Download or read book Production and Use of Activated Char for Combined SO2 NO3 Removal Quarterly Technical Report September 1 November 30 1994 written by and published by . This book was released on 1994 with total page 27 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Carbon adsorbents have been shown to remove sulfur oxides from flue gas, and also serve as a catalyst for reduction of nitrogen oxides at temperatures between 80 and 150°C. The overall objective of this project is to determine whether Illinois coal is a suitable feedstock for the production of activated char which could be used as a catalyst for combined SO2/NOx removal, and to evaluate the potential application of the products in flue gas cleanup. During this quarter, further analyses of SO2 adsorption and TPD data revealed that SO2 adsorption was directly proportional to the number of unoccuppied (free) adsorption sites on the carbon surface. The SO2 capacity of a series of prepared IBC-102 chars and commercial activated carbons normalized with respect to the number of free sites varied by less than a factor of two, which indicated an excellent correlation. Based on these results, a mechanism for SO2 adsorption on carbon and conversion to H2SO4 was proposed. To study NOx reduction by activated char, a packed bed flow through system was designed and constructed. A quadrupole mass spectrometer was installed to monitor the [NO] and [NO2]; NO breakthrough curves were obtained for a commercial activated carbon at various [NO].

Download or read book Production and Use of Activated Char for Combined SO2 NO3 Removal Quarterly Technical Report December 1 1993 February 28 1994 written by and published by . This book was released on 1994 with total page 29 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: During this reporting period, a thermogravimetric technique was developed to determine the kinetics of SO2 adsorption on a series of chars prepared from IBC-102 coal. Also, a temperature programmed desorption (TPD) method was developed to determine the nature and extent of carbon-oxygen (C-O) complexes formed on the surface of the char. An attempt was made to relate this information to observed SO2 adsorption behavior. An IBC-102 char prepared with an N2-BET surface area of 10 m2/g adsorbed significantly less SO2 than chars prepared with surface areas> 200 m2/g. However, for chars with surface areas> 200 m2/g, the amount of available surface area was not as important as the chemistry of the surface. A steam activated char adsorbed the most SO2, comparable to the amount adsorbed by a commercial activated carbon. TPD performed on the steam activated char revealed the presence of CO-forming C-O complexes which were basic in nature. The other chars all contained significant amounts of more acidic CO2-forming complexes. Because SO2 is an acid gas, a carbon adsorbent with a basic surface should adsorb more SO2. To enhance SO2 adsorption, a novel char preparation method was devised to 2 create a basic surface with up to ten times more CO-forming C-O complexes than formed by steam activation.

Download or read book Production and Use of Activated Char for Combined SO2 NO3 Removal Technical Report September 1 November 30 1993 written by and published by . This book was released on 1993 with total page 19 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Carbon adsorbents have been shown to remove sulfur oxides from flue gas, and also serve as a catalyst for reduction of nitrogen oxides at temperatures between 80 and 150°C. The overall objective of this project is to determine whether Illinois coal is a suitable feed stock for the production of activated char which could be used as a catalyst for removal of SO2/NOx from combustion flue gas, and to evaluate the potential application of the products in flue gas cleanup. Key production variables will be identified to help design and engineer activated char with the proper pore structure and surface chemistry. During this reporting period, a series of chats was prepared from an Illinois coal (IBC-102). A 48×100 mesh size fraction of IBC-102 coal was physically cleaned to reduce its ash content from 5.5 to 3.6%. The clean coal was pyrolyzed in a fluidized-bed reactor at 500, 700 and 900°C. The surface area and oxygen content of the char was varied either by oxidation in 10% O2 or by nitric acid treatment. Steam activation or chemical activation using potassium hydroxide was employed to enhance surface area development. Nitrogen BET surface areas of the chars ranged from 1 to 800 M2/g.

Download or read book Production and Use of Activated Char for Combined SO2 NO3 Removal Technical Report March 1 1994 May 31 1994 written by and published by . This book was released on 1994 with total page 42 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Carbon adsorbents have been shown to remove sulfur oxides from flue gas, and also serve as a catalyst for reduction of nitrogen oxides at temperatures between 80 and 150°C. The overall objective of this project is to determine whether Illinois coal is a suitable feedstock for the production of activated char which could be used as a catalyst for combined SO2/NO3 removal, and to evaluate the potential application of the products in flue gas cleanup. Key production variables will be identified to help design and engineer activated char with the proper pore structure and surface chemistry to enable the development of an effective SO2/NO3 removal catalyst. The ISGS agreed to provide 500 pounds of activated char to STEAG for tests in a demonstration unit to clean flue gas from a U.S. waste incinerator. The STEAG process requires an activated char with a N2 BET surface area

Download or read book Energy Research Abstracts written by and published by . This book was released on 1995 with total page 782 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Government Reports Annual Index written by and published by . This book was released on 1994 with total page 1372 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Production and Use of Activated Char for Combined SO2 written by and published by . This book was released on 1993 with total page 19 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Carbon adsorbents have been shown to remove sulfur oxides from flue gas, and also serve as a catalyst for reduction of nitrogen oxides at temperatures between 80 and 150°C. The overall objective of this project is to determine whether Illinois coal is a suitable feed stock for the production of activated char which could be used as a catalyst for removal of SO2/NO(subscript x) from combustion flue gas, and to evaluate the potential application of the products in flue gas cleanup. Key production variables will be identified to help design and engineer activated char with the proper pore structure and surface chemistry. During this reporting period, a series of chats was prepared from an Illinois coal (IBC-102). A 48 x 100 mesh size fraction of IBC-102 coal was physically cleaned to reduce its ash content from 5.5 to 3.6%. The clean coal was pyrolyzed in a fluidized-bed reactor at 500, 700 and 900°C. The surface area and oxygen content of the char was varied either by oxidation in 10% O2 or by nitric acid treatment. Steam activation or chemical activation using potassium hydroxide was employed to enhance surface area development. Nitrogen BET surface areas of the chars ranged from 1 to 800 M2/g.

Download or read book Investigation of Combined SO2 NO3 Removal by Ceria Sorbents Quarterly Technical Progress Report October 1993 December 1993 written by and published by . This book was released on 1994 with total page 8 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Simultaneous removal of SO2 and NOx using a regenerable solid sorbent will constitute an important improvement over the use of separate processes for the removal of these two pollutants from stack gases and possibly eliminate several shortcomings of the individual SO2 and NOx removal operations. This process will allow simple and reliable cleanup of large volumes of stack gases as a competitive cost; produce a concentrated stream of SO2 which can easily be converted into valuable by-products; be compatible with existing power generation plants; and essentially eliminate the waste materials generated in some other sulfur removal processes. Department of Energys̀ Pittsburgh Energy Technology Center (PETC) and UOP/Shell have developed processes which both employ copper oxide-based sorbents in different reactor configurations, namely, former uses a regenerative fluidized bed while the latter employs a cyclic fixed bed contactor. More recent studies at PETC considered cerium oxide as an alternate sorbent to CuO. Ceria improves the resistance of the alumina support to thermal sintering and produces a regeneration off-gas stream that can be easily converted to elemental sulfur. It has a potentially higher sulfur capture capacity than copper. The objective of this research is to determine the effects of ammonia on the sulfation of the sorbent; to determine the effects of fly ash on the sulfation and regeneration of the sorbent; to obtain a rate expression for the regeneration of alumina-supported CeO2 sorbents; to model reactor configurations for a commercial scale combined CeO2/Al2O3 sorbent; and to study alternative designs, effects of design variables on the performance of the facility, and the economics of the process using the developed model.

Download or read book Investigation of Combined SO2 NO3 Removal by Ceria Sorbents Quarterly Technical Progress Report January 1993 March 1993 written by and published by . This book was released on 1994 with total page 6 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Simultaneous removal of SO2 and NOx using a regenerable solid sorbent will constitute an important improvement over the use of separate processes for the removal of these two pollutants from stack gases and possibly eliminate several shortcomings of the individual SO2 and NOx removal operations. This process will allow simple and reliable cleanup of large volumes of stack gases at a competitive cost; produce a concentrated stream of SO2 which an easily be converted into valuable by-products; be compatible with existing power generation plants; and essentially eliminate the waste materials generated in some other sulfur removal processes. Department of Energys̀ Pittsburgh Energy Technology Center (PETC) and UOP/Shell have developed processes which both employ copper oxide-based sorbents in different reactor configurations, namely, former uses a regenerative fluidized bed while the latter employs a cyclic fixed bed contactor. More recent studies at PETC considered cerium oxide as an alternate sorbent to CuO. Ceria improves the resistance of the alumina support to thermal sintering and produces a regeneration off-gas stream that can be easily converted to elemental sulfur. It has a potentially higher sulfur capture capacity than copper. The objective of this research is to determine the effects of ammonia on the sulfation of the sorbent; to determine the effects of fly ash on the sulfation and regeneration of the sorbent; to obtain a rate expression for the regeneration of alumina-supported CeO2 sorbents; to model reactor configurations for a commercial scale combined CeO2/Al2O3 sorbent; and to study alternative designs, effects of design variables on the performance of the facility, and the economics of the process using the developed model.

Download or read book Investigation of Combined SO2 NO3 Removal by Ceria Sorbents Quarterly Technical Progress Report written by and published by . This book was released on 1996 with total page 14 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Simultaneous removal of SO2 and NOx using a regenerable solid sorbent will constitute an important improvement over the use of separate processes for the removal of these two pollutants from stack gases and possibly eliminate several shortcomings of the individual SO2 and NOx removal operations. Recent studies at PETC considered cerium oxide as an alternate sorbent to CuO. The present study aims to determine the effects of ammonia on the sulfation of the sorbent and to obtain a rate expression for the regeneration of alumina-supported CeO2 sorbents. In the past quarter the effect of ammonia on sulfation was investigated. It was found that the presence of ammonia affects the sulfation process unfavorably by forming ammonium sulfate species on the surface which subsequently decompose and cause sulfur loss from the surface. Since formation of surface ammonium sulfates increase the sorbent mass, it is difficult to deduce the magnitude of the sulfur loss from the surface only by thermogravimetric analysis.

Download or read book Integrated Methods for Production of Clean Char and Its Combustion Properties Quarterly Technical Report December 1 1992 February 28 1993 written by and published by . This book was released on 1993 with total page 14 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: An integrated method consisting of physical coal cleaning, mild gasification (MG) and low temperature oxidation (LTO) is proposed to produce chars with SO2 emissions at least 50% lower than those of their parent coals. MG and char desulfurization studies are conducted in both a batch fluidized-bed reactor (FBR) and in a continuous rotary tube kiln (RTK). Combustion properties and ash deposition behaviors of desulfurized chars are determined at the US EPA in a 14 kill pilot-scale combustor and at UNDEERC in a drop tube furnace (DTF). This project is cost-shared with the US EPA and the US DOE through UNDEERC. During the first year of this two year project, six coals from the IBC sample program (IBC-101, 102, 104, 105, 106 and 109) were studied. Under non-optimized conditions, desulfurized chars with SO2 emissions 60--71% lower than the parent coals were made in the FBR, depending on the coal. Chars prepared from four of the six coals had SO2 emissions less than 2.5 lbs SO2/MMBtu. Under optimum conditions SO2 emissions of one of the coals were reduced nearly 67%, from 4.60 to 1.49 lbs SO2/MMBtu. MG reduced the chlorine content of one coal 93%. During the reporting period, about 160 pounds of -48 mesh IBC-102 coal were preoxidized in air at 150°C for 30 minutes in the RTK to minimize agglomeration during MG tests. MG of the preoxidized coal at 600°C produced about 75 pounds of char. About65 pounds of LTO char were prepared by oxidizing the MG char at 420,C for about 10 minutes. The amount of sulfur removed in the RTK was less than in the FBR, and gave a char with SO2 emissions of about 2.4 lbs SO2/MmBtu. The greater sulfur removal in the FBR was attributed to a smaller mean particle diameter, better gas-solid contact and/or a decreased partial pressure of SO2.

Download or read book Simultaneous SO2 NO3 Abatement Using Zeolite Supported Copper Quarterly Progress Report October 1 1994 December 31 1994 written by and published by . This book was released on 1994 with total page 20 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: We have made progress in characterizing a Cu-exchanged ZSM-5 for NO decomposition activity. Additionally, we are pursuing the impregnation of alumina with vanadium and copper and studying the adsorption and reaction of SO2 on these catalysts.

Download or read book Novel Technologies for SO3 NO3 Removal from Flue Gas Quarterly Technical Report December 1 1993 February 28 1994 written by and published by . This book was released on 1994 with total page 21 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The goal of this project is to develop a cost-effective low temperature deNOx catalyst to be used in the Research Triangle Institute-Waterloo SOx/NOx process for boiler retrofit applications. The performance goal of the catalyst is to convert over 80% of the NO in the flue gas at a temperature as low as 150°C in the presence of 4% O2 and 10% water. Based on the results obtained in the first quarter, which showed that modification of a Cu-ZrO2 catalyst with Nd increased the conversion of NO to N2, especially at higher partial pressures of oxygen, and that ethanol was a more effective reductant than propene in the presence of water vapor, research was conducted in this quarter to investigate the use of other modifiers and other alcohols as reductants. It was found that modification of Cu-ZrO2 by La was more effective than by Nd or Gd. It decreased the hydrocarbon combustion activity of the catalyst while increasing the NO conversion. A Cu-Ga2O3 catalyst was also tested. It was superior to Cu-ZrO2 at temperatures higher than 250°C, but inferior at lower temperatures. On the La-Cu-ZrO2 catalyst, isobutanol was a very effective reductant for NO, being more effective than ethanol. In the presence of 4% O2, 2% water, and with a space velocity of 3000 h−1, an NO conversion to N2 of 83% was obtained using 1200 ppM isobutanol at 200°C. This is believed to be the highest conversion reported to data without using NH3 as the reductant. Other catalysts not containing copper were also tested, but their performance was inferior to this La-Cu-ZrO2 catalyst.

Download or read book Nitrogen oxides NOx why and how they are controlled written by and published by DIANE Publishing. This book was released on 1999 with total page 57 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Novel Technologies for SO3 NO3 Removal from Flue Gas Technical Report September 1 November 30 1993 written by and published by . This book was released on 1993 with total page 24 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The goal of this research is to develop a low temperature deNOx catalyst with activity high enough for boiler retrofit applications. Cu-ZrO2 is a promising low temperature catalyst for the selective reduction of No by propene. At NO = 1000 ppm, propene (C3H6) = 1000 ppm and 02 = 1% and a space velocity of 13,000 h−1, the NO conversion to N2 is 64% at 265°C. The performance of the catalyst, however, does not fulfill the requirement when used for flue gas clean up where the feed is composed of 4% O2 and 10% H2O, and the temperature is 150°C. Methods to improve the performance of the catalyst are being sought. These include modification of the preparation method such as varying the aging time of the gel after precipitation, and addition of promoters like Pd and Nd to increase the catalytic activity at lower temperatures and higher 02 concentrations. Using ethanol (C2H5OH) instead of C3H6 as a reductant improves the performance of the catalyst when H2O is present. Interestingly, methanol is not an effective reductant. Some modified carbon catalysts are also tested. Results on Cu impregnated ASC whetlerite carbon catalyst show 100% N2 selectivity and 35 % NO conversion at 200°C. However, the catalyst is unstable and deactivates rapidly. Work planned for the next quarter is to continue to investigate methods to improve the catalytic activity.

Download or read book Simultaneous SO2 NO3 Abatement Using Zeolite supported Copper Progress Report October 1 1993 September 30 1994 written by and published by . This book was released on 1994 with total page 15 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The goals of this project have evolved from an investigation of ways of preparing Li and Halls̀ Cu-ZSM-5 catalyst using new methods to yield a more robust catalyst, into an investigation of modified Cu-ZSM-5 catalysts for the simultaneous reduction of NO and oxidation of SO2. This was not a conscious effort or decision on the part of the investigators, but resulted from a natural evolution of the project. The authors have developed a zeolite synthesis and characterization capability in the group and have prepared impregnated test materials for the investigation of different catalyst precursors. They have prepared different vanadium-impregnated aluminas, for evaluation of the impregnation method, and have succeeded in reproducing the results of Li and Halls̀ Cu-ZSM-5 catalyst. This report reviews the progress during the first three quarters of the year, and includes progress from the last quarter. Results are discussed for the Raman spectroscopy of precursors; infrared spectroscopy of vanadium-impregnated alumina; zeolite overlayer on cordierite; reactivity of Cu-ZSM-5; and impregnation of vanadyl acetylacetonate on alumina.

Download or read book Novel Technologies for SO3 NO3 Removal from Flue Gas Technical Report March 1 1994 May 31 1994 written by and published by . This book was released on 1994 with total page 23 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The goal of this project is to develop a cost-effective low temperature deNOx catalyst to be used in the Research Triangle Institute-Waterloo SO2/NOx process for boiler retrofit applications. The performance goal of the catalyst is to convert over 80% of the NO in the flue gas at a temperature as low as 150°C in the presence of 4% O2, and 10% water. Based on the results obtained in the previous quarter, which showed a La-Cu-ZrO2 catalyst to be a promising low temperature catalyst in the presence of 2% H2O in the reduction of NO to N2 with isobutanol, research was conducted to investigate the variations in feed conditions on the performance of the catalyst. Specifically, the effect of increased H2O concentration and the effect of NO2 in the feed were investigated. Although the activity of the catalyst declined when the H2O concentration was increased from 2 to 10%, the decline was relatively mild compared with that when the water content was changed from 0 to 2%. The effect of NO2 was investigated because oxidation of NO to NO2, a thermodynamically favorable process, proceeds at a finite rate even in the absence of a catalyst. It was found that, under the low temperature reaction conditions, replacement of NO2 with NO did not affect the catalytic performance of the La-Cu-ZrO2 catalyst. Besides studying the La-Cu-ZrO2 catalyst, effort has continued in screening other potential catalysts. A promising 5%Cu-2%Ag catalyst supported on active carbon was found that catalyzes NO reduction by acetone. At 150°C, 35% NO conversion was obtained in the presence of 4% O2 and 8% H2O at a space velocity of 3000 h−1 after 5 h on stream.