Download or read book Polymer Degradation and Stabilization written by W. L. Hawkins and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 129 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The development of polymers as an important class of material was inhibited at the first by the premature failure of these versatile compounds in many applications. The deterioration of important properties of both natural and synthetic polymers is the result of irreversible changes in composition and structure of polymers molecules. As a result of these reactions, mechanical, electrical and/or aesthetic properties are degraded beyond acceptable limits. It is now generally recognized that stabilization against degradation is necessary if the useful life of polymers is to be extended sufficiently to meet design requirements for long-term applications. Polymers degrade by a wide variety of mechanisms, several of which affect all polymers through to varying degree. This monograph will concentrate on those degradation mechanisms which result from reactions of polymers with oxygen in its various forms and which are accelerated by heat and/or radiation. Those stabilization mechanisms are discussed which are based on an understanding of degradation reaction mechanisms that are reasonably well established. The stabilization of polymers is still undergoing a transition from an art to a science as mechanisms of degradation become more fully developed. A scientific approach to stabilization can only be approached when there is an understanding of the reactions that lead to degradation. Stabilization against biodegradation and burning will not be discussed since there is not a clear understanding of how polymers degrade under these conditions.
Download or read book Polymer Degradation and Stabilisation written by Norman Grassie and published by CUP Archive. This book was released on 1988-04-14 with total page 236 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The study of polymer degradation and stabilisation is of considerable practical importance as the industrial uses of polymeric materials continue to expand. In this book, the authors lucidly relate technological phenomena to the chemistry and physics of degradation and stabilisation processes. Degradation embraces a variety of technologically important phenomena ranging from relatively low temperature processes such as 'weathering' of plastics, 'fatigue' of rubbers through the processing of polymers in shearing mixers to very high temperature processes such as flammability and ablation. All these technological phenomena have in common certain basic chemical reactions. Thus 'weathering' has its roots in photo-oxidation, 'fatigue' and melt-degradation in mechano-oxidation and flammability, and ablation in ablation in pyrolysis and vapour phase oxidation.
Download or read book Mechanisms of Polymer Degradation and Stabilisation written by G. Scott and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 336 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The purpose of this publication is two-fold. In the first place it is intended to review progress in the development of practical stabilising systems for a wide range of polymers and applications. A complemen tary and ultimately more important objective is to accommodate these practical developments within the framework of antioxidant theory, since there can be little question that further major advances in the practice of stabilisation technology will only be possible on a firm mechanistic foundation. With the continual increase in the number of commercial anti oxidants and stabilisers, often functioning by mechanisms not even considered ten years ago, there is a need for a general theory which will allow the potential user to predict the performance of a particular antioxidant structure under specific practical conditions. Any such predictive tool must involve a simplified kinetic approach to inhibited oxidation and, in Chapter 1, Denisov outlines a possible mechanistic approach with the potential to predict the most useful antioxidant to use and the limits of its usefulness. In Chapter 2, Schwetlick reviews the current state of knowledge on the antioxidant mechanisms of the phosphite esters with particular emphasis on their catalytic peroxidolytic activity. Dithiophosphate v vi PREFACE derivatives show a similar behaviour but for quite different reasons and, in Chapter 3, AI-Malaika reviews information available from analytical studies, particularly using 31p_NMR spectroscopy, to elucid ate the complex chemistry that leads to the formation of the antioxidant -active agents.
Download or read book Fundamentals of Polymer Degradation and Stabilization written by N.S. Allen and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 1992-10-31 with total page 218 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: During the past decade, the field of polymer degradation and stabilization has become a subject of central importance in polymer science and technology. This book provides a fundamental source of information designed for those with only a basic understanding of the background of the field.
Download or read book Polymer Photodegradation written by J.F. Rabek and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 679 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: During the last two decades, the production of polymers and plastics has been increasing rapidly. In spite of developing new polymers and polymeric materials, only 40~60 are used commercially on a large scale. It has been estimated that half of the annual production of polymers is employed outdoors. The photochemical instability of most polymers limits their outdoor application as they are photodegraded quickly over periods from months to a few years. To the despair of technologists and consumers alike, photodegradation and environmental ageing of polymers occur much faster than can be expected from knowledge collected in laboratories. In order to improve polymer photostability there has been a very big effort during the last 30 years to understand the mechanisms involved in photodegradation and environmental ageing. This book represents the author's attempt, based on his 25 years' experience in research on photodegradation and photo stabilization, to collect and generalize a number of available data on the photodegradation of polymers. The space limitation and the tremendous number of publications in the past two decades have made a detailed presentation of all important results and data difficult. The author apologizes to those whose work has not been quoted or widely presented in this book. Because many published results are very often contradictory, it has been difficult to present a fully critical review of collected knowledge, without antagonizing authors. For that reason, all available theories, mechanisms and different suggestions have been presented together, and only practice can evaluate which of them are valid.
