Download or read book Proliferative Signals Regulate Hemocyte Development and Intestinal Immunity in Drosophila Melanogaster written by Brendon David Parsons and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page 203 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The innate immune system is an ancient line of resistance against intrusive microbial threats. This system integrates cellular, humoral, and barrier defenses to generate a protective immune response. These divisions are indispensable and conserved between Drosophila and mammals. Hemocytes are the immune cells of Drosophila, and they resemble vertebrate myeloid lineages in their ontogeny and function. Similar to tissue macrophages, the Drosophila hemocytes have roles in development, tissue homeostasis and defense against pathogens. Conserved constituents of the platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) families have defined roles in these processes. Signaling through the PDGF/VEGF-related receptor (Pvr) mediates the establishment and dispersal of hemocytes during embryogenesis. The Pvr ligands, Pvf2 and Pvf3 are implicated in hemocyte cellular proliferation, size and chemotactic guidance of hemocyte. However, the precise role that Pvf2 and Pvf3 play in hemocytes is unclear due to the lack of available mutants. To determine Pvf functions in vivo, I generated a genomic deletion that simultaneously disrupts Pvf2 and Pvf3. From my studies, I identified contributions of Pvf2 and Pvf3 to the trophic maintenance of hemocytes. I uncovered a novel role for Pvfs in invasive migrations and found that Pvf2 and Pvf3 are not required as guidance cues during hemocyte migration, but act locally in epithelial cells to coordinate trans-epithelial movements. Additionally, I observed that Pvr activation in hemocytes attenuates immune signaling through the immune deficiency pathway (IMD). These observations redefined the role of growth factor signaling in Drosophila hemocyte migration and uncover novel roles for hemocyte invasive migration. I then assessed the role that proliferative and immune responses play in the Drosophila gut epithelium. Unlike the sterile hemolymph of the body cavity, the epithelial barriers of the Drosophila gut interface with a dense heterogeneous population of microbes. Cells of the epithelium must relay intrinsic and extrinsic signals to coordinate epithelial renewal programs and immune response. Pathogenic challenge of the epithelium drives a local humoral response through the IMD pathway and a burst of intestinal stem cell (ISC) proliferation to maintain barrier integrity. While Pvf-Pvr signaling and several additional intrinsic regulators are essential for ISC homeostatic proliferation, it is unclear if the microbiota impact these systems during infection. To this end, I assessed gut epithelial IMD and regenerative responses in Drosophila devoid of a microbiota. I found that in the absence of infection, the microbiota stimulate basal IMD signaling are essential to maintain the ISCs. I also found that during infection the gut microbiota dramatically enhance survival, support epithelial compensatory proliferation and exhibit a regulatory impact on the IMD response. Together my findings define growth factor signaling roles through Pvfs in hemocyte survival and invasive migration and identify roles for the microbiota in gut epithelial regeneration and immune responses during infection.
Download or read book The Drosophila Model in Cancer written by Wu-Min Deng and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2019-09-13 with total page 251 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume provides a series of review articles that capture the advances in using the fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster, model system to address a wide range of cancer-related topics. Articles in this book provide case studies that shed light on the intricate cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying tumor formation and progression. Readers will discover the beauty of the fly model’s genetic simplicity and the vast arsenal of powerful genetic tools enabling its efficient and adaptable use. This model organism has provided a unique opportunity to address questions regarding cancer initiation and development that would be extremely challenging in other model systems. This book provides a useful resource for a researcher who wishes to learn about and apply the Drosophila model to tackle fundamental questions in cancer biology, and to find new ways to fight against this devastating disease.
Download or read book Cell Fusion written by Elizabeth H. Chen and published by Methods in Molecular Biology. This book was released on 2008-07-31 with total page 454 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In this book a team of leading experts provide a collection of overviews that outline our current understanding of cell fusion. They further provide methods that present classic and state-of-the-art experimental approaches in a variety of systems.
Download or read book Vertebrate Blood Cells written by Arthur Frederic Rowley and published by CUP Archive. This book was released on 1988-02-25 with total page 460 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: First published in 1988, Vertebrate Blood Cells provided a comprehensive review of our knowledge of the structure and function of vertebrate blood cells. This was the first book to attempt to draw together such a guide, and this volume was essential reading for this subject. The book consists of six chapters on general evolutionary aspects, fish, amphibian, reptilian, avian and mammalian haematology written by experts in his/her field. Of particular importance is the standardized format used from chapter to chapter which allows the reader to compare the information available on a particular aspect from one group of animals to another. The book should be of interest to immunologists, haematologists and general biologists as well as undergraduate students of zoology, cell biology, microbiology and veterinary and human medicine.
