Download or read book Policing Pollution written by Genevra Richardson and published by Oxford University Press, USA. This book was released on 1982 with total page 224 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Based on first-hand observation, this book analyzes various approaches to government intervention in the field of environmental control and presents the findings of an empirical project designed to examine the implementation of one such control instrument in the water industry. Particular emphasis is placed on the discretion exercised by enforcement officers and the role played by the criminal sanction.
Download or read book Federal Pollution Control Laws written by Robert Esworthy and published by DIANE Publishing. This book was released on 2010-11 with total page 49 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Contents: (1) Intro.; Federal and State Government Interaction; (2) Statutory Framework for Enforcement of Pollution Control Laws and Key Players: Key Players in Environ. Enforcement and Compliance: EPA; U.S. Dept. of Justice; Other Federal Agencies; States and ¿Delegated Authority¿; Citizens; (3) Enforcement at Federal Facilities: Enforcement Response and Compliance Tools; Monitoring, Inspections, and Evaluations; Civil Admin. Actions; Civil and Criminal Judicial Enforcement; Sanctions and Penalties: Penalties Assessed to Federal Facilities; Environ. Justice and Enforcement/Compliance (E/C); Compliance Assistance and Incentive Approaches; (4) Funding for E/C Activities. Examples of Reported Enforcement Actions and Penalties Over Time. Illus. and tables.
Download or read book Enforcing Pollution Control Regulation written by Carolyn Abbot and published by Bloomsbury Publishing. This book was released on 2009-05-18 with total page 292 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Monitoring and enforcement issues must be analysed when determining the effectiveness of pollution control regulation, and clearly influence choices about how to regulate. This book demonstrates how an economic analysis of law enforcement can generate important insights into how best to enforce pollution control regulation. It seeks to provide a clear and accessible way into the law and economics literature on enforcement. More specifically, it uses Gary Becker's deterrence model which, by differentiating between two enforcement variables (namely the probability of apprehension and conviction and the severity of sanction), facilitates a comparison of the effectiveness of different enforcement tools in inducing desirable behaviour. As such, it provides a valuable analytical tool in considering how best to pursue cost-effective enforcement. Major themes to be addressed include Becker's deterrence model and expansions thereof, reasons for compliance, environmental enforcement strategies and the importance of a deterrence threat and formal pollution control law enforcement mechanisms such as prosecution and criminal sanctions, administrative mechanisms and civil liability. The book argues that in pursuing cost-effective enforcement much can be learned from examining enforcement practices in different jurisdictions, and to this end the author examines pollution control laws, enforcement strategies and sanctions in Australia, Canada and England and Wales. The book makes an important contribution to existing literature on environmental law enforcement, but its value extends beyond this. The theoretical framework adopted and the range of issues discussed make it of interest to regulatory and public law scholars more generally.
Download or read book Environment and Enforcement written by Keith Hawkins and published by Oxford University Press, USA. This book was released on 1984 with total page 278 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Most studies of law enforcement deal with police work, and many are concerned with underenforcement of selective enforcement as problems. This book shifts the focus to social and economic regulation and the issue of compliance.
Download or read book Federal Pollution Control Laws written by Robert Esworthy and published by . This book was released on 2008 with total page 44 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: As a result of enforcement actions and settlements for noncompliance with federal pollution control requirements, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) reported that, for FY2007, regulated entities committed to invest an estimated $10.6 billion for judicially mandated controls and cleanup, and for implementing mutually agreed upon (supplemental) environmentally beneficial projects. EPA estimates that these efforts achieved commitments to reduce 900 million pounds of pollutants in the environment, primarily from air and water. EPA also assessed more than $145 million in civil and criminal fines and restitution during FY2007. Nevertheless, noncompliance with federal pollution control laws remains a continuing concern. The overall effectiveness of the current enforcement organizational framework, the balance between state autonomy and federal oversight, and the adequacy of funding are long-standing congressional concerns. This report provides an overview of the statutory framework, key players, infrastructure, resources, tools, and operations associated with enforcement and compliance of the major pollution control laws and regulations administered by EPA. It also outlines the roles of federal (including regional offices) and state regulators, as well as the regulated community. Understanding the many facets of how all federal pollution control laws are enforced, and the responsible parties involved, can be challenging. Enforcement of the considerable body of these laws involves a complex framework and organizational setting. The array of enforcement/compliance tools employed to achieve and maintain compliance includes monitoring, investigation, administrative and judicial (civil and criminal) actions and penalties, and compliance assistance and incentive approaches. Most compliance violations are resolved administratively by the states and EPA. EPA concluded 4,624 final administrative penalty orders in FY2006. Civil judicial actions, which may be filed by states or EPA, are the next most frequent enforcement action. EPA may refer civil cases to the Department of Justice (DOJ), referring 286 civil cases in FY2006. The U.S. Attorney General's Office and DOJ's Environmental Crimes Section, or the State Attorneys General, in coordination with EPA criminal investigators and general counsel, may prosecute criminal violations against individuals or entities who knowingly disregard environmental laws or are criminally negligent. Federal appropriations for environmental enforcement and compliance activities generally have remained relatively constant in recent fiscal years. Total funding for EPA's enforcement activities in FY2007 was $548.9 million. Many contend that overall funding for enforcement activities has not kept pace with inflation or with the increasingly complex federal pollution control requirements.
Download or read book Environmental Law and Enforcement written by Gregor I. McGregor and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2021-05-30 with total page 258 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Amid all the laws and regulations on environmental protection and worker safety, what is the responsible business or landowner to do? What should the responsible consultant advise? Environmental Law and Enforcement provides you with a practical guide that takes the mystery out of environmental law and related land use controls. The author provides a synopsis of major environmental topics from A to Z and features citations to the major federal statutes in the United States Code (USC) and the Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) so you can easily find governing statutes and regulations. Special sections discuss the use of experts in case preparation and how to be an effective case witness. A checklist for compliance with the National Environmental Policy Act is included. The book covers strategies to cope with landowner liability for hazardous waste, consultant liability for mistakes in hazardous waste site assessments, and guidelines for emergency managers to minimize legal liability. The section on insurance liability provides practical approaches to dealing with insurance companies on hazardous waste claims. The successful organization will manage for environmental protection as a corporate goal, and consequently stays ahead of new government requirements-away from lawyers and lawsuits-and ahead of the competition. Environmental Law and Enforcement gives you the tools you need to achieve this mission.
Download or read book Enforcement Economics in Air Pollution Control written by Paul B. Downing and published by . This book was released on 1973 with total page 116 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Nine-year-old Michelle describes the joys, loving times, difficulties, and other special situations involved in living with her older sister Amy Emmert, who was born severely disabled with cerebral palsy
Download or read book Regulating Land and Pollution in China written by Benjamin van Rooij and published by Amsterdam University Press. This book was released on 2006 with total page 470 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Annotation. Many of China's rivers and lakes are strongly polluted, the air in cities is amongst the worst in the world, while some have warned that if the country is not careful it may soon have insufficient arable land to feed its population. This book looks at why the protection of natural resources through stricter legislation and more stringent law enforcement has been so difficult. It does so through a combination of a local case with comparative and theoretical insights about lawmaking, compliance and enforcement. It offers a unique view on how law functions in the world's largest legal system, and how such law interacts with the social, economic and political circumstances at hand. This book offers an incomparable body of empirical and theoretical knowledge for those interested in how law functions in China, as well as those interested in the workings of regulatory lawmaking, compliance, and enforcement in a comparative perspective. This title can be previewed in Google Books - http://books.google.com/books?vid=ISBN9789087280130.
Download or read book Environmental Law Crime and Justice written by Ronald G. Burns and published by LFB Scholarly Publishing. This book was released on 2008 with total page 266 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Environmental harms associated with pollution of the air, land, and water kill and injure more people than street crime on an annual and daily basis. Financially, the losses associated with environmental damage are enormous. Environmental Law, Crime, and Justice addresses these issues through providing an introduction to the study of environmental issues pertinent to the study of environmental crime, contemporary environmental law, environmental policy, and environmental justice. This book blends together areas that are often treated or studied individually or in isolation from one another. Designed for classroom use, Environmental Law, Crime, and Justice exposes readers to the variety of issues involved in the study of environmental law, crime and justice; illustrates the serious nature of these problems; and demonstrates how readers can and should become involved in studying environmental crime, law, and crime."--BOOK JACKET.
Download or read book Federal Pollution Control Laws written by Congressional Research Service and published by CreateSpace. This book was released on 2014-10-07 with total page 56 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: As a result of enforcement actions and settlements for noncompliance with federal pollution control requirements, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) reported that, during FY2013, regulated entities committed to invest an estimated $7.0 billion for judicially mandated actions and equipment to control pollution (injunctive relief), and $22.0 million for implementing mutually agreed-upon (supplemental) environmentally beneficial projects. EPA estimated that these compliance/enforcement efforts achieved commitments to reduce or eliminate 1.3 billion pounds of pollutants in the environment, primarily from air and water, and to treat, minimize, or properly dispose of 148 million pounds of hazardous waste. Noncompliance with federal pollution control laws remains a continuing concern. The overall effectiveness of the enforcement organizational framework, the balance between state autonomy and federal oversight, and the adequacy of funding are long-standing congressional concerns. This report provides an overview of the statutory framework, key players, infrastructure, resources, tools, and operations associated with enforcement and compliance of the major pollution control laws and regulations administered by EPA. It also outlines the roles of federal (including regional offices) and state regulators, as well as the regulated community. Understanding the many facets of how all federal pollution control laws are enforced, and the responsible parties involved, can be challenging. Enforcement of the considerable body of these laws involves a complex framework and organizational setting. The array of enforcement/compliance tools employed to achieve and maintain compliance includes monitoring, investigation, administrative and judicial (civil and criminal) actions and penalties, and compliance assistance and incentive approaches. Most compliance violations are resolved administratively by the states and EPA. EPA concluded 1,440 final administrative penalty orders in FY2013. Civil judicial actions, which may be filed by states or EPA, are the next most frequent enforcement action. EPA may refer civil cases to the U.S. Department of Justice (DOJ), referring 138 civil cases in FY2013. The U.S. Attorney General's Office and DOJ's Environmental Crimes Section, or the state attorneys general, in coordination with EPA criminal investigators and general counsel, may prosecute criminal violations against individuals or entities who knowingly disregard environmental laws or are criminally negligent. EPA reported the assessment of nearly $1.15 billion in civil penalties (administrative and judicial) and $4.5 billion in combined criminal fines, restitution, and court-ordered environmental projects during FY2013. Of the FY2013 totals, $1.0 billion in civil penalties and $4.0 billion in criminal fines, restitution, and court-ordered projects were associated with the Deepwater Horizon Gulf of Mexico judicial and criminal cases. Federal appropriations for environmental enforcement and compliance activities have remained relatively constant in recent fiscal years. Some contend that overall funding for enforcement activities has not kept pace with inflation or with the increasingly complex federal pollution control requirements. Congress appropriated $560.9 million for enforcement activities for FY2014, a 1.4% increase above the $553.1 million enacted for FY2013 (post-sequestration), but roughly 3.8% less than the $583.4 million enacted for FY2012. The President's FY2015 budget request included $583.0 million for EPA enforcement activities. On September 19, 2014, President Obama signed into law the Continuing Appropriations Resolution, 2015 (P.L. 113-164).
Download or read book Pollution Prices and Public Policy written by Allen V. Kneese and published by Washington : Brookings Institution. This book was released on 1975 with total page 144 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Reviews the legislative history of federal pollution-control efforts, noting high costs and enforcement problems, and proposes alternative incentive and other policies to reduce air and water pollution.
Download or read book Mercury Pollution and Enforcement of the Refuse Act of 1899 written by United States. Congress. House. Committee on Government Operations. Conservation and Natural Resources Subcommittee and published by . This book was released on 1971 with total page 1524 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Strengthening Environmental Law Enforcement written by Connecticut Enforcement Project and published by . This book was released on 1975 with total page 334 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Environmental Crime written by Yingyi Situ and published by SAGE. This book was released on 2000 with total page 241 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: After defining environmental crime and discussing the extent of the environmental crisis, this book explores the causes, investigation, prosecution and prevention of all types of environmental crime.
Download or read book Law Enforcement Response to Environmental Crime written by Joel Epstein and published by Diane Publishing Company. This book was released on 1995 with total page 79 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Written for an audience of law enforcement & environmental agency leaders. