Download or read book Procedure for the Calculation of Aircraft Emissions written by A-21 Aircraft Noise Measurement Aviation Emission Modeling and published by . This book was released on 2009 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This AIR describes procedures for calculating emissions resulting from the main engines of commercial jet and turboprop aircraft through all modes of operation for all segments of a flight. Piston engine aircraft emissions are not included in this AIR. Some information about piston engine aircraft emissions can be found in FOCA 2007. The principal purpose of the procedures is to assist model developers in calculating aircraft emissions in a consistent and accurate manner that can be used to address various environmental assessments including those related to policy decisions and regulatory requirements.The pollutants considered in this document are: Nitrogen Oxides (NOx) Carbon Monoxide (CO) Total unburned Hydrocarbons (THC) Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Water (H2O) Sulfur Oxides (SOx) Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC) Methane (CH4) Non-Methane Hydrocarbons (NMHC) Non-Methane Volatile Organic Compounds (NMVOC) Nitrous Oxide (N2O) Particulate Matter (PM2.5 and PM10)As indicated above, hazardous air pollutants (HAPs) are not individually accounted for; many of these are simply included as part of THC. Also, trace metals are not included other than those that may already be accounted for as part of PM emissions. Since the scope is limited to aircraft engine emissions only, emissions from Ground Service Equipment (GSE), roadway vehicles, power plants, training fires, etc., are not included within this document. Athough Auxilliary Power Units (APU), brakes, and tires are also part of the aircraft, their emissions (e.g., tire wear) are not within the scope of this document.The methods are based on aircraft performance and emissions modeling. This means that only the pollutants exiting the exhaust of an engine are considered. Any atmospheric effects including those that occur in the near-field (e.g., exhaust plume) and the subsequent atmospheric dispersion are not modeled. The exception to this is in the computation of PM emissions.In meeting the needs of modelers who may have varying fidelity requirements for both emissions and aircraft performance modeling, this document does not try to promote a single database and methodology. Therefore, several methods have been included in this document as indicated below with the emissions methods categorized by pollutants: Emissions Modeling Methods NOx, CO, and THC P3T3 Boeing Fuel Flow Method 2 (BFFM2) Deutsche Forschungsanstalt fur Luft- and Raumfahrt (DLR) Method International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) Reference Method CO2, H2O, and SOx Fuel Composition Method (FCM) VOC, NMVOC, CH4 and NMTHC Derivative Factor Method (DFM) N2O Approximate Factor Method (AFM) PM2.5 and PM10 First Order Approximation (FOA) Aircraft Performance Methods Aircraft performance data from flight data recorders Manufacturer aircraft performance models SAE AIR 1845 combined with Eurocontrol's Base of Aircraft Data (BADA) Eurocontrol's BADA Other aircraft performance models such as the Project Interactive Analysis and Optimisation (PIANO) toolBoth of these sets of emissions and aircraft performance methods are listed in the order in which they are presented in this document. And as previously indicated, the order generally denotes the level of accuracy where the first method in each section represents the most accurate method based on current understanding. The exceptions to this are:Emissions Methods BFFM2 DLRAircraft Performance SAE 1845 + BADA BADAThe ordering of these methods are arbitrary since they are considered comparable (e.g., BFFM2 is comparable to DLR). One other possible exception is the last listing under aircraft performance methods ("Other aircraft performance models"). The data from these other sources may be more accurate, comparable, or less accurate than the previously mentioned methods. This last category was added to include all other methods that were not based on manufacturer, SAE 1845, and BADA models.In order to provide a better understanding of the relative condition of these methods, they have been defined into development status (i.e., "mature" or "developing") and fidelity (i.e., "simple," "intermediate," or "advanced") categories as presented in Table 1. The "other" aircraft model category was not included in Table 1 since it is understood that it can be listed in any of the categories depending on which method/model is employed. The definitions for each of the categories are as follows: In modeling aircraft performance and emissions, the main focus is on a single flight. This includes the complete operation and movement of the aircraft from gate-to-gate: Main engine start-up Ground taxi-out and delay activities Takeoff: Runway roll Takeoff: Initial ascent Climbout En route/cruise Airborne delay activities Approach Landing roll Thrust reverser Ground taxi-in and delay activities Engine shut-downFor modeling purposes, these modes can generally be simplified so that they are equated to one of the four LTO modes. Depending on the method, the actual modeling of the gate-to-gate movement may involve a segment-by-segment approach where results can be integrated to obtain totals by mode and flight. Currently, the AIR does not address emissions during engine start-up and shut-down activities. Also, thrust reverse operations are not directly covered in this AIR. This Aerospace Information Report (AIR) describes procedures for calculating emissions resulting from operations of jet and turboprop aircraft through all modes of operation. The procedures assume that reference emissions and performance data are available for each airplane involved. The fundamental element of the procedures is a method for deriving emissions indices for an airplane when performing any specified operation for a segment of a flight. The principal purpose of using the procedures is to assist model developers in calculating aircraft emissions in a consistent and accurate manner that can be used to address various environmental assessments including those related to policy decisions and regulatory requirements.Rather than presenting one method, many viable methods are presented for both emissions and aircraft performance modeling with descriptions of the uncertainties involved. As a loose guide to the user, the methods are also ordered such that the most accurate methods are presented first in each section based on current understanding. This document is intended to be updated periodically. Hence, the methodology descriptions and uncertainty assessments will be modified accordingly as the various methods evolve and new information becomes available.

