Download or read book Population Genetics of a Sentinel Stream breeding Frog Rana Boylii written by Ryan A. Peek and published by . This book was released on 2018 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Rana boylii is an imperiled frog species native to CA and OR, and it is currently designated as a species of special concern in the state of CA. It has been petitioned as candidate for federal (USFWS) and state (CDFW) listing. As a lotic breeding amphibian, R. boylii is tied closely to local flow regimes in the watersheds it inhabits and is therefore particularly sensitive to alterations to the natural flow regime. Effective conservation management of this species should consider and prioritize maintenance of genetic diversity as part of any listing decision because it is closely related to the evolutionary capacity for adaptation to environmental change. Conservation of genetic diversity in this species will require several components, including refining potential conservation units (i.e., distinct population segments) and quantifying of genetic diversity and genetic diversity trajectories across the species range. To assess these components, fine-scale and landscape-scale analyses were conducted using genomic data from over 600 samples from 89 localities across the range of the species. Six genomically-distinct groups were identified, as well as population subdivisions at local watershed scales. One major impact on R. boylii populations has been river regulation. River regulation has been implicated as a cause of fundamental changes to downstream aquatic ecosystems. Regulation changes the natural flow regime which may restrict population connectivity and decrease genetic diversity in some species. Since population connectivity and the maintenance of genetic diversity are fundamental drivers of long-term persistence, understanding the extent that river regulation impacts these critical attributes of genetic health is an important goal. However, the extent to which R. boylii populations in regulated rivers have maintained connectivity and genetic diversity is unknown. The impacts of river regulation on R. boylii were investigated with genomic data to explore the potential for long-term persistence of R. boylii under continued regulation. R. boylii in regulated rivers showed striking patterns of isolation and trajectories of genetic diversity loss relative to unregulated rivers. For example, river regulation explained the greatest amount of variance in population genetic differentiation compared with other covariates including geographic distance. Importantly, patterns of connectivity and genetic diversity loss were observed regardless of regulation level but were most prominent in locations with the greatest regulation intensity. Using the same genomic data, fine-scale analyses of R. boylii and R. sierrae in a single region of the Sierra Nevada of California was conducted to evaluate the potential for hybridization between species. Hybridization between species may combine parental genotypes in ways that yield reproductively sterile or isolated lineages, and hybridization events may be short-lived and difficult to detect. Limited hybridization between the species was detected in the Feather basin, though it appears these are terminal events based on PCA, admixture, and tests of heterozygosity using species diagnostic SNPs. Finally, rangewide quantification and comparison of genomic variation across populations indicates the southern coast, southern Sierra Nevada, Northern Sierra Nevada, and Feather basin in California should have high prioritization in conservation efforts due to low genomic diversity and trajectories of diversity loss. More broadly, these results demonstrate both the critical need for regional conservation in a sentinel river species, and the utility and power of genetic methods for assessing and monitoring sensitive species across many scales.
Download or read book The Codex of the Endangered Species Act Volume II written by John F. Organ and published by Rowman & Littlefield. This book was released on 2023-11-13 with total page 365 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Endangered Species Act of 1973 (ESA) is one of the most cherished and reviled laws ever passed. It mandates protection and preservation of all the nation’s species and biodiversity, whatever the cost. It has been a lightning rod for controversy and conflicts between industry/business and environmentalists. In this volume, leading Endangered Species Act experts interpret and propose legislative and administrative changes to prepare the ESA for future challenges. They explore regulations on avoiding harm to and producing benefits for species, cooperation between state and federal agencies, scientific analyses, and the necessary politics to enact their ideas. This is a call to action to chart an enlightened future for the Endangered Species Act that embraces the nation’s moral commitment of 50 years ago to address species extinction constructively, mindful of biodiversity, and as a fixture among the nation’s values and needs. The interconnected web of life includes all living species that depend on each other for survival, us among them. The stakes—our very future—are too high to ignore.