Download or read book Invertebrate Immunity written by Kenneth Söderhäll and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2011-06-28 with total page 338 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: It can be seen that the insects are the still attracting most research and researchers. However, an increasing interest is emerging to study new invertebrate groups, especially those where the genome is known. Even though Drosophila has been and still is an excellent model for immune studies, it is now clear that there are great differences between immune responses in Drosophila and that of several other invertebrates, which indeed calls for more research on other invertebrates
Download or read book Origin and Evolution of the Vertebrate Immune System written by L. Du Pasquier and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 324 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The comparative approach to immunology can be traced to the era of Pasteur and Metchnikov in which observations regarding foreign recognition in invertebrates was a factor in the develop ment of the principal concepts that created the foundation of what now is the broad field of immunology. With each major experimental and conceptual breakthrough, the classical, albeit essential, question has been asked "are the immune systems of phylogenetically primitive vertebrates and invertebrates similar to that of mammals?" Somewhat surprisingly for the jawed verte brates, the general answer has been a qualified form of "yes", whereas for agnathans and invertebrate phyla it has been "no" so far. The apparent abruptness in the appearance of the immune system of vertebrates is linked to the introduction of the somatic generation of the diversity of its antigen specific receptors. Therefore the questions regarding the origin and evolution of the specific immune system revolve around this phenomenon. With respect to the origin of the system (aside from the or igin of the rearranging machinery itself, the study of which is still in its infancy) one can ask questions about the cellular and mo lecular contexts in which the mechanism was introduced.
Download or read book Drosophila melanogaster written by Farzana Khan Perveen and published by BoD – Books on Demand. This book was released on 2018-02-28 with total page 270 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book contains 12 chapters divided into two sections. Section 1 is "Drosophila - Model for Genetics." It covers introduction, chromosomal polymorphism, polytene chromosomes, chromosomal inversion, chromosomal evolution, cell cycle regulators in meiosis and nongenetic transgenerational inheritance in Drosophila. It also includes ecological genetics, wild-type strains, morphometric analysis, cytostatics, frequencies of early and late embryonic lethals (EEL and LEL) and mosaic imaginal discs of Drosophila for genetic analysis in biomedical research. Section 2 is "Drosophila - Model for Therapeutics." It explains Drosophila as model for human diseases, neurodegeneration, heart-kidney metabolic disorders, cancer, pathophysiology of Parkinson's disease, dopamine, neuroprotective therapeutics, mitochondrial dysfunction and translational research. It also covers Drosophila role in ubiquitin-carboxyl-terminal hydrolase-L1 (UCH-L1) protein, eye development, anti-dUCH antibody, neuropathy target esterase (NTE), organophosphorous compound-induced delayed neuropathy (OPIDN) and hereditary spastic paraplegia (HSP). It also includes substrate specificities, kinetic parameters of recombinant glutathione S-transferases E6 and E7 (DmGSTE6 and DmGSTE7), detoxification and insecticidal resistance and antiviral immunity in Drosophila.
Download or read book Advances in Comparative Immunology written by Edwin L. Cooper and published by Springer. This book was released on 2018-08-07 with total page 1063 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Immunologists, perhaps understandably, most often concentrate on the human immune system, an anthropocentric focus that has resulted in a dearth of information about the immune function of all other species within the animal kingdom. However, knowledge of animal immune function could help not only to better understand human immunology, but perhaps more importantly, it could help to treat and avoid the blights that affect animals, which consequently affect humans. Take for example the mass death of honeybees in recent years – their demise, resulting in much less pollination, poses a serious threat to numerous crops, and thus the food supply. There is a similar disappearance of frogs internationally, signaling ecological problems, among them fungal infections. This book aims to fill this void by describing and discussing what is known about non-human immunology. It covers various major animal phyla, its chapters organized in a progression from the simplest unicellular organisms to the most complex vertebrates, mammals. Chapters are written by experts, covering the latest findings and new research being conducted about each phylum. Edwin L. Cooper is a Distinguished Professor in the Laboratory of Comparative Immunology, Department of Neurobiology at UCLA’s David Geffen School of Medicine.