Download or read book Procedure for the Calculation of Aircraft Emissions written by Society of Automotive Engineers and published by . This book was released on 2009 with total page 98 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Procedure for the Calculation of Aircraft Emissions written by SAE Aerospace and published by . This book was released on 2009 with total page 98 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Aerospace Information Report written by and published by . This book was released on 2009 with total page 98 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Procedure for the Calculation of Gaseous Emissions From Aircraft Turbine Engines Supersedes By Air1533 written by E31Aircraft Engine Gas and Particulate Emissions Measurement and published by . This book was released on 1996 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This is a procedure for calculation of gaseous emissions data, specifically, emission index, fuel-air ratio, and combustion efficiency for aircraft turbine engines based on the measurement of carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, total hydrocarbons, and the oxides of nitrogen. Reference 2.1.1 gives procedures for the measurement of gaseous emissions from aircraft turbine engines. This document includes instructions for the adjustment of the measured concentrations of the constituents of the exhaust for: a. the humidity of the inlet air, b. the carbon dioxide content of the inlet air, c. the interference of carbon dioxide and water on the measured concentrations of carbon monoxide and the oxides of nitrogen, d. the interference of oxygen on the measured concentration of carbon dioxide, e. the efficiency of the converter for changing other oxides of nitrogen to nitric oxide, and f. the basis of measurement (semidry or wet).

Download or read book Procedures for the Calculation of Airplane Fuel Consumption written by A-21 Aircraft Noise Measurement Aviation Emission Modeling and published by . This book was released on 2022 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This SAE Aerospace Information Report (AIR) describes procedures for calculating fuel consumption for civil jet airplanes through all modes of operation for all segments of a flight. Turboprop and piston airplanes, as well as helicopters or unconventional aircraft, are not included in this AIR. The principle purpose of these procedures is to assist model developers in calculating airplane fuel consumption in a consistent and accurate manner that can be used to address various environmental assessments including those related to policy decisions and regulatory requirements. This AIR is intended to directly support the emission calculations documented in AIR5715. The models described in this AIR are intended to be used from the start of the takeoff roll to the end of the ground roll; taxi fuel consumption models are not included. If modelers have access to higher fidelity methods, they should use those methods in lieu of the ones in this AIR. This SAE Aerospace Information Report (AIR) provides aviation environmental modelers with standard procedures for calculating the fuel consumption of airplanes in all phases of flight. The methods contained in this AIR make use of airplane performance models, such as found in AIR1845 or Eurocontrol's BADA 3. The fuel consumption predicted by these methods can be used as inputs to emission calculations, such as found in AIR5715.