Download or read book Temporal Breeding Patterns and Mating Strategy of the Foothill Yellow legged Frog Rana Boylii written by Clara A. Wheeler and published by . This book was released on 2007 with total page 84 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Population Genetics of Ranid Frogs written by Ivan Clayton Phillipsen and published by . This book was released on 2011 with total page 282 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This dissertation focuses on the evolutionary forces of genetic drift and gene flow in frog populations. The balance of these two forces and the force of mutation largely determine the amount of neutral genetic variation within populations as well as the degree of genetic similarity among populations. The stochastic evolutionary change caused by genetic drift can be quantified through the use of the effective population size (N[subscript e]) parameter. The effective size of a population is the number of breeding individuals in a conceptual, ideal population that would evolve by genetic drift at the same rate as the real population being studied. How a population responds to mutation, selection, and gene flow depends on N[subscript e], rather than the actual census population size (N). In most natural populations, N[subscript e] is considerably smaller than N. For these reasons, N[subscript e] is a fundamental parameter in basic population genetics theory as well as in applied conservation genetics. The degree of neutral genetic similarity between populations is highly dependent upon gene flow. When gene flow between a pair of populations is low, the populations are likely to become genetically differentiated. Conversely, when gene flow between populations is high, the populations will tend to be more genetically similar. Amphibians are good model organisms for studying genetic drift and gene flow because they tend to exhibit strong population structure at small spatial scales. This is a consequence of their generally small population sizes, natal philopatry, limited dispersal capabilities, and restricted habitat requirements. They are expected to have easily-detectable signatures of spatial genetic structure and genetic drift. Amphibians can be used as models to further our understanding of evolutionary processes and that understanding can be applied to the conservation of amphibians. Equipped with knowledge of what naturally influences genetic drift and gene flow in amphibians, we can apply the principles of population genetics to mitigate the genetic consequences of amphibian declines. In Chapters 2 and 3, I used molecular genetic data from frog populations to investigate N[subscript e] and the related parameter N[subscript b] (the effective number of breeders). Chapter 2 is a study of a single population of the Oregon spotted frog (Rana pretiosa). My aim was to determine where in the life cycle of this species the greatest reduction in N[subscript b] occurs. I used genetic data from microsatellites to estimate N[subscript b] at two different life stages, eggs and metamorphs, and found that estimates of N[subscript b] were similar at both stages. This result suggests that inflated variance in family size due to egg mass mortality is not a primary cause of N[subscript e] reductions relative to N in this species. Chapter 3 is a comparison of N[subscript e] estimates within and among four species of frogs in the family Ranidae: R. pretiosa, R. luteiventris, R. cascadae, and Lithobates pipiens. I obtained N[subscript e] estimates for 90 populations across the four species, using microsatellite data and several different estimators. The first three species and the western populations of L. pipiens have very small effective sizes (
Download or read book Using Genetic Tools to Investigate Distribution and Connectivity of Two Sierra Nevada Amphibians Rana Sierrae and Rana Boylii written by Mallory Elizabeth Bedwell and published by . This book was released on 2018 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Population Genetics of the Common Frog Rana Temporaria in Relation to Climate written by Anna Patricia Muir and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Handbook of Frogs and Toads of the United States and Canada written by Albert Hazen Wright and published by Cornell University Press. This book was released on 2019-06-30 with total page 671 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The preeminent naturalists Albert Hazen Wright and Anna Allen Wright spent years assembling the wealth of material on frogs and toads appearing in this widely used handbook, the third edition of which was originally published in 1949. With abundant black-and-white photographs, colorful descriptions, journal notes from the field, and excerpts from the literature, their personalized natural history emphasizes amphibians observed in the wild. In a foreword to the 1995 paperback edition, Roy McDiarmid, a foremost specialist on frogs and toads, brings the book into historical perspective and supplies information to bring it up to date. Accounts of more than 100 species and subspecies cover such topics as common and scientific names, range, habitat, size, and general appearance, as well as color, structure, voice, and breeding. Separate keys are given for secondary sexual characteristics, eggs, tadpoles, families, and species. Generous quotations from the Wrights' field journals give the reader a sense of the problems and satisfactions of their work.
Download or read book Southwestern Desert Resources written by William L. Halvorson and published by University of Arizona Press. This book was released on 2023-01-17 with total page 375 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The southwestern deserts stretch from southeastern California to west Texas and then south to central Mexico. The landscape of this region is known as basin and range topography featuring to “sky islands” of forest rising from the desert lowlands which creates a uniquely diverse ecology. The region is further complicated by an international border, where governments have caused difficulties for many animal populations. This book puts a spotlight on individual research projects which are specific examples of work being done in the area and when they are all brought together, to shed a general light of understanding the biological and cultural resources of this vast region so that those same resources can be managed as effectively and efficiently as possible. The intent is to show that collaborative efforts among federal, state agency, university, and private sector researchers working with land managers, provides better science and better management than when scientists and land managers work independently.
Download or read book Peninsula Watershed Historical Ecology Study written by Sean Baumgarten and published by . This book was released on 2021-07 with total page 280 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Peninsula Watershed has been integral to the story of San Francisco's growth ever since the Gold Rush. The rapid influx of settlers to San Francisco during the Gold Rush spurred a sudden demand for a reliable water source, which led to the formation of the Spring Valley Water Works (later purchased by the Spring Valley Water Company [SVWC]) in 1858 (Hanson 2005 ). Over the subsequent 70 years, SVWC bought up large swaths of land on the Peninsula, and constructed a complex system of dams, tunnels, and pipes to capture and transport water to San Francisco. Within the Peninsula Watershed, this system includes the Crystal Springs and San Andreas reservoirs, located in the San Andreas Creek, Laguna Creek, and Upper San Mateo Creek basins along the San Andreas Fau The City of San Francisco purchased SVWC in 1930, and today the Peninsula Watershed, managed by the San Francisco Public Utilities Commission (SFPUC), continues to be a key source of water for San Francisco and for other communities in the South and East Bay. Despite the past 150 years of reservoir construction and other hydrologic modifications, the construction of transportation and utility corridors, and the large-scale suburban development that has occurred to the east, the Peninsula Watershed has remained largely undeveloped and is managed to protect water quality, water supply, wildlife habitat, and a range of other natural and cultural resources. The watershed supports some of the largest intact remnants of contiguous habitat in the region, including extensive oak woodlands, old-growth Douglas-fir forests, serpentine grasslands, chaparral, and coastal scrub. Over the past 250 years since Spanish explorers first set foot on the watershed, however, changes in disturbance regimes and other large-scale anthropogenic modifications, including fire suppression, homesteading, livestock grazing, agriculture, tree planting, introduction of plant pathogens, spread of invasive species, and climate change, have altered vegetation dynamics and changed the distribution and structure of vegetation communities throughout the watershed. The changes have raised many questions about the historical ecology of the watershed: What was the extent, distribution, and composition of terrestrial, riparian, and wetland habitats prior to Euro-American modification? How have vegetation distributions changed over the past two centuries, and what are the implications of those changes for species support? Are there remnant patches of relatively unmodified habitat present in the watershed, or areas that are currently in a state of recovery? Where are current habitat characteristics most similar to or different from historically documented conditions? How have key natural and anthropogenic disturbance regimes and processes changed over time? The Peninsula Watershed Historical Ecology Study aims to advance understanding of landscape conditions of the Peninsula Watershed prior to major Euro-American modification, and to provide insights into the nature and drivers of vegetation change since the first Spanish explorers set foot in the watershed 250 years ago. The primary goal of the research was to examine the historical extent, distribution, and composition of terrestrial vegetation types and their trajectories of change within the watershed. To the extent possible, research also addressed historical riparian, wetland, and estuarine habitats; hydrology and sediment dynamics; wildlife support; land use history; and a range of other topics.
Download or read book Health and Welfare of Captive Reptiles written by Clifford Warwick and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2023-01-24 with total page 637 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This extensively revised and expanded new edition offers concepts, principles and applied information that relates to the wellbeing of reptiles. As a manual on health and welfare in a similar vein to volumes addressing the sciences of anatomy, behaviour or psychology, this book thoroughly examines the biology of reptile welfare and is about meeting biological needs. The editors, acknowledged experts in their own right, have once again drawn together an extremely impressive international group of contributors. Positive and negative implications of general husbandry and research programs are discussed. In addition to greatly revised original content are nine new chapters offering readers novel insight into: • sensory systems • social behaviour • brain and cognition • controlled deprivation and enrichment • effects of captivity-imposed noise and light disturbance on welfare • spatial and thermal factors• evidential thresholds for species suitability in captivity • record keeping as an aid to captive care • arbitrary husbandry practices and misconceptions The authors have adopted a user-friendly writing style to accommodate a broad readership. Although primarily aimed at academic professionals, this comprehensive volume is fundamentally a biology book that will also inform all involved in captive reptile husbandry. Among others, zoo personnel, herpetologists, veterinarians, lab animal scientists, and expert readers in animal welfare and behavioural studies will benefit from this updated work.
