Download or read book Probabilistic Evaluation of Flood Damage in Buildings written by Claire-Marine Wathier and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page 83 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Because the ocean level keeps rising and because hurricanes and storms become increasingly destructive in terms of damage and economic loss, the built environment has become very vulnerable to floods. Every city is building a resilient plan to decrease its vulnerability. However, the studies are often reduced to case studies and if engineers manage to build smarter, to upgrade or strengthen existing systems, they do not necessarily evaluate accurately their effect on damage. This is why this thesis starts by identifying the key factors that define and impact flood damage, then defining other parameters that are more oriented towards resilience. Based on these considerations, a probabilistic evaluation of flood damage in buildings can be conducted and the sensitivity of each parameter is evaluated in order to reduce the total loss. Then a new objective becomes to find how modifying parameters, and consequently the structure, leads to less damage without losing its cost-effectiveness. The first thesis' aim was to evaluate flood damage on buildings. However, building's damage is more diverse than expected and evaluating flood damage effect turns out to be actually only the beginning in the process of resilience.

Download or read book Flood Proofing written by United States. Army. Corps of Engineers and published by . This book was released on 1993 with total page 72 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Evaluation of Adaptation Options to Flood Risk in a Probabilistic Framework written by Saeideh Kheradmand and published by . This book was released on 2021 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Probabilistic risk assessment (PRA) has been used in various engineering and technological fields to assist regulatory agencies, and decision-makers to assess and reduce the risks inherent in complex systems. PRA allows decision-makers to make risk-informed choices rather than simply relying on traditional deterministic flood analyses (e.g., a Probable Maximum Flood) and therefore supports good engineering design practice. Type and quantity of available data is often a key factor in PRA at an early stage for determining the best methodology. However, implementation of PRA becomes difficult and challenging since probability distributions need to be derived to describe the variable states. Flood protection is one of the rare fields in civil engineering where probability is extensively used to describe uncertainty and where the concept of failure risk is explicitly part of the design. The concept of return period is taught in all civil engineering classes throughout the world, and most cities in the developed world have developed flood risk maps where the limits of the 50-year or 100-year flood are shown. While this approach is useful, it has several limitations: • It is based on a single flow value while all flow ranges contribute to the risk; • It is not linked to the actual economic damage of floods; • So far, flood risk maps only account for river water levels. It has been demonstrated that intense rainfall causes significant property damages in West Africa. This study aimed to explore the possibility of developing and implementing a probabilistic flood risk estimation framework where all flow ranges are accounted for: 1) The probability of flood occurrence and the probabilistic distribution of hydraulic parameters, and 2) The probability of damages are spatially calculated in order for the decision-makers to take optimal adaptation decisions (e.g., flood protection dike design, recommendations for new buildings, etc.). In this study the challenges of inferring the probability distribution of different physical flood parameters in a context of sparse data, of linking their parameters to flood damages, and finally the translation of the estimation risk into decision were explored. The effect of the choice of the one-dimensional (1-D) or two-dimensional (2-D) hydraulic models on the estimated flood risk and ultimately on the adaptation decisions was investigated. A first case study on the city of Niamey (Niger, West Africa), was performed using readily available data and 1-D and 2-D HEC-RAS (Hydrologic Engineering Center-River Analysis System) models. Adaptation options to flood risk in Niamey area were examined by looking at two main variables: a) Buildings' material (CAS: Informal constructions - a mixture of sundried clay and straw, also known as Banco, BAN: Mud walls, DUR: Concrete walls, and SDU: Mud walls covered by mortar); and b) Dike height within a scenario-based framework, where numerical modelling was undertaken to quantify the inundated area. The 1-D and 2-D hydraulic models, HEC-RAS, were tested on a 160 km reach of the Niger River. Using the numerical modelling, water levels within the inundated areas have been identified. The extent of residential areas as well as exposed assets (polygons and building material) associated with each scenario have been evaluated. 1000 probabilistic flood maps were generated and considered in the estimation of the total loss. Benefits and costs of different adaptation options were then compared for residential land-use class in order to implement flood risk maps in the city of Niamey. Results show the individual as well as the combined impact of the two abovementioned variables in flood risk estimation in Niamey region. Dike heights ranged from 180.5 m to 184 m, at a 0.5 m interval, and buildings' material were considered to be of 0% to 100% of each type, respectively. The results enable decision-makers as well as the regulators to have a quantitative tool for choosing the best preventive measures to alleviate the adverse impacts arising from flood. Also, because of the lack of detailed information on the exposed infrastructure elements in the study area, a feasible yet fast and precise method of extracting buildings from high-resolution aerial images was investigated using an Artificial Intelligence (AI) method - Deep Learning (DL). The applied deep learning method showed promising results with high accuracy rate for the area of interest in this study and was able to successfully identify two introduced classes of Building and Background (non-building). The findings contend that although the proposed structural adaptation options, as a resisting to environment approach, are applied to the area of interest and considered to be technically feasible, other non-structural measures, which have long-term effect of risk mitigation, should be taken into consideration, especially for highly hazard-prone areas. The results of this study would significantly help in loss estimation to the buildings due to the yearly floods in the region of interest, Niamey, Niger. However, since the buildings are of various type of material, having an accurate building database has a great importance in assessing the expected level of damage in the inundated areas, especially to the critical buildings (hospitals, schools, research labs, etc.) in the area.

