Download or read book Principles and Practice of X Ray Spectrometric Analysis written by E.P. Bertin and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 1098 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Since the first edition of this book was published early in 1970, three major developments have occurred in the field of x-ray spectrochemical analysis. First, wavelength-dispersive spectrometry, in 1970 already securely established among instrumental analytical methods, has matured. Highly sophisticated, miniaturized, modular, solid-state circuitry has replaced elec tron-tube circuitry in the readout system. Computers are now widely used to program and control fully automated spectrometers and to store, process, and compute analytical concentrations directly and immediately from ac cumulated count data. Matrix effects have largely yielded to mathematical treatment. The problems associated with the ultralong-wavelength region have been largely surmounted. Indirect (association) methods have extended the applicability of x-ray spectrometry to the entire periodic table and even to certain classes of compounds. Modern commercial, computerized, auto matic, simultaneous x-ray spectrometers can index up to 60 specimens in turn into the measurement position and for each collect count data for up to 30 elements and read out the analytical results in 1--4 min-all corrected for absorption-enhancement and particle-size or surface-texture effects and wholly unattended. Sample preparation has long been the time-limiting step in x-ray spectrochemical analysis. Second, energy-dispersive spectrometry, in 1970 only beginning to assume its place among instrumental analytical methods, has undergone phenomenal development and application and, some believe, may supplant wavelength spectrometry for most applications in the foreseeable future.
Download or read book Practical Scanning Electron Microscopy written by Joseph Goldstein and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 598 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In the spring of 1963, a well-known research institute made a market survey to assess how many scanning electron microscopes might be sold in the United States. They predicted that three to five might be sold in the first year a commercial SEM was available, and that ten instruments would saturate the marketplace. In 1964, the Cambridge Instruments Stereoscan was introduced into the United States and, in the following decade, over 1200 scanning electron microscopes were sold in the U. S. alone, representing an investment conservatively estimated at $50,000- $100,000 each. Why were the market surveyers wrongil Perhaps because they asked the wrong persons, such as electron microscopists who were using the highly developed transmission electron microscopes of the day, with resolutions from 5-10 A. These scientists could see little application for a microscope that was useful for looking at surfaces with a resolution of only (then) about 200 A. Since that time, many scientists have learned to appreciate that information content in an image may be of more importance than resolution per se. The SEM, with its large depth of field and easily that often require little or no sample prepara interpreted images of samples tion for viewing, is capable of providing significant information about rough samples at magnifications ranging from 50 X to 100,000 X. This range overlaps considerably with the light microscope at the low end, and with the electron microscope at the high end.
Download or read book Advances in Imaging and Electron Physics written by Peter W. Hawkes and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2004-12-18 with total page 605 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: * A special volume devoted principally to therole of the late Sir Charles Oatley in the development of the scanning electron microscopeings* It contains historical articles and reminiscences by most of the scientists who have worked on the scanning electron microscope in Oatley's laboratory * Emphasizes broad and in depth article collaborations between world-renowned scientists in the field of image and electron physicsAlthough the scanning electron microscope had a prehistory in Germany and the USA, its real champion was Charles Oatley, who launched his projectin the Cambridge University Engineering Department shortly after the end of World War II. A first microscope was built successfully by D. McMullan, oneof the Guest Editors of this volume and a succession of progressively improved instruments followed. One in particular, built by K.C.A. Smith was commissioned specially for the Canadian Pulp and Paper Research Institute for use in their Montreal laboratories. All these efforts culminated in the commercial model built by the Cambridge Instrument Company and marketed in 1965 under the trade name, Stereoscan.Although this story has been told on several occasions, in particular in these Advances, it seemed appropriate, in the centenary year of the birth of Sir Charles Oatley, that more details should be published to celebrate these achievements. This volume is the result. It contains not only historical articles and reminiscences by most of the scientists who have worked on the scanning electron microscope in Oatley's laboratory but also full or partial reproductions of many of the key publications, beginning with McMullan's early paper of 1953 and including Oatley's own "Early history of the scanning electron microscope" (1982). A website has been created, in which supplementary material is collected.This volume is a tribute to a bold pioneering scientist and a vivid record of the creation of the first commercial scanning electron microscopes and of subsequent developments. * A special volume devoted principally to therole of the late Sir Charles Oatley in the development of the scanning electron microscopeings* It contains historical articles and reminiscences by most of the scientists who have worked on the scanning electron microscope in Oatley's laboratory* Emphasizes broad and in depth article collaborations between world-renowned scientists in the field of image and electron physics
Download or read book Symposia written by Defense Documentation Center (U.S.) and published by . This book was released on 1963 with total page 290 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Metallography written by Abrams H. and published by ASTM International. This book was released on 1986 with total page 244 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Electron Beam Microanalysis written by and published by ASTM International. This book was released on with total page 86 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book General Catalogue of Printed Books written by British Museum. Department of Printed Books and published by . This book was released on 1959 with total page 528 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book The Coming of Materials Science written by R.W. Cahn and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2001-03-16 with total page 591 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Coming of Materials Science both covers the discipline of materials science, and draws an impressionistic map of the present state of the subject.The first chapter examines the emergence of the materials science concept, in both academe and industry. The second and third chapters delve back into the prehistory of materials science, examining the growth of such concepts as atoms, crystals and thermodynamics, and also examine the evolution of a number of neighbouring disciplines, to see what helpful parallels might emerge. The book contains numerous literature references. Many refer to the earliest key papers and books, while others are to sources, often books, offering a view of the present state of a topic. Early references are to the past but as the book continues, it brings the reader up to date with more recent sources.The author, Professor Robert Cahn FRS, has striven to be critical about the history of the discipline of materials science and to draw general conclusions about scientific practice from what he has discovered about the evolution of materials science. Further issues that the book highlights include: What is a scientific discipline? How do disciplines merge and differentiate? Can a discipline also be interdisciplinary? Is materials science a real discipline? A large range of themes is presented in the book and readers are invited to interact with the author if they reach alternative conclusions. This book is not just for reading and reference, but exists to stimulate thought and provoke discussion as well.
Download or read book Technical Abstract Bulletin written by Defense Documentation Center (U.S.) and published by . This book was released on 1961-07 with total page 1766 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Current Catalog written by National Library of Medicine (U.S.) and published by . This book was released on 1970 with total page 1040 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Includes subject section, name section, and 1968-1970, technical reports.
Download or read book written by and published by . This book was released on 1963 with total page 942 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book The British Library General Catalogue of Printed Books to 1975 written by British Library (London) and published by . This book was released on 1982 with total page 488 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Metallography A Practical Tool for Correlating the Structure and Properties of Materials written by and published by ASTM International. This book was released on 1974 with total page 242 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences written by Thomas Lincoln Casey and published by . This book was released on 1961 with total page 902 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Materials and Electron Device Processing written by and published by ASTM International. This book was released on 1961 with total page 283 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Catalogo Sistematico Dei Libri written by Euratom. Bibliothèque centrale and published by . This book was released on 1961 with total page 190 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Cataloge systematique des ouvrages written by Commission of the European Communities Bibliothèque centrale scientifique et technique and published by . This book was released on 1961 with total page 190 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