Download or read book Insect immunity and its interactions with microorganisms and parasitoids written by Fengliang Jin and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2023-12-18 with total page 424 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Insects are a group of abundant and diverse organisms that have successfully adapted to the most challenging conditions on earth. The success of insects in adverse environments indicates the advanced defense mechanisms employed by these organisms, but they are often targeted by specialized microorganisms (viruses, bacteria, nematodes, & fungi) and parasitoids. Insects exhibit both humoral and cellular immune responses against pathogens. The lack of an adaptive immune system has compelled insects to choose immediate non-specific but sophisticated responses that include the production of antimicrobial peptides, phenoloxidase, apoptosis, phagocytosis, encapsulation, and nodulation. In recent decades, technological advances have been made in decrypting the molecular and mechanistic basis of insect immunity. However, there is a need to understand the insect immune responses to single or mixed encounters. Future challenges include a better understanding of functional cooperation of various endosymbiotic microbes and their role in insect defenses. Post-transcriptional modulation of immune responses regulated by non-coding RNAs (microRNA & long non-coding RNAs) has become critically important to study by using modern bioinformatics and experimental tools. Therefore, investigating the dynamics of insect immune responses will substantially increase the capacity for confronting harmful agricultural and medical pests. Furthermore, most insect cellular immune activities have been conducted in a laboratory setting, therefore confirming the existing knowledge in a natural environment would provide crucial information.
Download or read book Drosophila Cells in Culture written by Guy Echalier and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2017-11-30 with total page 259 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Drosophila Cells in Culture, Second Edition, includes comprehensive coverage of cell lines, methods for creating cell lines, methods for genome engineering, and the use of cell lines for genome wide rNAi screens. This publication summarizes over thirty years of experience in the handling of in vitro cultured Drosophila cells alongside recent methods and functional screens. Early and experienced researchers studying drosophila in developmental biology, genetics, neuroscience, and across the biological and biomedical sciences will benefit from this expert knowledge. Offers full coverage of cell lines and primary cultures Provides a go-to resource for methods and studies completed with drosophila cells in culture Presents a wide spectrum of experimental techniques
Download or read book The M2 Macrophage written by Tamás Röszer and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2020-08-03 with total page 224 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Macrophages are core components of the innate immune system. Once activated, they may have either pro- or anti-inflammatory effects that include pathogen killing, safe disposal of apoptotic cells or tissue renewal. The activation state of macrophages is conceptualized by the so-called M1/M2 model of polarization. M2 macrophages are not simply antagonists of M1 macrophages; rather, they represent a network of tissue resident macrophages with roles in tissue development and organ homeostasis. M2 macrophages govern functions at the interfaces of immunity, tissue development and turnover, metabolism, and endocrine signaling. Dysfunction in M2 macrophages can ruin the healthy interplay between the immune system and metabolic processes, and lead to diseases such as insulin resistance, metabolic syndrome, and type 1 and 2 diabetes mellitus. Furthermore, M2 macrophages are essential for healthy tissue development and immunological self-tolerance. Worryingly, these functions of M2 macrophages can also be disrupted, resulting in tumor growth and autoimmunity. This book comprehensively discusses the biology of M2 macrophages, summarizes the current state of knowledge, and highlights key questions that remain unanswered.
Download or read book Parasites and Pathogens of Insects written by Nancy E. Beckage and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2012-12-02 with total page 383 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Both volumes of Parasites and Pathogens of Insects provide in-depth coverage of the interface between insect parasites and pathogens and hosts, and explore the relationships between these partners. They emphasize biochemical and molecular interactions, basic biology, and the roles of hormones, receptors, and other cellular components in modulating interactions between host insects and attacking agents. These topics also are assessed in relation to biotechnology and biological control. In the short term, these volumes fill a void in current literature by emphasizing basic interactions at the biochemical and molecular levels. In the long term, these interactions may provide avenues for exploitation to enhance the rate of "beneficial" parasitism or to reduce the rates of disease transmission and infection of vertebrate hosts. Presents the latest information on insect parasites and pathogens Describes biochemical and molecular host-parasite and host-pathogen relationships Covers mechanisms of insect pathogenicity and resistance Provides exceptional breadth of coverage and authoritative reviews Special topics Transposable elements in insect pathogens Co-evolution and gene transfer between hosts and invaders Biological control
Download or read book The Embryonic Development of Drosophila melanogaster written by Jose A. Campos-Ortega and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2013-03-09 with total page 237 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: " . . . but our knowledge is so weak that no philosoph er will ever be able to completely explore the nature of even a fly . . . " * Thornas Aquinas "In Syrnbolurn Apostolorum" 079 RSV p/96 This is a monograph on embryogenesis of the fruit fly Drosophi la melanogaster conceived as a reference book on morphology of embryonie development. A monograph of this extent and con tent is not yet available in the literature of Drosophila embryolo gy, and we believe that there is areal need for it. Thanks to the progress achieved during the last ten years in the fields of devel opmental and molecular genetics, work on Drosophila develop ment has considerably expanded creating an even greater need for the information that we present here. Our own interest for wildtype embryonie development arose several years ago, when we began to study the development of mutants. While those studies were going on we repeatedly had occasion to state in sufficiencies in the existing literature about the embryology of the wildtype, so that we undertook investigating many of these problems by ourselves. Convinced that several of our colleagues will have encountered similar difficulties we decided to publish the present monograph. Although not expressely recorded, Thomas Aquinas probably referred to the domestic fly and not to the fruit fly. Irrespective of which fly he meant, however, we know that Thomas was right in any case.