Download or read book Electrical Degradation and Breakdown in Polymers written by Len A. Dissado and published by IET. This book was released on 1992 with total page 630 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The book is in five parts: Part I introduces the physical and chemical structure of polymers and their breakdown; Part II reviews electrical degradation in polymers, and Part III reviews conduction and deterministic breakdown in solids. Part IV discusses the stochastic nature of break-down from empirical and modelling viewpoints, and Part V indicates practical implications and strategies for engineers. Much of the discussion applies to non-crystalline materials generally.
Download or read book Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cell Degradation written by Matthew M. Mench and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2012 with total page 474 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: For full market implementation of PEM fuel cells to become a reality, two main limiting technical issues must be overcome- cost and durability. This cutting-edge volume directly addresses the state-of-the-art advances in durability within every fuel cell stack component. [...] chapters on durability in the individual fuel cell components -- membranes, electrodes, diffusion media, and bipolar plates -- highlight specific degradation modes and mitigation strategies. The book also includes chapters which synthesize the component-related failure modes to examine experimental diagnostics, computational modeling, and laboratory protocol"--Back cover.
Download or read book Polymer Degradation Mechanisms written by United States. National Bureau of Standards and published by . This book was released on 1953 with total page 292 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Photodegradation of Polymers written by Jan F. Rabek and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 222 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In this book on physical characteristics and practical aspects of polymer photodegradation Rabek emphasizes the experimental work on the subject. The most important feature of the book is the physical interpretation of polymer degradation, e.g. mechanism of UV/light absorption, formation of excited states, energy transfer mechanism, kinetics, dependence on physical properties of macromolecules and polymer matrices, formation of mechanical defects, practics during environmental ageing. He includes also some aspects of polymer photodegradation in environmental and space condition.
Download or read book Thermal Degradation of Polymeric Materials written by Krzysztof Pielichowski and published by iSmithers Rapra Publishing. This book was released on 2005 with total page 324 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Understanding the thermal degradation of polymers is of paramount importance for developing a rational technology of polymer processing and higher-temperature applications. Controlling degradation requires understanding of many different phenomena, including chemical mechanisms, the influence of polymer morphology, the complexities of oxidation chemistry, and the effects of stabilisers, fillers and other additives. This book offers a wealth of information for polymer researchers and processors requiring an understanding of the implications of thermal degradation on material and product performance.
Download or read book Chemical Physics of Polymer Degradation And Stabilization written by N. Nikolai Markovich Emanuel' and published by VSP. This book was released on 1987-06 with total page 358 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Chemical Dynamics in Extreme Environments written by Rainer A. Dressler and published by World Scientific. This book was released on 2001 with total page 644 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: As computing power increases, a growing number of macroscopic phenomena are modeled at the molecular level. Consequently, new requirements are generated for the understanding of molecular dynamics in exotic conditions. This book illustrates the importance of detailed chemical dynamics and the role it plays in the phenomenology of a number of extreme environments. Each chapter addresses one or more extreme environments, outlines the associated chemical mechanisms of relevance, and then covers the leading edge science that elucidates the chemical coupling. The chapters exhibit a balance between theory and experiment, gas phase, solid state, and surface dynamics, and geophysical and technical environments. Sample Chapter(s). Chapter 1.1: Introduction (203 KB). Chapter 1.2: Chemistry at High Temperatures and Pressures (99 KB). Chapter 1.3: High Temperature Chemistry in the Atmosphere (82 KB). Chapter 1.4: Low Temperature Chemistry (90 KB). Chapter 1.5: Conclusions (131 KB). Contents: Exploring Chemistry in Extreme Environments: A Driving Force for Innovation (M R Berman); Chemistry Under Extreme Conditions: Cluster Impact Activation (T Raz & R D Levine); Nonequilibrium Chemistry Modeling in Rarefied Hypersonic Flows (I D Boyd); Chemical Dynamics in Chemical Laser Media (M C Heaven); From Elementary Reactions to Complex Combustion Systems (C Schulz et al.); The Gas-Phase Chemical Dynamics Associated with Meteors (R A Dressler & E Murad); Dynamics of Hypervelocity Gas/Surface Collisions (D C Jacobs); Surface Chemistry in the Jovian Magnetosphere Radiation Environment (R E Johnson); Dynamics of Atomic Oxygen Induced Polymer Degradation in Low Earth Orbit (T K Minton & D J Garton); Atomic-Level Properties of Thermal Barrier Coatings: Characterization of MetalOCoCeramic Interface (A Christensen et al.); Molecular Dynamics Simulations of Detonations (C T White et al.). Readership: Scientists engaged in cross-disciplinary work and chemists studying multidisciplinary problems."
Download or read book Handbook of Polymer Degradation written by S. Halim Hamid and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2000-06-30 with total page 800 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Covers recent advances in polymer degradation and stabilization. Focuses on the basics of photo- and bio-degradability. Delineates special and general environmental parameters such as solar irradiation, temperature, and agrochemical exposure. Surveys plastic waste disposal strategies such as recycling, incineration, chemical recovery by pyrolysis, and source reduction.
Download or read book Stability and Degradation of Organic and Polymer Solar Cells written by Frederik C. Krebs and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2012-04-23 with total page 375 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Organic photovoltaics (OPV) are a new generation of solar cells with the potential to offer very short energy pay back times, mechanical flexibility and significantly lower production costs compared to traditional crystalline photovoltaic systems. A weakness of OPV is their comparative instability during operation and this is a critical area of research towards the successful development and commercialization of these 3rd generation solar cells. Covering both small molecule and polymer solar cells, Stability and Degradation of Organic and Polymer Solar Cells summarizes the state of the art understanding of stability and provides a detailed analysis of the mechanisms by which degradation occurs. Following an introductory chapter which compares different photovoltaic technologies, the book focuses on OPV degradation, discussing the origin and characterization of the instability and describing measures for extending the duration of operation. Topics covered include: *Chemical and physical probes for studying degradation *Imaging techniques *Photochemical stability of OPV materials *Degradation mechanisms *Testing methods *Barrier technology and applications Stability and Degradation of Organic and Polymer Solar Cells is an essential reference source for researchers in academia and industry, engineers and manufacturers working on OPV design, development and implementation.
Download or read book Developments in Polymer Degradation 7 written by N. Grassie and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 282 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The purpose of this volume, like that of its predecessors in the series, is to present a selection of topics which are representative of the continually expanding area of polymer degradation. It will be obvious that some of these topics emanate from academic studies, others from more applied backgrounds, but it is anticipated that all will be seen to be of vital relevance to one or other of the currently advancing fields of polymer technology. The first two chapters deal with specific classes of polymers, and particularly with their mechanisms and products of thermal degrada tion. Thus in Chapter 1 Dr McNeill discusses the reactions of the ammonium, alkali and alkaline earth metal salts of poly(methacrylic acid) and their copolymers with methyl methacrylate. These water soluble 'ionomers' have valuable technological applications. In Chap ter 2 Professor Montaudo and Dr Puglisi perform a valuable service by drawing together and critically reviewing, for the first time to my knowledge, the mechanisms of thermal degradation of the various classes of condensation polymers which are of industrial significance. This includes, for example, the polyurethanes, polyureas, polyesters, polycarbonates, polyamides, polyimides, polyethers, polysulphides, polysulphones, polyschiff bases, polysiloxanes and polyphosphazenes.
Download or read book Degradation Rate of Bioresorbable Materials written by F J Buchanan and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2008-09-26 with total page 425 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Bioresorbable materials are extensively used for a wide range of biomedical applications from drug delivery to fracture fixation, and may remain in the body for weeks, months or even years. Accurately predicting and evaluating the degradation rate of these materials is critical to their performance and the controlled release of bioactive agents. Degradation rate of bioresorbable materials provides a comprehensive review of the most important techniques in safely predicting and evaluating the degradation rate of polymer, ceramic and composite based biomaterials.Part one provides an introductory review of bioresorbable materials and the biological environment of the body. Chapters in Part two address degradation mechanisms of commonly used materials such as polymers and ceramics. This is followed by chapters on bioresorption test methods and modelling techniques in Part three. Part four discusses factors influencing bioresorbability such as sterilisation, porosity and host response. The final section reviews current clinical applications of bioresorbable materials.With its distinguished editor and multidisciplinary team of international contributors, Degradation rate of bioresorbable materials: prediction and evaluation provides a unique and valuable reference for biomaterials scientists, engineers and students as well as the medical community. - Comprehensively reviews the most pertinent techniques in safely predicting and evaluating the degradation rate of bioresorbable materials - Addresses degradation mechanisms of commonly used materials - Discusses factors influencing bioresorbability such as sterilisation and host response
Download or read book The Effects of Polymer Degradation on Flow Properties of Fluids and Lubricants Containing Polymers written by Committee D-2 Staff and published by ASTM International. This book was released on 1965 with total page 91 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
