Download or read book Production of High Silicon Alloys written by Anders Schei and published by Akademika Pub. This book was released on 1997-01-01 with total page 363 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book is intended for professionals working with all aspects of high silicon alloy production. It covers the basics of silicon processes regarding thermodynamic and reaction kinetics. Post-furnace processes such as refining and solidification are presented and there are also important contributions covering furnace design, energy use and environmental standards for silicon production.
Download or read book Recent Experience in Production of Silicon Alloys written by I.I Barashkin and published by . This book was released on 1986 with total page 8 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Silicon written by and published by . This book was released on 1993 with total page 18 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Al Si Alloys written by Francisco C. Robles Hernandez and published by Springer. This book was released on 2017-07-02 with total page 253 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book details aluminum alloys with special focus on the aluminum silicon (Al‐Si) systems – that are the most abundant alloys second only to steel. The authors include a description of the manufacturing principles, thermodynamics, and other main characteristics of Al‐Si alloys. Principles of processing, testing, and in particular applications in the Automotive, Aeronautical and Aerospace fields are addressed.
Download or read book Handbook of Ferroalloys written by Michael Gasik and published by Butterworth-Heinemann. This book was released on 2013-05-04 with total page 537 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This handbook gathers, reviews and concisely presents the core principles and varied technology involved in processing ferroalloys. Background content in thermodynamics, kinetics, heat and mass transfer is accompanied by an overview of electrical furnaces theory and practice as well as sustainability issues. The work includes detailed coverage of the major technologies of ferrosilicon, ferronickel, ferromolybdenum, ferrotungsten, ferrovanadium, ferromanganese and lesser known minor ferroalloys. Distilling the results of many years' experience in ferroalloys, Michael Gasik has assembled contributions from the worlds' foremost experts. The work is therefore a unique source for scientists, engineers and university students, exploring in depth an area which is one of the most versatile and increasingly used fields within modern metallurgy. All-in-one source for the major ferroalloys and their metallurgical processing technologies, cutting research time otherwise spent digging through old handbooks or review articles. In-depth discussion of the C, Si, Al-reduction, groups II-VIII of the periodic table, supporting analysis of metallurgical processing. Contemporary coverage includes environment and energy saving issues.
Download or read book Rapidly Solidified Aluminium high Silicon Alloys written by Faraj D. F. Alshmri and published by . This book was released on 2010 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Aluminium silicon alloys are the most used raw material for automotive applications. One of the main limitations on using aluminium high silicon alloys is the formation of coarse brittle phases under conventional solidification conditions. However, rapid solidification processing (RS) is very effective in limiting the coarsening of primary silicon due to high cooling rate. Aluminium high silicon alloys can be processed by different RS methods. However, melt spinning is the most familiar of all RS commercial methods. Rapid solidification is a material production route. It does not give the final shape. Rapidly solidified materials require consolidation after solidification. Moreover, consolidation requires mechanical and/or thermal treatment. These treatments may degrade the microstructure. Also hot extrusion may be used as a final step, which may cause deterioration of the initially useful properties due to hot working. In general, although rapid solidification may suppress the coarsening of Si during solidification, the Si particulates may still coarsen during the subsequent thermo-mechanical treatment due to heat effect during consolidation and extrusion. In the present work characterisation of the material at various stages of production has been carried out and understanding of the metallurgical phenomena involved. Several alloy variants were examined. Coarsening behaviour of the Silicon particles and hardness tests were carried out. Wear properties of the alloys have been studied under dry sliding conditions against a steel ball bearing. Analyses and observation of the wear surfaces and wear mechanisms of these alloys are discussed. Wear of RS materials was compared with piston material A390 made by casting. Degassing and HIPping at 400 °C for 12 hrs prior to HIPping seems to be the optimum the degassing is effective whilst avoiding excessive coarsening of the silicon particles. Alloy number RSP461 (Al 21Si 3.9Cu 1.2Mg 2.4Fe 1.4Ni 0.4Zr) shows excellent wear resistance due to its fine microstructure.