Download or read book Flood Proofing written by and published by . This book was released on 1995 with total page 68 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book CFD Based Probabilistic Framework for Evaluation of Coastal Residential Buildings Under Combined Hurricane Wind and Surge Flood written by Mehrshad Amini and published by . This book was released on 2021 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Coastal residential buildings are vulnerable to significant damage due to hurricane related hazards such as storm surge, wind loads, and inundation. Recent damage to residential buildings caused by hurricanes in coastal areas illustrates poor performance of coastal structures against hurricane related hazards, which indicates that recent standards and building code provisions need to be improved in terms of loading and design requirements. A fundamental problem with current standards is that most follow the deterministic approach to some extent. For instance, both uncertainties regarding flood hazards and building structure characteristics such as elevation, number of stories, and size have not been considered in current flood risk assessment methods, which causes many concerns in terms of validity and reliability. On the other hand, Performance-Based Engineering (PBE) methodology is a well-known design approach to address inherent uncertainties for assessing and mitigating the risk associated with engineering structures. However, with only limited PBE frameworks in hurricane engineering fields proposed during recent years, there is lack of sufficient understanding of different aspects for development of standards needed for hurricane resistant design and retrofit of residential buildings. Furthermore, given the concurrent multi-hazard nature of hurricanes, designers need to address more complex loading conditions and design decisions. Based on the performance of coastal residential buildings in past hurricanes, elevating the lowest floor above the expected Base Flood Elevation (BFE) has been found to be the most effective strategy to reduce direct damage caused by flood and storm surge. However, elevated buildings can be exposed to different levels of wind loads due to unique aerodynamic characteristics, which leads to the need for more stringent design of structural and foundation systems. In addition, past hurricanes have shown that the actual flood levels can be several feet higher than the BFE, which means even pile-elevated houses may still be vulnerable to damage. Therefore, some communities encourage homeowners to add freeboard to the specific BFE in order to mitigate the risk of damage. The amount of freeboard depends on many factors, for which there is no rational approach for building owners and designers to make the most efficient decision. This study proposes a probabilistic framework in order to investigate the combined interaction of hurricane wind and coastal surge flood on typical residential homes upgraded based on various retrofit strategies. The goal of developing such a framework is to contribute to holistic and quantitative approach in evaluating the potential damage to retrofitted, particularly elevated coastal residential buildings. This proposed probabilistic framework consists of four main modules, namely hazard analysis, structural analysis, damage assessment, and loss measurement. A literature review was carried out to evaluate the performance of coastal residential buildings with respect to direct and indirect damage. The result of the literature review on mitigation techniques are discussed according to hurricane wind and flood-related hazards. Identification and quantification of these hurricane-associated hazards is the first step to understanding the behavior of residential buildings and identifying common failure mechanisms and mitigation techniques. The Computational Fluid Dynamic (CFD) analysis was performed to obtain realistic loading scenarios (wind and wave effects) and corresponding engineering demand parameters, respectively. A comprehensive parametric analysis was conducted to understand the effect of various factors, including wind angle, wave type (regular and irregular waves), building elevation, and pier distribution on wind- and wave-induced loads on elevated coastal residential buildings. The CFD models were validated based on available data in terms of wind and wave loadings separately due to lack of current laboratory experiments. The resistance capacities and statistical characteristics for various building components under positive and negative pressures were obtained from experimental tests available in the literature review. The procedure relies on the Monte Carlo Simulation (MCS) to propagate uncertainties through the CFD analysis. Finally, damage assessment and vulnerability analysis were conducted based on selected failure criteria (e.g., HAZUS database) to develop physics-based fragility curves based on four different damage states, and finally obtain loss curves in terms of the building elevation for the selected residential building. A typical wood-frame residential building was selected for the case study to develop the fragility curves for four damage states and the corresponding loss curve based on HAZUS-MH. The building was assumed to be located in the Bolivar Peninsula, where it was heavily impacted by Hurricane Ike as a Category 2 storm. The fragility curves and loss curve were developed for two different scenarios: the building with 8d and 6d common nails used for the connection of roof and floor sheathings. These loss curves predict the expected damage ratio of the building due to combined effects of wind and waves considering the specific house elevation, which can help design professionals and home builders in order to select a reasonable freeboard above the base flood elevation determined based on a probabilistic approach rather than available deterministic methods. This framework can also be utilized in risk assessment and decision analysis of other types of structures against various environmental hazards.