Download or read book Ecotoxicology of Amphibians and Reptiles written by Donald W. Sparling and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2010-06-02 with total page 946 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Building on the success of its popular predecessor, the second edition of Ecotoxicology of Amphibians and Reptiles presents newly available findings on the species that are important environmental indicators. This new edition covers nearly twice as many topics as the first, including recent developments in the ecotoxicology of amphibians and reptil
Download or read book Amphibians and reptiles written by Trevor Beebee and published by Pelagic Publishing Ltd. This book was released on 2013-07-01 with total page 178 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A comprehensive guide to the native and non-native species of amphibian and reptile found in the British Isles. It covers the biology, ecology, conservation and identification of the British herpetofauna, and provides keys to adults and young.
Download or read book Community Ecology and Salamander Guilds written by Nelson G. Hairston and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 1987-11-27 with total page 246 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This informative book, first published in 1987, presents the theories of community ecology within the context of a natural example. The text describes and examines issues in community ecology and shows how research on salamanders has helped to solve some of the problems surrounding the theories. Salamanders exist in stable populations of the kind assumed in community theory and are more appropriate than most other animals for research on the applications of that theory. The interesting and meaningful results, collected from observation on these excellent subjects posed challenges to beliefs within community ecology. Life histories of salamanders, fieldwork in distinctly differing habitats, competition, predation and evolution are discussed in an easily readable text. Professional ecologists and students of community ecology and herpetology will be interedted in the information synthesised in this book.
Download or read book Herpetology in Australia written by Daniel Lunney and published by . This book was released on 1993 with total page 436 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Herpetology in Australia: a diverse discipline.
Download or read book Sex Hormones and Immunity to Infection written by Sabra L. Klein and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2009-10-22 with total page 323 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Why sex matters Among human and nonhuman animals, the prevalence and intensity of infection typically is higher in males than females and may reflect differences in exposure as well as susceptibility to pathogens. Elevated immunity among females is a double-edged sword in which it is beneficial against infectious diseases but is detrimental in terms of increased development of autoimmune diseases. The present book critically reviews the evolutionary origin and the functional mechanisms responsible for sexual dimorphism in response to infection. It emphasizes the value of examining responses in both males and females to improve our understanding about host-pathogen interactions in both sexes. The contributors are experts in their specific disciplines which range from microbiology and immunology to genetics, pathology, and evolutionary biology. The book aims at bringing insight to the treatment and management of infectious diseases; it delineates areas where knowledge is lacking and highlights future avenues of research.
Download or read book To Save a Mountain written by Barry Spitz and published by CreateSpace. This book was released on 2012-03-01 with total page 260 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The vibrant history of the challenges and successes in the preservation of lands on and around Mt. Tamalpais, Marin County, California, and the key role of the Tamalpais Conservation Club played throughout the last 100 years. It is the history of how many key men and women, like William Kent and Alice Eastwood, and both public and private organizations came together for these efforts. This is the first time this has been documented in one book. This is as well a story of the birth of the environmental movement in the Western United States. The seeds were planted by earlier pioneering environmentalists such as President Theodore Roosevelt and John Muir, an honorary early TCC member. The book is rich with stories of people who made a difference through their passion and love for Mt. Tamalpais. The book, commemorating the TCC's 100th anniversary, includes narratives of the creation of the TCC, Muir Woods National Monument, Mt. Tamalpais State Park, Marin Municipal Water District, Golden Gate National Recreation Area (GGNRA), Marin County Open Space District, and other public areas on the mountain. Over 200 historic photos and documents are included.
Download or read book Bibliographia Trichopterorum 1961 1970 written by Andrew P. Nimmo and published by Pensoft Publishers. This book was released on 1996 with total page 616 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
