globalization and Development with the theme “Promoting Trade Competitiveness in Developing Countries”. Thematic areas including regional integration, business regulations, Chinese investments in Africa, globalization, the Africa Growth Opportunity Act, foreign direct investments, and natural resources development were calculatedly selected on account of being topical and relevant in the context of Africa. The book will be valuable for academics, researchers, students and practitioners working in the fields of international business, natural resource management and foreign direct investments not only in Africa, but also in other developing countries. The topics and synthesis dealt with in this book will also be handy for practitioners working in international development agencies, public and private sectors, government ministries, departments and agencies.

Download or read book Programs in Industrial Countries to Promote Foreign Direct Investment in Developing Countries written by Thérèse J. Bélot and published by Washington, D.C. : World Bank. This book was released on 1992 with total page 86 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Foreign Direct Investment in Emerging Economies written by Linda Cotton and published by . This book was released on 2001 with total page 30 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Foreign Direct Investment in Sub Saharan Africa written by Laurence Cockcroft and published by World Bank Publications. This book was released on 1991 with total page 74 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Foreign investment is even less likely to meet Sub-Saharan Africa's rising foreign exchange and savings gaps in the 1990s than in the dismal 1980s. Investors interested in Sub-Saharan Africa are more likely to commit technology and management than equity capital. Economic activity and overall economic policy may be more effective at raising the total volume of investment than special fiscal and other incentives.

Download or read book Foreign Direct Investment FDI Technology Transfer and Poverty Alleviation written by Moses Ikiara and published by . This book was released on 2003 with total page 56 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book US Foreign Direct Investments and Economic Growth in Sub Saharan Africa written by Sunando Sengupta and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page 16 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This paper uses panel data for the period ranging from 1996 to 2013 to investigate the contribution of US foreign direct investment to economic growth in fourteen Sub-Saharan African Countries. We apply the fixed and random effects model as well as the Generalized Method of Moments model to estimate two different equations. In the first equation, capital stock is estimated to include US foreign direct investments for selected years while the second equation excludes US direct investment from the capital stock variable. The results of the estimations revealed that domestic capital significantly affect economic growth in these countries but found no discernible evidence that US FDI have any direct impact on economic growth in the host countries. The results also found significant effect of political stability and openness on the growth of Sub Saharan African countries. The implication of these findings is that the region can promote economic growth by mobilizing domestic resources, ensuring that there is political stability and opening their economies to external competition.

Download or read book Foreign Direct Divestment Phenomenon in Selected Sub Saharan African Countries written by Ombeswa Ralarala and published by . This book was released on 2020 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Foreign direct divestment can occur for either external or internal factors. The determinants of FDI are also the same determinants for FDD. FDD might lead to numerous negative economic factors such as a decline in economic development, reduction in employment and might also cripple the facilitation in technology transfers. In this paper, the FDD concept in the Sub-Saharan African countries was investigated using annual data spanning from 1998 to 2018. The panel autoregressive distributive lag was used to develop the FDD model. The findings of the panel ARDL long run equation revealed that lending rates and urbanisation have a negative and significant influence on foreign direct investment. Further, the findings revealed an insignificant influence of real gross domestic product per capita on FDI. Finally, trade openness showed a positive significant impact on foreign direct investment. We recommend policies that increase FDI through the cost of borrowing since increasing this results in foreign direct divestment. Real gross domestic product per capita cannot be used for policy making purposes in the study. Trade openness makes a country more accessible on the world market and thus, policies that promote foreign trade such as exporting complex and sophisticated products, trade liberalisation, free trade agreements and open trade systems could help reduce the presence of foreign direct divestment in the selected countries. Finally, urbanisation deter foreign direct investment, therefore countries should invest more on infrastructure and reduce poverty in rural areas to transform them into urban areas to decrease urbanisation.

Download or read book Asian Foreign Direct Investment in Africa written by United Nations Development Programme and published by United Nations Publications. This book was released on 2007 with total page 198 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Foreign direct investment (FDI) in Africa by developing Asian economies is growing and has the potential to reach much higher levels. The present report notes that Africa-bound FDI is still a small percentage of the rapidly climbing foreign investments being made by Asian transnational corporations. The rapid economic growth in Asia can be expected to lead to increased Asian investments in Africa, in both natural resources and manufacturing. In particular, the rapid industrial upgrading taking place in Asia provides ample opportunities for Africa to attract efficiency-seeking and export-oriented FDI from Asian economies. Publishing Agency: United Nations.

Download or read book Africa Investor Report 2011 written by Mohamed Lamine Dhaoui and published by UN. This book was released on 2012 with total page 220 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The report has two key objectives - to identify "quality" foreign direct investment (FDI) and to seek an optimal allocation of scarce public funds in Africa by facilitating (largely through investment promotion agencies) the attraction of these investments. Close to 7000 firms (with 36% having foreign involvement) were interviewed in 19 Sub-Saharan African host countries. The report examines the impact of FDI on productivity, training, human capital, competition, employment, wages and trade (exports). The publication of this report is an important step forward in understanding FDI in Africa, its impact and its prospects. It is the start of a process that should see the valuable data that it introduces analyzed and reanalyzed.

Download or read book Foreign Direct Investment in Africa written by Jacques Morisset and published by World Bank Publications. This book was released on 2000 with total page 28 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A few Sub-Saharan countries, by improving their business environment, have begun to attract more substantial foreign direct investment than other African countries with bigger domestic markets and greater natural resources. Like Ireland and Singapore, perhaps they can become competitive internationally and attract sustainable foreign direct investment.

Download or read book Making Foreign Direct Investment Work for Sub Saharan Africa written by Thomas Farole and published by World Bank Publications. This book was released on 2014-01-13 with total page 302 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book presents the results of a groundbreaking study on ‘spillovers’ of knowledge and technology from global value-chain oriented foreign direct investment (FDI) in Sub-Saharan Africa, and discusses implications for policymakers hoping to harness the power of FDI for economic development.

Download or read book Foreign Direct Investment in Africa written by United Nations Conference on Trade and Development. Division on Transnational Corporations and Investment and published by New York : United Nations. This book was released on 1995 with total page 134 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: