Download or read book The History of Thoughts in Sui Tang and Five Dynasties written by Li Shi and published by DeepLogic. This book was released on with total page 215 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The book is the volume of “The History of Thoughts in Sui, Tang and Five Dynasties” among a series of books of “Deep into China Histories”. The earliest known written records of the history of China date from as early as 1250 BC, from the Shang dynasty (c. 1600–1046 BC) and the Bamboo Annals (296 BC) describe a Xia dynasty (c. 2070–1600 BC) before the Shang, but no writing is known from the period The Shang ruled in the Yellow River valley, which is commonly held to be the cradle of Chinese civilization. However, Neolithic civilizations originated at various cultural centers along both the Yellow River and Yangtze River. These Yellow River and Yangtze civilizations arose millennia before the Shang. With thousands of years of continuous history, China is one of the world's oldest civilizations, and is regarded as one of the cradles of civilization.The Zhou dynasty (1046–256 BC) supplanted the Shang and introduced the concept of the Mandate of Heaven to justify their rule. The central Zhou government began to weaken due to external and internal pressures in the 8th century BC, and the country eventually splintered into smaller states during the Spring and Autumn period. These states became independent and warred with one another in the following Warring States period. Much of traditional Chinese culture, literature and philosophy first developed during those troubled times.In 221 BC Qin Shi Huang conquered the various warring states and created for himself the title of Huangdi or "emperor" of the Qin, marking the beginning of imperial China. However, the oppressive government fell soon after his death, and was supplanted by the longer-lived Han dynasty (206 BC – 220 AD). Successive dynasties developed bureaucratic systems that enabled the emperor to control vast territories directly. In the 21 centuries from 206 BC until AD 1912, routine administrative tasks were handled by a special elite of scholar-officials. Young men, well-versed in calligraphy, history, literature, and philosophy, were carefully selected through difficult government examinations. China's last dynasty was the Qing (1644–1912), which was replaced by the Republic of China in 1912, and in the mainland by the People's Republic of China in 1949.Chinese history has alternated between periods of political unity and peace, and periods of war and failed statehood – the most recent being the Chinese Civil War (1927–1949). China was occasionally dominated by steppe peoples, most of whom were eventually assimilated into the Han Chinese culture and population. Between eras of multiple kingdoms and warlordism, Chinese dynasties have ruled parts or all of China; in some eras control stretched as far as Xinjiang and Tibet, as at present. Traditional culture, and influences from other parts of Asia and the Western world (carried by waves of immigration, cultural assimilation, expansion, and foreign contact), form the basis of the modern culture of China.

Download or read book The History of Literature in Sui Tang and Five Dynasties written by Li Shi and published by DeepLogic. This book was released on with total page 235 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The book is the volume of “The History of Literature in Sui, Tang and Five Dynasties” among a series of books of “Deep into China Histories”. The earliest known written records of the history of China date from as early as 1250 BC, from the Shang dynasty (c. 1600–1046 BC) and the Bamboo Annals (296 BC) describe a Xia dynasty (c. 2070–1600 BC) before the Shang, but no writing is known from the period The Shang ruled in the Yellow River valley, which is commonly held to be the cradle of Chinese civilization. However, Neolithic civilizations originated at various cultural centers along both the Yellow River and Yangtze River. These Yellow River and Yangtze civilizations arose millennia before the Shang. With thousands of years of continuous history, China is one of the world's oldest civilizations, and is regarded as one of the cradles of civilization.The Zhou dynasty (1046–256 BC) supplanted the Shang and introduced the concept of the Mandate of Heaven to justify their rule. The central Zhou government began to weaken due to external and internal pressures in the 8th century BC, and the country eventually splintered into smaller states during the Spring and Autumn period. These states became independent and warred with one another in the following Warring States period. Much of traditional Chinese culture, literature and philosophy first developed during those troubled times.In 221 BC Qin Shi Huang conquered the various warring states and created for himself the title of Huangdi or "emperor" of the Qin, marking the beginning of imperial China. However, the oppressive government fell soon after his death, and was supplanted by the longer-lived Han dynasty (206 BC – 220 AD). Successive dynasties developed bureaucratic systems that enabled the emperor to control vast territories directly. In the 21 centuries from 206 BC until AD 1912, routine administrative tasks were handled by a special elite of scholar-officials. Young men, well-versed in calligraphy, history, literature, and philosophy, were carefully selected through difficult government examinations. China's last dynasty was the Qing (1644–1912), which was replaced by the Republic of China in 1912, and in the mainland by the People's Republic of China in 1949.Chinese history has alternated between periods of political unity and peace, and periods of war and failed statehood – the most recent being the Chinese Civil War (1927–1949). China was occasionally dominated by steppe peoples, most of whom were eventually assimilated into the Han Chinese culture and population. Between eras of multiple kingdoms and warlordism, Chinese dynasties have ruled parts or all of China; in some eras control stretched as far as Xinjiang and Tibet, as at present. Traditional culture, and influences from other parts of Asia and the Western world (carried by waves of immigration, cultural assimilation, expansion, and foreign contact), form the basis of the modern culture of China.

Download or read book The History of Customs in Sui Tang and Five Dynasties written by Li Shi and published by DeepLogic. This book was released on with total page 193 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The book is the volume of “The History of Customs in Sui, Tang and Five Dynasties” among a series of books of “Deep into China Histories”. The earliest known written records of the history of China date from as early as 1250 BC, from the Shang dynasty (c. 1600–1046 BC) and the Bamboo Annals (296 BC) describe a Xia dynasty (c. 2070–1600 BC) before the Shang, but no writing is known from the period The Shang ruled in the Yellow River valley, which is commonly held to be the cradle of Chinese civilization. However, Neolithic civilizations originated at various cultural centers along both the Yellow River and Yangtze River. These Yellow River and Yangtze civilizations arose millennia before the Shang. With thousands of years of continuous history, China is one of the world's oldest civilizations, and is regarded as one of the cradles of civilization.The Zhou dynasty (1046–256 BC) supplanted the Shang and introduced the concept of the Mandate of Heaven to justify their rule. The central Zhou government began to weaken due to external and internal pressures in the 8th century BC, and the country eventually splintered into smaller states during the Spring and Autumn period. These states became independent and warred with one another in the following Warring States period. Much of traditional Chinese culture, literature and philosophy first developed during those troubled times.In 221 BC Qin Shi Huang conquered the various warring states and created for himself the title of Huangdi or "emperor" of the Qin, marking the beginning of imperial China. However, the oppressive government fell soon after his death, and was supplanted by the longer-lived Han dynasty (206 BC – 220 AD). Successive dynasties developed bureaucratic systems that enabled the emperor to control vast territories directly. In the 21 centuries from 206 BC until AD 1912, routine administrative tasks were handled by a special elite of scholar-officials. Young men, well-versed in calligraphy, history, literature, and philosophy, were carefully selected through difficult government examinations. China's last dynasty was the Qing (1644–1912), which was replaced by the Republic of China in 1912, and in the mainland by the People's Republic of China in 1949.Chinese history has alternated between periods of political unity and peace, and periods of war and failed statehood – the most recent being the Chinese Civil War (1927–1949). China was occasionally dominated by steppe peoples, most of whom were eventually assimilated into the Han Chinese culture and population. Between eras of multiple kingdoms and warlordism, Chinese dynasties have ruled parts or all of China; in some eras control stretched as far as Xinjiang and Tibet, as at present. Traditional culture, and influences from other parts of Asia and the Western world (carried by waves of immigration, cultural assimilation, expansion, and foreign contact), form the basis of the modern culture of China.

Download or read book A HISTORY OF ANCIENT CHINESE MUSIC AND DANCE written by Wang Ningning and published by American Academic Press. This book was released on 2019-11-04 with total page 590 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A History of Ancient Chinese Music and Dance describes the history of music and dance in ancient China in the past five thousand years in the forms of poems, music and dance. It includes court music and dance, music and dance in drama and folk music and dance. It covers historical and professional knowledge such as music, dance, poetry and drama. The book consists of eleven chapters, from ancient times to the Ming Dynasty and the Qing Dynasty. In each chapter, there are historical background, music and dance works, people, events, and related poetry and images. The Yellow Emperor created tonality for wind instruments. Emperor Yao and Emperor Shun invented musical instruments qin and se. Duke of Zhou made system of rites and music. Apart from these, music, dance and acrobatics in the Qin Dynasty and the Han Dynasty, grand compositions in the Tang Dynasty and the Song Dynasty and music and dance in drama in the Ming Dynasty and the Qing Dynasty can all lead us to the long developing process of ancient music and dance. The book was the Project of 2003 National Tenth Five-Year Plan for Art Science in China. It was co-funded by the National Publishing Fund and “China Classics International” of the General Administration of Press and Publication.

Download or read book A History of Shaolin written by Lu Zhouxiang and published by Taylor & Francis. This book was released on 2019-03-18 with total page 305 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Shaolin Monastery at Mount Song is considered the epicentre of the Chan school of Buddhism. It is also well known for its martial arts tradition and has long been regarded as a special cultural heritage site and an important symbol of the Chinese nation. This book is the first scholarly work in English to comprehensively examine the full history of Shaolin Monastery from 496 to 2016. More importantly, it offers a clear grasp of the origins and development of Chan Buddhism through an examination of Shaolin, and highlights the role of Shaolin and Shaolin kung fu in the construction of a national identity among the Chinese people in the past two centuries.

Download or read book History Of China s Financial Thought A In 2 Volumes written by Sui Yao and published by World Scientific. This book was released on 2023-07-26 with total page 1178 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A History of China's Financial Thought presents the history and evolution of China's financial thought across its dynasties to the 20th century. Being the first work to cover both the ancient and modern ages, even going as far back as the Pre-Qin period, this comprehensive book fills in research gaps and provides the most thorough research into the history of China's financial thought, advancing the study of financial and economic history. It delves into a myriad of topics, such as monetary theory and banking systems, and collects diverse perspectives from thinkers across the different eras.This translation presents the history of China's financial thought in a pioneering and unique way, offering an instructive reading experience. It is an essential reference for students and scholars interested in China's finance, history and culture.

Download or read book The Routledge Handbook of Chinese Studies written by Chris Shei and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2021-05-30 with total page 683 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This Handbook approaches Chinese Studies from an interdisciplinary perspective while attempting to establish a fundamental set of core values and tenets for the subject, in relation to the further development of Chinese Studies as an academic discipline. It aims to consolidate the current findings in Chinese Studies, extract the essence from each affiliated discipline, formulate a concrete set of ideas to represent the ‘Chineseness’ of the subject, establish a clear identity for the discipline and provide clear guidelines for further research and practice. Topics included in this Handbook cover a wide spectrum of traditional and newly added concerns in Chinese Studies, ranging from the Chinese political system and domestic governance to international relations, Chinese culture, literature and history, Chinese sociology (gender, middle class, nationalism, home ownership, dating) and Chinese opposition and activism. The Handbook also looks at widening the scope of Chinese Studies (Chinese psychology, postcolonialism and China, Chinese science and climate change), and some illustrations of innovative Chinese Studies research methods. The Routledge Handbook of Chinese Studies is an essential reference for researchers and scholars in Chinese Studies, as well as students in the discipline.

Download or read book The History of Science and Technology in Wei Jin Southern and Northern Dynasty written by Li Shi and published by DeepLogic. This book was released on with total page 208 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The book is the volume of “The History of Science and Technology in Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasty” among a series of books of “Deep into China Histories”. The earliest known written records of the history of China date from as early as 1250 BC, from the Shang dynasty (c. 1600–1046 BC) and the Bamboo Annals (296 BC) describe a Xia dynasty (c. 2070–1600 BC) before the Shang, but no writing is known from the period The Shang ruled in the Yellow River valley, which is commonly held to be the cradle of Chinese civilization. However, Neolithic civilizations originated at various cultural centers along both the Yellow River and Yangtze River. These Yellow River and Yangtze civilizations arose millennia before the Shang. With thousands of years of continuous history, China is one of the world's oldest civilizations, and is regarded as one of the cradles of civilization.The Zhou dynasty (1046–256 BC) supplanted the Shang and introduced the concept of the Mandate of Heaven to justify their rule. The central Zhou government began to weaken due to external and internal pressures in the 8th century BC, and the country eventually splintered into smaller states during the Spring and Autumn period. These states became independent and warred with one another in the following Warring States period. Much of traditional Chinese culture, literature and philosophy first developed during those troubled times.In 221 BC Qin Shi Huang conquered the various warring states and created for himself the title of Huangdi or "emperor" of the Qin, marking the beginning of imperial China. However, the oppressive government fell soon after his death, and was supplanted by the longer-lived Han dynasty (206 BC – 220 AD). Successive dynasties developed bureaucratic systems that enabled the emperor to control vast territories directly. In the 21 centuries from 206 BC until AD 1912, routine administrative tasks were handled by a special elite of scholar-officials. Young men, well-versed in calligraphy, history, literature, and philosophy, were carefully selected through difficult government examinations. China's last dynasty was the Qing (1644–1912), which was replaced by the Republic of China in 1912, and in the mainland by the People's Republic of China in 1949.Chinese history has alternated between periods of political unity and peace, and periods of war and failed statehood – the most recent being the Chinese Civil War (1927–1949). China was occasionally dominated by steppe peoples, most of whom were eventually assimilated into the Han Chinese culture and population. Between eras of multiple kingdoms and warlordism, Chinese dynasties have ruled parts or all of China; in some eras control stretched as far as Xinjiang and Tibet, as at present. Traditional culture, and influences from other parts of Asia and the Western world (carried by waves of immigration, cultural assimilation, expansion, and foreign contact), form the basis of the modern culture of China.

Download or read book An Outline of Chinese Literature I written by Yuan Xingpei and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2017-07-28 with total page 234 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Different from previous researches weighted toward historical description and individual writer and work, this book establishes a general analytical system and a multi-angled methodology to examine Chinese literature.

Download or read book On The Ancient History Of The Silk Road written by Chuanming Rui and published by World Scientific. This book was released on 2021-05-28 with total page 406 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Silk Road was a network of trade routes which connected the East and West, and was central to the economic, cultural, political, and religious interactions between these regions from the 2nd century BCE to the 18th century. This book studies various aspects of the ancient history of the silk road. The 16 chapters in the book are divided into three parts: Silk Road and The Nomads; The Sogdians, the Special Role on the Silk Road; Silk Road and the Spread of Religious Ideas. It studies the purpose and effects of silk exportation, the intermarriage between China and other ethnic groups, the origin of the Turks, the influence and domination of the Sogdians on the nomads, and the religious ideas, especially the Manicheism, spreading across the Silk Road.

Download or read book A Historical Research Of Chinese Folk Songs written by Shulu Chen and published by World Scientific. This book was released on 2023-12-04 with total page 696 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book advances the study of Chinese folk songs through theoretical innovation in literature-based folk songs and methodological innovation in multidisciplinary cross-interaction. It describes the historical development of folk songs, makes an in-depth study of the intersection and integration of folk songs with other literature and art, as well as the relationship with merchants, folk customs and regional culture, and analyses the literature of folk songs in previous dynasties. It is not only significant for the preservation of cultural heritage, but also to the promotion of folk song research and related fields. This book is applicable to scholars and researchers who have in-depth research on Chinese folk songs.

Download or read book Chinese Classic History Books written by Zhi Dao and published by DeepLogic. This book was released on with total page 92 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The book provides highlights on the key concepts and trends of evolution in Chinese Classic History Books, as one of the series of books of “China Classified Histories”.

Download or read book An Outline of Chinese Literature II written by Yuan Xingpei and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2017-07-20 with total page 239 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Different from previous researches weighted toward historical description and individual writer and work, this book establishes a general analytical system and a multi-angled methodology to examine Chinese literature. In ancient China, there was no definite concept of pure literature. Considering both modern ideas of literature and the corresponding traditional concept, this book broadly discusses Shi and Fu poetry, Ci poems and Qu verses, novels and essays. The four chapters deal with the origins, evolutions, structures and styles of the various genres respectively, analyzing some representative works. It's worth mentioning that the book is written from an individual perspective. Based on his own appreciation as a reader, the author expresses the depth of his various related impressions on Chinese literature. In addition, it conveys many fresh points of views, which will enrich and inspire related researches. This book will appeal to scholars and students of Chinese literature and comparative literature. People who are interested in Chinese literature and Chinese culture will also benefit from this book.

Download or read book The Logical Deduction of Chinese Traditional Political Philosophy written by Shiwei Zhang and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2021-11-16 with total page 624 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book presents a panoramic and extensive exploration of Chinese political philosophy, examining key political problems of the past, and the thinkers who addressed them. As the reader will discover, China’s traditional political philosophy is one with distinctive national characteristics and ideals. Therefore, the book helps to clarify the evolution of Chinese political thought, while also investigating fundamental political issues throughout the country’s history. The book offers a unique resource for researchers and graduate students in the fields of political science, philosophy, and history, as well as ordinary readers who are interested in China’s traditional and political culture.

Download or read book Ancient Chinese Academy Confucianism and Society I written by Xiao Yongming and published by Taylor & Francis. This book was released on 2022-11-30 with total page 296 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: As the first volume of a two-volume set that studies the ancient Chinese academy from a socio-cultural perspective, this title explores the history of the academy and its relationship with the development of Confucianism in the Song, Yuan, and Ming dynasties. Inaugurated in the Tang dynasty and eventually abolished in the late Qing dynasty, the academy, as a unique cultural and educational organization in Chinese history, exerted extensive and profound influences on ancient Chinese culture, politics, and social life. The book first revisits the inception and development of the academy by anaylzing the socio-cultural context and different driving forces including social mentality, print culture, education systems, and so on. It then examines the reciprocity and thriving relationships between the academy and Neo-Confucianism in the Song and Yuan dynasties and Yangming School of Mind in the Ming dynasty. The title will be a useful reference for scholars, students, and general readers interested in cultural history, intellectual history, and educational history of ancient China and especially the Chinese academy culture.

Download or read book Communication Civilization and China written by Bin Li and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2020-11-11 with total page 414 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Referencing more than 40 ancient works as well as 70 books and papers of contemporary scholars, this book opens up the civilization, society, culture and communication of the Tang Dynasty. The Tang period represented unprecedented prosperity in the ancient world. Combining the socio-cultural background of ancient China and academic achievements of modern times, this book presents an intensive and in-depth exploration of the communicative organisations, methods and ideas of that period. The book looks at Tang methods of communication, from the postal delivery system and first newspaper to military communication in times of peace and war. It also considers questions of literature, poetry and public space as well as the impact of folk culture and communication on the Tang Dynasty, and examines the intellectual atmosphere of the time and debates surrounding freedom of speech and thought, positioning the Tang Dynasty as the end of the classic world and the beginning of modern society.

Download or read book Theory of Bipolar World written by HUANG FENGLIN and published by HUANG FENGLIN. This book was released on 2020-07-15 with total page 415 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This academic work, inheriting and developing the basic principles of Marxism, analyzes the world's historical structure by using materialist dialectics and forecasts the direction of the socialist movement and the ways to realize communism. It not only makes up for the horizontal dynamic part of Marxist theory but also points out a logical path for the development of human society. Furthermore, it predicts the proposal and practice of China's "the Belt and Road Initiative" from various aspects and provides the theoretical basis and rationale for building a community with a shared future for mankind. The theory about the contradictory movement between productive forces and production relations is the crucial part of Marxism and used to guide socialist revolution and construction as well as analyze world history. Nevertheless, classic writers failed to unveil their relations due to the historical limitations of materialist dialectics and lack of horizontal perspective to investigate the development of nature and human society. As a result, either productive forces or production relations are regarded as the only deciding factor in Marxist theory and practice, and the argument remains. This book, based on a large number of empirical analyses, solved the fundamental problem of historical materialism from the perspective of geographical competition. This book holds that after the invention of agriculture in the Neolithic Age, species competition was replaced by land-based geographic competition, which has become the fundamental driving force for the development of human society. It not only brought about private ownership and social organizations such as patriarchal clans, tribes, nationalities, classes, countries and regions, but also made the "two poles" of the East and the West compete in changing social forms, develop productive forces and shape world history after the formation of the Inner Asian nomads. This book divides the history of the "bipolar" competitions between the East and the West after 500 B.C. into three stages. The beginning of the first stage was marked by powerful feudalist China as the power core, ending with the rise of capitalist United Kingdom, which was the power core of the second stage. During this stage, with the acquisition of "land taxes" as its driving force, four relatively independent political-economic entities were formed from the East to the West with decreasing civilization degree: ancient China, Inner Asia, Islam and Europe (referred to as Zone 4, Zone 3, Zone 2 and Zone 1 respectively in this book). The second stage, with the capitalist UK as the power core, ended with the development of socialist China, which was the core of power at the third stage. The driving force at this stage was the attainment of "raw material market." Based on the first-generation bipolar world pattern, two relatively independent political-economic entities, the capitalist system and the socialist system, have been formed from the West to the East. This stage was divided into three phases of economic colonization, focusing on the realms of public goods, natural monopoly and competition. This book uses a large amount of historical data to analyze the specific levels of the two stages. Despite the fact that factual data support is not sufficient sometimes and some conclusions are open to discussion, the theoretical system is complete in line with macro events and the overall framework is convincing. By analyzing the first and second stages, this book makes a theoretical prediction about the phases and outcomes of the third stage. This book holds that the third stage began with the development of socialist China and will end with the realization of world communism and the extinction of geo-competitive relations. The driving force of this stage is the acquisition of "property rights cooperation." Based on the second-stage bipolar world pattern, it will undergo three phases of state-owned enterprises cooperation in the realm of competition, natural monopoly and public goods. The world, from east to west, will form an entity with no social difference. The author believes that under the background of the advantageous West and disadvantageous East in the economic globalization, a structural union based on geo-economy is the only option. Cross-border cooperation of state-owned enterprises is the only way to break the natural restriction of private economy, win the principal status in the world competition, solve the problem of sufficient demand at home and abroad, enhance the economic and political situation of the working class in various countries, and get rid of the dependence on the capitalist colonial system. The property right cooperation of state-owned enterprises, therefore, is the fundamental driving force for the future development of human society. This book sums up this historical process of economic cooperation as one driving force (the transnational property rights cooperation of state-owned enterprises), three phases (first Zones 4 and 3, then Zones 4, 3 and 2, and finally Zones 4, 3, 2 and 1) and three realms (first competition, then natural monopoly and finally public goods). The book was finalized in early 2013, and the Chinese version was published by the Central Compilation & Translation Press in March 2014. In September and October 2013, Chinese President Xi Jinping proposed to the world the initiative to jointly build the "Silk Road Economic Belt" and the "21st Century Maritime Silk Road". The Belt and Road Initiative, tracing its history back to the ancient Silk Road, aims to jointly build a community of shared interests, future and responsibilities through economic cooperation, featuring political mutual trust, economic integration and cultural tolerance. Since it is launched, the initiative has received extensive attention and recognition from the international community. It has achieved great success in solving China's own economic problems, providing sufficient supply to countries along the route, enhancing endogenous momentum in undeveloped countries, improving people's living standard and promoting the preservation and appreciation of surplus assets worldwide. We can see that when carrying out "the Belt and Road Initiative," the property rights cooperation between state-owned enterprises of China and other countries along the line has played a crucial role. Countries in Zone 3, such as Russia, Inner Asia and Pakistan, have taken the lead in making significant progress in cooperation with China in Zone 4. Breakthroughs are achieved in competitive fields such as infrastructure, energy, manufacturing and trade. All these have proved the book's scientific predictions about the third stage. This book not only develops Marxist theory but also proves the scientific prophecy by the practice of the Belt and Road Initiative. Since the Chinese version was issued, it has received wide attention and recognition from all sides. When preparing the foreign language version, the author has dramatically compressed and modified the Chinese version of the content, making the book more complete and more readable.