Download or read book Risk Analysis and Uncertainty in Flood Damage Reduction Studies written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2000-11-20 with total page 217 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Reducing flood damage is a complex task that requires multidisciplinary understanding of the earth sciences and civil engineering. In addressing this task the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers employs its expertise in hydrology, hydraulics, and geotechnical and structural engineering. Dams, levees, and other river-training works must be sized to local conditions; geotechnical theories and applications help ensure that structures will safely withstand potential hydraulic and seismic forces; and economic considerations must be balanced to ensure that reductions in flood damages are proportionate with project costs and associated impacts on social, economic, and environmental values. A new National Research Council report, Risk Analysis and Uncertainty in Flood Damage Reduction Studies, reviews the Corps of Engineers' risk-based techniques in its flood damage reduction studies and makes recommendations for improving these techniques. Areas in which the Corps has made good progress are noted, and several steps that could improve the Corps' risk-based techniques in engineering and economics applications for flood damage reduction are identified. The report also includes recommendations for improving the federal levee certification program, for broadening the scope of flood damage reduction planning, and for improving communication of risk-based concepts.

Download or read book Tying Flood Insurance to Flood Risk for Low Lying Structures in the Floodplain written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2015-08-03 with total page 167 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Floods take a heavy toll on society, costing lives, damaging buildings and property, disrupting livelihoods, and sometimes necessitating federal disaster relief, which has risen to record levels in recent years. The National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP) was created in 1968 to reduce the flood risk to individuals and their reliance on federal disaster relief by making federal flood insurance available to residents and businesses if their community adopted floodplain management ordinances and minimum standards for new construction in flood prone areas. Insurance rates for structures built after a flood plain map was adopted by the community were intended to reflect the actual risk of flooding, taking into account the likelihood of inundation, the elevation of the structure, and the relationship of inundation to damage to the structure. Today, rates are subsidized for one-fifth of the NFIP's 5.5 million policies. Most of these structures are negatively elevated, that is, the elevation of the lowest floor is lower than the NFIP construction standard. Compared to structures built above the base flood elevation, negatively elevated structures are more likely to incur a loss because they are inundated more frequently, and the depths and durations of inundation are greater. Tying Flood Insurance to Flood Risk for Low-Lying Structures in the Floodplain studies the pricing of negatively elevated structures in the NFIP. This report review current NFIP methods for calculating risk-based premiums for these structures, including risk analysis, flood maps, and engineering data. The report then evaluates alternative approaches for calculating risk-based premiums and discusses engineering hydrologic and property assessment data needs to implement full risk-based premiums. The findings and conclusions of this report will help to improve the accuracy and precision of loss estimates for negatively elevated structures, which in turn will increase the credibility, fairness, and transparency of premiums for policyholders.

