Download or read book Project CHECO Southeast Asia Report Short Rounds written by and published by . This book was released on 1972 with total page 50 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The term "short round," of artillery inception, described a shell which fell short of its target. In Air Force employment, this term is somewhat altered: "A short round incident is defined as the air delivery of ordnance which results in injury or death to friendly military forces or noncombatants." This CHECO report depicts those short rounds delivered by fixed-wing aircraft, specifically those under the operational control of the Seventh Air Force Tactical Air Control Center (TACC). This report encompasses "short round" incidents reported from January through December 1971. It emphasizes a narrative of each incident with the factors leading up to the incident, the investigating officer's conclusions and recommendations, and the efforts made by commanders to minimize the recurrence of the accidental release of air-delivered ordnance on friendly military forces or noncombatants. A review of the authenticated "short rounds" in CHECO reports of previous years revealed that these incidents basically followed a general pattern of primary and contributing causes: pilot error, poor weather conditions, troop location unknown, weapon system malfunction, wrong target hit due to ground personnel error, poor communications, change in the ground situation, and inaccurate target marking. However, it was also noted that in a troops-in-contact situation the chance of a short round must be weighed against the possibility of heavy losses if close air support is not provided.

Download or read book Project CHECO Southeast Asia Report Short Rounds and Related Incidents 1 Jun 69 to 31 Dec 70 written by and published by . This book was released on 1971 with total page 72 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Project CHECO was established in 1962 to document and analyze air operations in Southeast Asia. Over the years the meaning of the acronym changed several times to reflect the escalation of operations: Current Historical Evaluation of Counterinsurgency Operations, Contemporary Historical Evaluation of Combat Operations and Contemporary Historical Examination of Current Operations. Project CHECO and other U.S. Air Force Historical study programs provided the Air Force with timely and lasting corporate insights into operational, conceptual and doctrinal lessons from the war in SEA.

Download or read book Project CHECO Southeast Asia Report Short Rounds June 1968 May 1969 written by and published by . This book was released on 1969 with total page 68 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In the parlance of artillerymen, a "Short Round" is a shell that falls short of the enemy and inflicts casualties on friendly troops. The expression is so starkly descriptive and brief that it has come to be used as a convenient label for most incidents wherein friendly ordnance causes friendly casualties. This report is concerned with air-delivered Short Rounds--specifically, those involving the fixed-wing aircraft under operational control of the Seventh Air Force Tactical Air Control Center (TACC). This third CHECO report On "Short Rounds" covers occurrences from June 1968 through May 1969. It emphasizes rates and trends, interesting corollaries, lessons learned, and recent attempts to eliminate Short Rounds. This study also examines several Short Round incidents to illustrate some of the problems encountered by ground commanders, forward air controllers (FACs), and strike aircraft commanders in their joint efforts to conduct close air support. Ground and air commanders at all levels are deeply concerned about the tragic results of Short Round incidents, and Strenuous efforts have been made to reduce the probability of such occurrences. To have achieved absolute immunity from Short Rounds, the ground forces would have had to sacrifice the benefits of air support whenever they were closely engaged with the enemy. These were hard choices to make, but nearly all of the situations dictated accepting the risk of Short Rounds to diminish the certain lethality of hostile fire.

Download or read book Project CHECO Southeast Asia Report Short Rounds January 1972 August 1973 written by and published by . This book was released on 1977 with total page 116 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The term "short round," of artillery inception, originally described a shell which fell short of its intended target. In the past, Air Force usage of this term was defined as: "The air delivery of ordnance which results in injury or death to friendly military forces or noncombatants." In July 1972, however, an accident occurred in Laos which nearly resulted in an international incident because the definition of a short round did not cover the inadvertent delivery of ordnance on installations without injury to personnel. Because there were no casualties, this incident was not reported until the Vientiane press accused the U.S. Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) of an assassination attempt on a provincial governor. This incident was then classified as a short round, and an emergency change to Seventh Air Force Manual (7AFM) 55-1 was enacted on 8 September 1972 to modify the definition of a short round. Thus: "A short round is ... the unintentional or inadvertent air delivery of ordnance on friendly troops, installations, or civilians by a friendly weapon system," with or without casual ties. This is the sixth and final Southeast Asia (SEA) short round report, and covers the period from January 1972 through August 1973, the last month of American air operations in SEA. The report describes all confirmed short round cases which resulted from ordnance expended by fixed wing aircraft under the control of the 7AF Tactical Air Control Center.