Download or read book Procedure for the Calculation of Basic Emission Parameters for Aircraft Turbine Engines written by American National Standards Institute and published by . This book was released on 1982 with total page 38 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book PROCEDURE FOR THE CALCULATION OF BASIC EMISSION PARAMETERS FOR AIRCRAFT TURBINE ENGINES written by E-31G Gaseous Committee and published by . This book was released on 1988 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book An Evaluation of Aircraft Emissions Inventory Methodology by Comparisons with Reported Airline Data written by D. L. Daggett and published by BiblioGov. This book was released on 2013-08 with total page 94 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This report provides results of work done to evaluate the calculation methodology used in generating aircraft emissions inventories. Results from the inventory calculation methodology are compared to actual fuel consumption data. Results are also presented that show the sensitivity of calculated emissions to aircraft payload factors. Comparisons of departures made, ground track miles flown and total fuel consumed by selected air carriers were made between U.S. Dept. of Transportation (DOT) Form 41 data reported for 1992 and results of simplified aircraft emissions inventory calculations. These comparisons provide an indication of the magnitude of error that may be present in aircraft emissions inventories. To determine some of the factors responsible for the errors quantified in the DOT Form 41 analysis, a comparative study of in-flight fuel flow data for a specific operator's 747-400 fleet was conducted. Fuel consumption differences between the studied aircraft and the inventory calculation results may be attributable to several factors. Among these are longer flight times, greater actual aircraft weight and performance deterioration effects for the in-service aircraft. Results of a parametric study on the variation in fuel use and NOx emissions as a function of aircraft payload for different aircraft types are also presented.

Download or read book An Evaluation of Aircraft Emissions Inventory Methodology by Comparisons with Reported Airline Data written by National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) and published by . This book was released on 2018-08-27 with total page 90 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This report provides results of work done to evaluate the calculation methodology used in generating aircraft emissions inventories. Results from the inventory calculation methodology are compared to actual fuel consumption data. Results are also presented that show the sensitivity of calculated emissions to aircraft payload factors. Comparisons of departures made, ground track miles flown and total fuel consumed by selected air carriers were made between U.S. Dept. of Transportation (DOT) Form 41 data reported for 1992 and results of simplified aircraft emissions inventory calculations. These comparisons provide an indication of the magnitude of error that may be present in aircraft emissions inventories. To determine some of the factors responsible for the errors quantified in the DOT Form 41 analysis, a comparative study of in-flight fuel flow data for a specific operator's 747-400 fleet was conducted. Fuel consumption differences between the studied aircraft and the inventory calculation results may be attributable to several factors. Among these are longer flight times, greater actual aircraft weight and performance deterioration effects for the in-service aircraft. Results of a parametric study on the variation in fuel use and NOx emissions as a function of aircraft payload for different aircraft types are also presented.Daggett, D. L. and Sutkus, D. J. and DuBois, D. P. and Baughcum, S. L.Langley Research CenterEXHAUST EMISSION; INVENTORY CONTROLS; DATA ACQUISITION; BOEING 747 AIRCRAFT; FUEL CONSUMPTION; AIRCRAFT FUELS; INVENTORIES; AIRLINE OPERATIONS; PAYLOADS; STRUCTURAL WEIGHT; FUEL FLOW; GROUND TRACKS; CARBON DIOXIDE; NITROGEN OXIDES...

Download or read book The Proceedings of the 2018 Asia Pacific International Symposium on Aerospace Technology APISAT 2018 written by Xinguo Zhang and published by Springer. This book was released on 2019-06-08 with total page 3068 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book is a compilation of peer-reviewed papers from the 2018 Asia-Pacific International Symposium on Aerospace Technology (APISAT 2018). The symposium is a common endeavour between the four national aerospace societies in China, Australia, Korea and Japan, namely, the Chinese Society of Aeronautics and Astronautics (CSAA), Royal Aeronautical Society Australian Division (RAeS Australian Division), the Korean Society for Aeronautical and Space Sciences (KSAS) and the Japan Society for Aeronautical and Space Sciences (JSASS). APISAT is an annual event initiated in 2009 to provide an opportunity for researchers and engineers from Asia-Pacific countries to discuss current and future advanced topics in aeronautical and space engineering.

Download or read book Procedure for the Analysis and Evaluation of Gaseous Emissions from Aircraft Engines written by E31Aircraft Engine Gas and Particulate Emissions Measurement and published by . This book was released on 2004 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Aerospace Recommended Practice (ARP) 1533 is a procedure for the analysis and evaluation of the measured composition of the exhaust gas from aircraft engines. Measurements of carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, total hydrocarbon, and the oxides of nitrogen are used to deduce emission indices, fuel-air ratio, combustion efficiency, and exhaust gas thermodynamic properties. The emission indices (EI) are the parameters of critical interest to the engine developers and the atmospheric emissions regulatory agencies because they relate engine performance to environmental impact.While this procedure is intended to guide the analysis and evaluation of the emissions from aircraft gas turbine engines, the methodology may be applied to the analysis of the exhaust products of any hydrocarbon / air combustor. Some successful applications include: Aircraft engine combustor development rig tests (aviation kerosene fueled) Stationary source combustor development rig tests (natural gas and diesel fueled) Afterburning military engine tests (JP fueled) Internal combustion aircraft engine diagnostics (AVGAS fueled)Each application may be characterized by very different measured emissions levels (parts per million versus percent by volume) but this common approach solves the same basic combustion chemical equation.This revision of ARP1533 assumes that major advances will occur in gas analysis technology in the near future. New instruments will be accepted by the regulatory agencies such that it will no longer be appropriate to specify the measurement method for each chemical species.The matrix method of solving the combustion chemical equation is recommended because of all the potential variations in exhaust gas measurement requirements. Changes in the fuel type, addition of diluents, addition of measured species, and options for wet or dry basis measurements are most easily handled by revising individual matrix row equations. Matrix solution software is widely available on personal computers. However, derivation of the algebraic solution of the chemical equation is retained for traceability to previous versions of this document. New sections have been added to this document that pertain to data quality checks, measurement uncertainty, and water content calculations.

Download or read book Procedures for the emissions certification of aircraft engines written by and published by . This book was released on 2010 with total page 50 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book The Greenhouse Gas Protocol written by and published by World Business Pub.. This book was released on 2004 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The GHG Protocol Corporate Accounting and Reporting Standard helps companies and other organizations to identify, calculate, and report GHG emissions. It is designed to set the standard for accurate, complete, consistent, relevant and transparent accounting and reporting of GHG emissions.

Download or read book Gaseous Emissions from Aircraft Engines A Handbook for the Calculation of Emission Indexes and Gaseous Emissions from Aircraft Engines written by NAVAL AIR REWORK FACILITY NORTH ISLAND CA AIRCRAFT ENVIRONMENTAL SUPPORT OFFI CE. and published by . This book was released on 1987 with total page 311 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: For test cells, regional and state air pollution control agencies require that naval air installations obtain first, a permit to construct, and then a permit to operate. To apply for permits, personnel responsible for operating the test cells need to know the amounts of gaseous and particulate emissions formed during engine testing. This handbook shows how to estimate the gaseous emissions of carbon monoxide, oxides of nitrogen and hydro carbons formed during the operation of gas turbine engines. For each power setting of the engine, the estimation of total emissions needs: 1) a ratio of the contaminant formed to the amount of fuel used (the so-called emission index); 2) the duration of the operation; and 3) the fuel flow rate. Of these, the emission index is the most difficult to find. This handbook furnishes summary tables of representative emission indexes, at various power settings, for the gas turbine engines most likely to be operated at naval air installations. These tables also include fuel flow rates. Thus, anyone knowing the duration of the power settings can estimate the total gaseous emissions from various aircraft engines. The discussion of the emission index includes instructions on how to calculate it using both computers and small programmable calculators. (edc).

Download or read book Aircraft Emissions Impact on Air Quality and Feasibility of Control written by United States. Environmental Protection Agency and published by . This book was released on 1973 with total page 122 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Guidebook on Preparing Airport Greenhouse Gas Emissions Inventories written by Brian Y. Kim and published by Transportation Research Board. This book was released on 2009 with total page 64 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "TRB's Airport Cooperative Research Program (ACRP) Report 11: Guidebook on Preparing Airport Greenhouse Gas Emissions Inventories explores a framework for identifying and quantifying specific components of airport contributions to greenhouse gas emissions (GHG). The report is designed to help airport operators and others to prepare an airport-specific inventory of greenhouse gas emissions.