Download or read book Flood Risk Management Hazards Vulnerability and Mitigation Measures written by Jochen Schanze and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2007-09-17 with total page 321 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Floods are of increasing public concern world-wide due to increasing damages and unacceptably high numbers of injuries. Previous approaches of flood protection led to limited success especially during recent extreme events. Therefore, an integrated flood risk management is required which takes into consideration both the hydrometeorogical and the societal processes. Moreover, real effects of risk mitigation measures have to be critically assessed. The book draws a comprehensive picture of all these aspects and their interrelations. It furthermore provides a lot of detail on earth observation, flood hazard modelling, climate change, flood forecasting, modelling vulnerability, mitigation measures and the various dimensions of management strategies. In addition to local and regional results of science, engineering and social science investigations on modelling and management, transboundary co-operation of large river catchments are of interest. Based on this, the book is a valuable source of the state of the art in flood risk management but also covers future demands for research and practice in terms of flood issues.

Download or read book Engineering and Design written by United States. Army. Corps of Engineers and published by . This book was released on 1996 with total page 82 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Risk and Uncertainty Assessment for Natural Hazards written by Jonathan Rougier and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2013-02-21 with total page 587 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Assessment of risk and uncertainty is crucial for natural hazard risk management, facilitating risk communication and informing strategies to successfully mitigate our society's vulnerability to natural disasters. Written by some of the world's leading experts, this book provides a state-of-the-art overview of risk and uncertainty assessment in natural hazards. It presents the core statistical concepts using clearly defined terminology applicable across all types of natural hazards and addresses the full range of sources of uncertainty, the role of expert judgement and the practice of uncertainty elicitation. The core of the book provides detailed coverage of all the main hazard types and concluding chapters address the wider societal context of risk management. This is an invaluable compendium for academic researchers and professionals working in the fields of natural hazards science, risk assessment and management and environmental science, and will be of interest to anyone involved in natural hazards policy.

Download or read book Elevated Residential Structures written by United States. Federal Insurance Administration and published by . This book was released on 1976 with total page 136 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Engineering Probabilistic Design and Maintenance for Flood Protection written by R. Cooke and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2013-12-01 with total page 213 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The First Conference on Engineering Probability in Flood Defense was orga nized by the Department of Mathematics and Informatics of the Delft U niver sity of Technology and the Department of Industrial Engineering and Opera tions Research of the University of California at Berkeley, and was held on June 1,2 1995 in Delft. Groups at Berkeley and Delft were both deeply engaged in modeling deterioration in civil structures, particularly flood defense structures. The plans for the conference were well under way when the dramatic floods in The Netherlands and California in the winter of 1994-1995 focused world attention on these problems. The design of civil engineering structures and systems is essentially an example of decision making under uncertainty. Although the decision making part of the process is generally acknowledged, the uncertainty in variables and param eters in the design problem is less frequently recognized. In many practical design procedures the uncertainty is concealed behind sharp probabilistic de sign targets like 'once in a thousand years' combined with a standardized use of safety factors. The choice of these probabilistic design targets, however, is based on an assessment of the uncertainty of the variable under consideration, and on its assessed importance. The value of the safety factor is governed by similar considerations. Standard practice is simply accu~ulated experience and engineering judgment. In light of the great number of civil engineering structures that function suc-. cessfully, one may say that this standard practice has proven itself broadly satisfactory.

Download or read book Hydrologic Engineering Requirements for Flood Damage Reduction Studies written by and published by . This book was released on 1995 with total page 102 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Flood Damage Survey and Assessment written by Daniela Molinari and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2017-07-31 with total page 282 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Floods can have a devastating impact on life, property and economic resources. However, the systematic collection of damage data in the aftermath of flood events can contribute to future risk mitigation. Such data can support a variety of actions including the identification of priorities for intervention during emergencies, the creation of complete event scenarios to tailor risk mitigation strategies, the definition of victim compensation schemes, and the validation of damage models to feed cost-benefit analysis of mitigation actions. Volume highlights include: Compilation of real world case studies elaborating on the survey experiences and best practices associated with flood damage data collection, storage and analysis, that can help strategize flood risk mitigation in an efficient manner Coverage of different flooding phenomena such as riverine and mountain floods, spatial analysis from local to global scales, and stakeholder perspectives, e.g. public decision makers, researchers, private companies Contributions from leading experts in the field, researchers and practitioners, including civil protection actors working at different spatial and administrative level, insurers, and professionals working in the field of natural hazard risks mitigation Flood Damage Survey and Assessment: New Insights from Research and Practice will be a valuable resource for earth scientists, hydrologists, meteorologists, geologists, geographers, civil engineers, insurers, policy makers, and planners. Read an interview with the editors to find out more: https://eos.org/editors-vox/the-value-of-disaster-damage-data

Download or read book Framing the Challenge of Urban Flooding in the United States written by National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2019-04-29 with total page 101 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Flooding is the natural hazard with the greatest economic and social impact in the United States, and these impacts are becoming more severe over time. Catastrophic flooding from recent hurricanes, including Superstorm Sandy in New York (2012) and Hurricane Harvey in Houston (2017), caused billions of dollars in property damage, adversely affected millions of people, and damaged the economic well-being of major metropolitan areas. Flooding takes a heavy toll even in years without a named storm or event. Major freshwater flood events from 2004 to 2014 cost an average of $9 billion in direct damage and 71 lives annually. These figures do not include the cumulative costs of frequent, small floods, which can be similar to those of infrequent extreme floods. Framing the Challenge of Urban Flooding in the United States contributes to existing knowledge by examining real-world examples in specific metropolitan areas. This report identifies commonalities and variances among the case study metropolitan areas in terms of causes, adverse impacts, unexpected problems in recovery, or effective mitigation strategies, as well as key themes of urban flooding. It also relates, as appropriate, causes and actions of urban flooding to existing federal resources or policies.

Download or read book Probabilistic Safety Assessment and Management written by Cornelia Spitzer and published by Springer. This book was released on 2014-01-04 with total page 3803 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A collection of papers presented at the PSAM 7 – ESREL ’04 conference in June 2004, reflecting a wide variety of disciplines, such as principles and theory of reliability and risk analysis, systems modelling and simulation, consequence assessment, human and organisational factors, structural reliability methods, software reliability and safety, insights and lessons from risk studies and management/decision making. This volume covers both well-established practices and open issues in these fields, identifying areas where maturity has been reached and those where more development is needed.

Download or read book Comprehensive Flood Risk Management written by Frans Klijn and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2012-11-01 with total page 460 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Flood risk management policy across the European Union is changing, partly in response to the EU Floods Directive and partly because of new scientific approaches and research findings. It involves a move towards comprehensive flood risk management, which requires bringing the following fields/domains closer together: the natural sciences, social sc