Download or read book Project CHECO Southeast Asia Report The Siege of Ben Het written by and published by . This book was released on 1969 with total page 64 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This report briefly covers the tactical situation in the Ben Het area during May and June 1969--the enemy threat and the Allied defense. It describes USAF operations in the defense of Ben Het in detail, largely as seen through the eyes of those involved, along with the problems encountered and lessons learned.

Download or read book Project CHECO Southeast Asia Report Visual Reconnaissance in I Corps written by and published by . This book was released on 1968 with total page 52 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This report examines the MACV Visual Aerial Surveillance Program in I Corps, emphasizing the areas of responsibility for the Air Force O-1 and O-2 aircraft, Army O-1s, and the Senior Corps Advisor, as well as support given the Marines. That Air Force Visual Reconnaissance was an invaluable part of the I Corps reconnaissance program is self-evident. Two major theses are discussed: First the Visual Reconnaissance (VR) program in I Corps was user-oriented. The MACV VR program in I Corps relied upon only O-1 and O-2 aircraft assigned to one tactical air support squadron and two reconnaissance airplane companies. The program, however, was implemented, not through these three aircraft units, but through the many Army, Marine, and ARVN ground units. No designated "VR Program" existed independently of the VR and FAC missions flown in support of U.S. and ARVN division users. Accordingly, the patterns of coverage adhered to those of unit areas of operation, and each user determined the nature of his VR program. Although Air Force FAC resources were dedicated to the FAC mission and only secondarily to the VR mission, they were used to accomplish significant Visual Reconnaissance. Since the O-1 and O-2 aircraft had other higher priority missions, no single manager of VR scheduling existed in I Corps. Second, the Visual Reconnaissance program in I Corps was scattered among a number of users, but no organization existed to analyze VR as a total, unified effort. Seventh Air Force and the I Corps Senior Advisor had collection systems to systematically compile data produced by VR flights, but no one made a thorough analysis of Visual Reconnaissance techniques and their effectiveness. This report provides comments on the completeness of VR coverage in I Corps.

Download or read book Project CHECO Southeast Asia Report LINEBACKER Overview of the First 120 Days written by and published by . This book was released on 1973 with total page 97 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Inevitably, comparisons will be drawn--and have been drawn--between Rolling Thunder, the bombing and interdiction campaign over North Vietnam between 1965 and 1968, and Linebacker, the campaign launched over the North on 9 May 1972. This study addresses the similarities and differences between the two campaigns, the concepts and rationale behind each, and the degree of success-of-aims achieved in the two overall plans. Ample documentation of Rolling Thunder exists in previous histories, operational reports, and Project CHECO Reports, as well as other sources, and these are drawn upon in this volume. Classified and unclassified statements by high-level officials of both periods are cited in an attempt to achieve the best possible perspective. This report documents the chronology of events, including the introduction of new tactics and technologies, their effect on the prosecution of the Linebacker campaign, and the concomitant reshaping of political constraints. It addresses the change in political climate, the significance of the GCI-ECM-MIG-SAM envelope, and briefly, the effect of Linebacker upon the North Vietnamese invasion of the South. The differing politico-military considerations and the changes in the Rules of Engagement are also mentioned because they contributed sharply to the differences of effectiveness of Linebacker and Rolling Thunder. Weather cannot be ignored, because it influenced large differences in tactics and weaponry. This study, however, cannot be construed as the final, in-depth analysis of any Rolling Thunder-Linebacker comparison, since it must concern itself primarily with the actions taken and immediate effects of the first four months of the latter campaign.

Download or read book The Siege of Ben Het Project CHECO Southeast Asia Report written by and published by . This book was released on 1969 with total page 64 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Project CHECO was established in 1962 to document and analyze air operations in Southeast Asia. Over the years the meaning of the acronym changed several times to reflect the escalation of operations: Current Historical Evaluation of Counterinsurgency Operations, Contemporary Historical Evaluation of Combat Operations and Contemporary Historical Examination of Current Operations. Project CHECO and other U. S. Air Force Historical study programs provided the Air Force with timely and lasting corporate insights into operational, conceptual and doctrinal lessons from the war in SEA.