Download or read book The Complete Book on Ferroalloys written by B.P Bhardwaj and published by NIIR PROJECT CONSULTANCY SERVICES. This book was released on 2014-01-01 with total page 440 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Complete Book on Ferroalloys (Ferro Manganese, Ferro Molybdenum, Ferro Niobium, Ferro Boron, Ferro Titanium, Ferro Tungsten, Ferro Silicon, Ferro Nickel, Ferro Chrome) An alloy is a mixture or solid solution composed of metals. Similarly, Ferroalloys are the mixture of Iron with high proportion of other elements like manganese, aluminium or silicon. Alloying improves the physical properties like density, reactivity, Youngs modulus, electrical and thermal conductivity etc. Ferroalloys thus show different properties as mixture of different metals in different proportion exhibit a wide range of properties. Also, Alloying is done to alter the mechanical properties of the base metal, to induce hardness, toughness, ductility etc. The main demand of ferroalloys, nowadays is continuously increasing as the major use of such products are in the field of civil construction; decorative items; automobile; steel industry; electronic appliances. The book provides a wide idea to readers about the usage of appropriate raw material and the treatment involved in the processing of raw material to final produce, safety, uses and properties of raw material involved in the processes. This book concisely presents the core principles and varied details involved in processing of ferroalloys. The work includes detailed coverage of the major products like ferroaluminium, ferrosilicon, ferronickel, ferromolybdenum, ferrotungsten, ferrovanadium, ferromanganese and lesser known minor ferroalloys. Progress in thermodynamics and physico-chemical factors in ferroalloy production has developed rapidly during the past twenty-five years or so. The book presents the principles and current knowledge of processes in the production of various ferroalloys. The production of a particular ferroalloy involves a number of processes to be followed in order to give the alloy desired physical and mechanical properties. The slight difference in the temperature or heating or composition can lead to entirely different alloy with different properties. This book is not only confined to the different processes followed in the production of ferroalloys but also describes the processes used and other information related to product, which are necessary for the manufacturers knowledge. Also, the book gives the reader appropriate knowledge regarding the selection the best of available raw materials. 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Download or read book Solar Silicon Processes written by Bruno Ceccaroli and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2016-10-03 with total page 273 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Polycrystalline silicon (commonly called "polysilicon") is the material of choice for photovoltaic (PV) applications. Polysilicon is the purest synthetic material on the market, though its processing through gas purification and decomposition (commonly called "Siemens" process) carries high environmental risk. While many current optoelectronic applications require high purity, PV applications do not and therefore alternate processes and materials are being explored for PV grade silicon. Solar Silicon Processes: Technologies, Challenges, and Opportunities reviews current and potential future processing technologies for PV applications of solar silicon. It describes alternative processes and issues of material purity, cost, and environmental impact. It covers limits of silicon use with respect to high-efficiency solar cells and challenges arising from R&D activities. The book also defines purity requirements and purification processes of metallurgical grade silicon (MG-Si) and examines production of solar grade silicon by novel processes directly from MG-Si and/or by decomposition of silane gas in a fluidized bed reactor (FBR). Furthermore, the book: Analyzes past research and industrial development of low-cost silicon processes in view of understanding future trends in this field. Discusses challenges and probability of success of various solar silicon processes. Covers processes that are more environmentally sensitive. Describes limits of silicon use with respect to high-efficiency solar cells and challenges arising from R&D activities. Defines purity requirements and purification processes of MG-Si. Examines production of solar grade silicon directly from MG-Si.
Download or read book Design of Advanced Aluminum Silicon Alloy Compositions and Processing written by Xiao Li and published by . This book was released on 1996 with total page 346 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Part I discusses the development of an aluminum-magnesium-silicon alloy that may combine strength, extrudability, favorable corrosion resistance with low cost and scrap compatibility. The first part of the study determined the effects of small composition, heat treatment and mechanical processing changes on the ambient temperature tensile properties of the alloy. A combination of magnesium and silicon of about 2%, 1% copper, 0.2% chromium and 0.1% vanadium can produce a T6 alloy with significant higher strength, fatigue and corrosion fatigue properties for both ingot and extrusion than those of 6061 but with only a modest increase in cost. The new alloy has been designated as AA6069. The second part of the study determined the T6 properties of 6069 alloy. The tensile test results of cold and hot extrusions of hollow, solid bars, and high pressure cylinders indicate that the T6 properties ranged from 55-70 ksi (380-490 MPa) UTS, 50-65 ksi (345-450 MPa) yield strength, and 10-18% elongation. It also appears that the fracture toughness and general corrosion resistance in saline environment are comparable or better than those of 6061 T6. Part II attempted to evaluate the formation, formability, thermal and mechanical properties of semi-solid A356, A357 and modified aluminum silicon semi-solid alloys. The semi-solid alloy microstructure was produced in this study by purely thermal treatment rather than conventional and expensive electromagnetic or mechanical stirring. Three heat-up stages in semi-solid treatment were evaluated. Stage I is related to the heating of the alloy in the solid state. Stage II is related to the eutectic reaction. Stage III is related to the heating of the semi-solid slurry. Stage II requires the longest time of the three heat-up stages due to the endothermic reaction on heating. An increase of furnace temperature can greatly reduce the time of stage II. The atmosphere (vacuum, air, argon) of the semi-solid treatment does not appear to greatly affect the T6 properties of semi-solid alloys. The microstructure and T6 properties of semi-solid A356 do not appear sensitive to the homogenization treatments before semi-solid treatment. The porosity of semi-solid ingots and pressed parts increases as the cooling rate decreases in unformed and subsequent-to-moderate pressure forming. The T6 properties basically appear sensitive to voids, with a degradation of properties as the void concentration increases. The formability of A357 may be improved as the spheroidal particle size decreases. Hence, formability may improve with decreasing ingot grain size. The mechanism of coarsening of the solid phase at isothermal temperatures is related to Ostwald ripening and/or "merging" of particles. The mechanical properties of die-casting parts show that the method of thermal treatment to produce a spheroidal microstructure is an effective method for industrial production of semi-solid aluminum-silicon alloys.
Download or read book Handbook of Ferroalloys written by Merete Tangstad and published by Elsevier Inc. Chapters. This book was released on 2013-05-04 with total page 54 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This chapter examines the theory and technology of the production of silicon and ferrosilicon alloys. An overview of silica raw materials, silica transformations, and carbon reductants for smelting is presented together with an exploration of the thermodynamics of silicon reduction and the formation of silicon carbide. For industrial practice, the results of furnace operation and zones formation are discussed, along with the main parameters required to ensure a smooth furnace operation. Finally, post–tap hole processes (refining and casting) and environmental issues (fumes and dust formation and handling) are described.
Download or read book Production of Manganese Ferroalloys written by Sverre E. Olsen and published by Tapir Academic Press. This book was released on 2007 with total page 256 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Progress in our knowledge of thermodynamics and physico-chemical factors in manganese ferroalloy production has developed rapidly during the past twenty-five years or so. The authors' intention has been to use this basic knowledge in discussions of industrial manganese ferroalloy production. The book presents the principles and current knowledge of processes in the production of high carbon ferromanganese, silicomanganese and low carbon manganese alloys. The book is intended for professionals working in production, plant design or development. It will also be useful for researchers in industry, universities and research institutes. The book can be used as a textbook for courses in extractive and process metallurgy, and for company in-house courses. Thermodynamics of the slag and metal systems are extensively covered. Computational modelling based on assessed thermochemical databases has made it possible to calculate and present a large number of phase and equilibrium diagrams. These diagrams are useful for easy understanding and analysis of the complex heterogeneous equilibria in the manganese ferroalloy metallurgy. The manganese ferroalloys are mainly produced in electric submerged arc furnaces. Electrical relations are briefly discussed. Supply of raw materials, especially manganese ores and coke, is extremely important for the manganese industry. The book gives the reader appropriate knowledge regarding the selection the best of available raw materials. Environmental issues, including greenhouse gas emissions and climate changes, are of growing concern to ferroalloy producers. Carbon will always be needed as a reducing agent, and consequently emission of CO2 gas is inevitable. The book describes solutions to dealing with pollution problems and gives the latest guidelines for greenhouse gas inventories.