Download or read book Drosophila Models for Human Diseases written by Masamitsu Yamaguchi and published by Springer. This book was released on 2018-06-27 with total page 314 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Most biological pathways, physical and neurological properties are highly conserved between humans and Drosophila and nearly 75% of human disease-causing genes have a functional homologue in Drosophila. This volume provides recent advances in Drosophila models for various human diseases, with each chapter providing a review of studies involving Drosophila models, as well as detailed protocols commonly used in laboratories. Starting with a review of Drosophila’s value as a highly tractable model organism for studying human diseases, subsequent chapters present Drosophila models for specific human diseases. The book provides a useful resource for all scientists who are starting to use the Drosophila model in their studies, and for researchers working in the pharmaceutical industry and using new screening models to develop new medicines for various diseases.
Download or read book Oral Mucosal Immunity and Microbiome written by Georgios N. Belibasakis and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2019-11-15 with total page 192 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The first International Conference on Oral Mucosal Immunity and Microbiome (OMIM) aimed to highlight cutting-edge basic and translational research from an oral immunological and microbiological perspective. Oral diseases with a microbial etiology are the most prevalent chronic diseases of humans. Whilst not life-threatening, they can significantly compromise quality of life, are associated with increased risk for certain systemic diseases, and pose heavy financial burdens to national health systems. Hence, periodontal and peri-implant diseases, dental caries, root canal infections and mucosal infections are significant global public health problems. In this book global experts summarize and discuss the latest progress made in oral mucosal immunity and the oral microbiome. Target audience is basic and/or translational researchers with expertise in host immunity and microbiome research, and interest in oral health and disease. This volume provides a much needed quantum leap in the field, by joining forces to address gaps at the oral mucosal immunity-microbiome cross-talk.
Download or read book The Development of Drosophila Melanogaster written by Michael Bate and published by . This book was released on 2009 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster offers the most powerful means of studying embryonic development in eukaryotes. New information from many different organ systems has accumulated rapidly in the past decade. This monograph, written by the most distinguished workers in the field, is the most authoritative and comprehensive synthesis of Drosophila developmental biology available and emphasizes the insights gained by molecular and genetic analysis. In two volumes, it is a lavishly illustrated, elegantly designed reference work illustrating principles of genetic regulation of embryogenesis that may apply to other eukaryotes.
Download or read book Tumor Microenvironment written by Jacinta Serpa and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2020-03-04 with total page 430 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The way a cell undergoes malignant transformation should meet their capacity of surviving in the microenvironment of the organ where the cancer will develop. Metabolic adaptation is for sure one of the criteria that must be accomplished, driven by metabolic plasticity that allows the adaptation of cancer cells to the availability of energy and biomass sources that will sustain cell survival and proliferation. Each human organ has a particular microenvironment which depends on several cell types and in some cases also on symbiotic microorganisms. These biological partners are constantly sharing organic compounds and signaling molecules that will control mitogenesis, cell death and differentiation, accounting for the organ's function. Nevertheless, cancer cells are capable of taking advantage of this metabolic and signaling microenvironmental dynamics. In this book, we intend to present the different components of the microenvironment driving the metabolic fitness of cancer cells. The metabolic changes required for establishing a tumor in a given microenvironment and how these metabolic changes limit the response to drugs will generally be the major items addressed. It is important to mention not only aspects of the microenvironment that stimulate metabolic changes and that select better adapted tumor cells, but also how this regulation of cell plasticity is made. Thus, the signaling pathways that orchestrate and are orchestrated throughout this panoply of metabolic rearrangements will also be addressed in this book. The subjects will be presented from the conceptual point of view of the cross-cancer mechanisms and also particularizing some models that can be examples and enlightening within the different areas.