Download or read book Project CHECO Southeast Asia Report Joint Personnel Recovery in Southeast Asia written by and published by . This book was released on 1976 with total page 104 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: More than a decade of direct American military action in Indochina without a significant pause. for an exchange of prisoners or search for those missing in action ended in January 1973 with the repatriation of American prisoners of war held by the Democratic Republic of Vietnam (DRV) and the Provisional Revolutionary Government (PRG) of South Vietnam (Viet Cong). In the wake of Operation Homecoming, however, 2,409 Americans, including 21 civilians remained unaccounted for. The total was divided almost equally between those listed as missing in action (MIA) and those labeled presumed dead but body not recovered (BNR). The number included 977 Air Force (MIA = 690, BNR = 287), 706 Army (MIA = 347, BNR = 359), 409 Navy (MIA = 132, BNR = 277), and 296 Marine (MIA = 105, BNR = 191) personnel, and 21 US civilians (MIA = 13, BNR = 8). Seventy-eight percent of all MIA/BNR incidents were connected with crash sites. The large Air Force total suggested a major difficulty in any proposed casualty resolution (CR) operations: the need to locate and examine crash sites scattered over remote sections of Indochina. Most BNR status Army, Navy, and Marine personnel were also connected with aircraft crashes.

Download or read book Project CHECO Southeast Asia Report OV 10 Operations in SEAsia written by and published by . This book was released on 1969 with total page 48 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This CHECO report relates the methods employed in introducing the OV-10 aircraft into the Southeast Asia combat functions. The evaluation process of an unbiased COMBAT BRONCO team proved the superiority of OV-10 aircraft operating as a FAC vehicle. The OV-10 unit's organization, deployment, manning, and crew training in their relationship to the Tactical Air Control System are also reviewed. The final chapter outlines the advantages and disadvantages of the OV-10 and presents recommendations which might improve its effectiveness.

Download or read book Project CHECO Southeast Asia Report Command and Control 1966 1968 written by and published by . This book was released on 1969 with total page 61 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This is a continuing report, dovetailing with CHECO Report, "Command and Control 1965," which was published on 15 December 1966. Since then, approximately 16 CHECO reports have been completed, which encompass every facet of Command and Control in SEA. Thus, this volume will not repeat the detailed information available in other individual reports. Rather, it will provide an overview of this highly complex Command and Control structure. Emphasis will be placed on Command Relationships, with the focus on their historical evolution and the prevailing lines of authority from the Pacific Command (PACOM) to Vietnam and Thailand. When it enhances the overview, this report - will contain brief sketches of pertinent functional components and the elements of centralized direction so essential to the operation of a Command and Control system.

Download or read book Project Checo Southeast Asia Study written by William R. Burditt and published by Military Bookshop. This book was released on 2012-05 with total page 142 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: High quality reprint of this recently declassified 1977 study. This report is the fourth in a series of CHECO reports on the ROE, summarizing significant events and changes which occurred between October 1972 and August 1973. Throughout this period, the operating authorities formulated by the JCS were in most cases directly related to the peace negotiations conducted in Paris between the United States and the Democratic Republic of Vietnam (DRV). Consequently, this report accounts for changes in the ROE, chronologically, as they applied to the different areas of SEA: The Republic of Vietnam (RVN), North Vietnam (NVN), Laos, and Cambodia. This presentation not only provides the reader with significant changes in the ROE between October 1972 and August 1973, but also portrays the close relationship between national policy and the conduct of air operations in SEA. The intensity of bombing, the number of sorties authorized, and the territorial restrictions were constantly changed, particularly through January 1973. Specifically, they followed the negotiating trends and the sincerity, or the lack of it, with which the North Vietnamese approached peace negotiations. These negotiations culminated in the signing of the "Agreement on Ending the War and Restoring Peace in Vietnam" on 27 January 1973 in Paris. Because these changes would be less significant to the reader without some prior knowledge of the ROE, this chapter provides a brief summary of the ROE as they stood in September 1972.

Download or read book Project CHECO Southeast Asia Report Reconnaissance in SEAsia Jul 1966 Jun 1969 written by and published by . This book was released on 1969 with total page 74 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The traditional interpretation of the tactical reconnaissance mission as a highly mobile, self-sufficient operation prepared to "know continuously the enemy's capabilities and location" has been reemphasized by the recent military experience in Southeast Asia. A premium has been placed by several factors on the element of surprise, on detection of an enemy able to conceal himself more effectively than ever before, and on the most rapid possible response to requirements established by ground and air forces. Many axioms guiding reconnaissance organization and operations in the past have been reexamined and questioned in the light of conditions encountered in Southeast Asia. The task of providing "needed intelligence information during all phases and for the full spectrum of conflict" has created special problems yet to be fully resolved. This report reviews the expansion and growth in sophistication of the tactical reconnaissance mission in Southeast Asia (SEA) conducted by the United States Air Force from June 1966 to June 1969, noting at the same time the salient problems involved. Tactical reconnaissance emphasizes flexibility in its organization and operation; it can be deployed in package units or through various combinations of reconnaissance aircraft, sensors, and other detection devices as required by the joint force. The Wing, therefore, constitutes the basic tactical unit, small enough to fulfill mobility requirements and still provide from its own resources all the services of a tactical reconnaissance system. The broad scope of the Wing's mission can be seen in a summary of the work of the 432d Tactical Reconnaissance Wing (TRW) at Udorn Royal Thai Air Force Base (RTAFB).