Download or read book Production of Aluminum silicon Alloy and Ferrosilicon and Commercial Purity Aluminum by the Direct Reduction Process Third Interim Technical Report Phase B March 1 1979 May 31 1979 written by and published by . This book was released on 1979 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The effect of volatile sweep rate on bridge formation and product yield was determined. Higher volatile rates resulted in decreased yields and wider zones of condensation in the shaft. Attempts to charge ores and reduction carbon separately produced very low yields of metallic alloy. Remelt tests of reactor alloy products required temperatures of 1900°C for samples high in Ti. Low Ti-containing alloys melted at 1300°C. Operation of the O2 injected, side entry bench reactor was erratic and inconsistent due to formation of chemical burden bridging. Ferrosilicon alloy products containing 2 to 14% Al were made. Tendency for burden bridging was reduced. Alloy product accumulated at the O2 inlet area due to high heat losses. Cold modeling studies demonstrated that mechanical burden bridging was caused by plugging of the voids with fines generated in the raceway. Proper sizing of coke particles minimized fines formation. An Auger successfully kept chemical bridges from forming. Compressive strength and abrasion resistance were measured on calcined briquettes and extrusions containing ores and coke. Briquettes were much stronger; abrasion for both agglomerates was comparable. Fractional crystallization and remelt experiments were conducted in the bench units to determine the effect of Ti level on the melt properties and the effects of high Fe and high Si on crystallizer products. Higher Si and/or Fe content reduced the recovery of suitable alloy product. The multipurpose high temperature induction furnace was started up. Fabrication of the holding ladle shell and accessory equipment was completed. Tests were continued to determine the effects of system operating variables on purifier efficiency and productivity.
Download or read book Electric Smelting of Low grade Chromite Concentrates written by John P. Walsted and published by . This book was released on 1956 with total page 36 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Titanium Alloys written by Maciej Motyka and published by BoD – Books on Demand. This book was released on 2019-11-27 with total page 156 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Titanium alloys, due to unique physical and chemical properties (mainly high relative strength combined with very good corrosion resistance), are considered as an important structural metallic material used in hi-tech industries (e.g. aerospace, space technology). This book provides information on new manufacturing and processing methods of single- and two-phase titanium alloys. The eight chapters of this book are distributed over four sections. The first section (Introduction) indicates the main factors determining application areas of titanium and its alloys. The second section (Manufacturing, two chapters) concerns modern production methods for titanium and its alloys. The third section (Thermomechanical and surface treatment, three chapters) covers problems of thermomechanical processing and surface treatment used for single- and two-phase titanium alloys. The fourth section (Machining, two chapters) describes the recent results of high speed machining of Ti-6Al-4V alloy and the possibility of application of sustainable machining for titanium alloys.
Download or read book Production of Non corrosive Alloys written by Elbert Chih-yi Cheng and published by . This book was released on 1923 with total page 78 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Production of Aluminum silicon Alloy and Ferrosilicon and Commercial Purity Aluminum by the Direct Reduction Process First Interim Technical Report Phase B September 1 November 30 1978 written by and published by . This book was released on 1978 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The parameters of charge content, reaction temperatures and residence time were studied in a bench reactor concerning the production of Al--Si and Fe--Si alloys. Results confirmed that minimum final stage reaction temperature is 1950 to 2000°C. Residence time varied with initial charge concentration. Fe2O3 additions to the charge produced a significant increase in metallic yield. A burden preparation procedure was developed for making acceptable agglomerates containing Fe2O3, bauxite, clay and coke. Particle size distribution of starting materials was correlated with agglomerate strength. A new bench scale reactor was designed and built to facilitate semi-continuous operation, using O2 injection to burn coke supporting the burden, resulting in burden movement. In a number of runs bridging of the burden material occurred due to condensation of volatilized sub-oxides in the cooler zones of the reactor. The reactor operated smoothly as an iron blast furnace at 1500°C, demonstrating the validity of the equipment and test procedures. Initial construction of pilot reactor VSR-1 was completed. Bench scale fractional crystallizer runs were continued to determine the impurity effects of Fe up to 6.9% and Ti up to 1.25% on alloy product concentration and yield. High levels of impurities formed intermetallic complexes with Al and reduced product yield.
Download or read book High Entropy Materials written by Yong Zhang and published by Springer. This book was released on 2019-05-27 with total page 152 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book draws on the latest research to discuss the history and development of high-entropy alloys and ceramics in bulk, film, and fiber form. High-entropy materials have recently been developed using the entropy of mixing and entropy of configuration of materials, and have proven to exhibit unique properties superior to those of conventional materials. The field of high-entropy alloys was born in 2004, and has since been developed for both scientific and engineering applications. Although there is extensive literature, this field is rapidly transforming. This book highlights the cutting edge of high-entropy materials, including their fundamentals and applications. Above all, it reflects two major milestones in their development: the equi-atomic ratio single-phase high-entropy alloys; and the non-equi-atomic ratio dual-phase high-entropy alloys.