Download or read book Project CHECO Southeast Asia Report Search and Rescue Operations in SEA 1 January 1971 31 March 1972 written by and published by . This book was released on 1972 with total page 103 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This is the sixth report in a series by the Southeast Asia CHECO office on Search and Rescue operations. In preparing the fifth report-- the period covering July 1969 through December 1970--the author of that study felt that it would possibly be the last on the subject during the war in Vietnam. For that reason, he elected to summarize all Search and Rescue activities in Southeast Asia to present what had transpired in that area through 1970. The reader seeking background information on Search and Rescue in Southeast Asia is, therefore, referred to the previous CHECO publications on the subject, primarily USAF Search and Rescue in Southeast Asia--1 July 1969-31 December 1970, dated 23 April 1971. This continuation report is directed toward covering those significant events which took place during 1971 and the first quarter of 1972. While the report was being prepared, great changes were taking place in concepts and tactics for Search and Rescue operations. Some of the changes were a direct result of the unilateral withdrawal of US forces from Southeast Asia, while others were simply a result of finding better ways of doing things. It was true that when an aircraft was downed, practically all theater resources were made available for the rescue operation. However, the primary rescue-dedicated force was controlled by the 3rd Aerospace Rescue and Recovery Group. For that reason, the study places emphasis on the Group's operation, but the discussion will include, when applicable, the support offered by outside resources. Throughout the research phase, the author met with unlimited cooperation by everyone contacted. The overall impression, hopefully conveyed in the report, is that there has never been a group of people more dedicated to a goal than those associated with Search and Rescue in Southeast Asia. Although bitter failures and tragedies were encountered during the period, there were also unprecedented successes.

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Download or read book Project CHECO Southeast Asia Report USAF Search and Rescue November 1967 June 1969 written by and published by . This book was released on 1969 with total page 117 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: When hostilities began in Southeast Asia, the Aerospace Rescue and Recovery Service was not fully prepared to enter into armed conflict. The assumption that wartime Search and Rescue (SAR) was an extension of peacetime SAR was in error. This was quickly recognized during the early days of the conflict. In 1964, the only rotary wing aircraft available to be deployed to SEA was the HH-43B assigned to the Local Base Rescue (LBR) units. The amphibious HU-16 and the HC-54 were the only fixed-wing aircraft available. Both these aircraft had a limited rescue and recovery capability. HC-54s, made available as command and control aircraft, were also limited in mission capability. The Aerospace Rescue and Recovery Service was forced to take helicopter aircraft from other Air Force missions to provide a partially adequate SAR capability in SEA. Even then it took three years to fully develop and position the required forces. In October 1965, six CH-3C helicopters, modified for combat rescue service, were deployed to SEA. After deployment and additional modifications, they were redesignated the HH-3E (Jolly Green Giant), and became increasingly responsible for the out-country Aircrew Recovery (ACR) mission in Laos, North Vietnam, and the Gulf of Tonkin. Twelve HH-43F (Pedros) were also configured for combat recoveries to augment the HH-43B which had been performing the out-country ACR mission since deployment in October 1964. By January 1967, HH-43 out-country missions had ended. The HC-54s were replaced by the HC-130H/P, a far more suitable aircraft for command and control. Quick access to a downed aircrew member was a crucial element in a successful recovery, but significantly faster helicopters were years away in development. Therefore, longer endurance was vitally necessary to enable the rescue craft to loiter on orbit nearer the areas in which aircraft were likely to be lost.

Download or read book Project CHECO Southeast Asia Report Impact of Darkness and Weather on Air Operations in SEA written by and published by . This book was released on 1969 with total page 168 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Combine adverse effects of darkness and weather conditions on air operations in a combat situation, and a very hazardous operational environment is likely to prevail. This CHECO report investigates problems and limitations of the impact which darkness and weather have on air operations in Southeast Asia. Throughout this report, special emphasis is placed on tactics, techniques, and innovations developed to counteract unfavorable effects of night and weather on mission accomplishment.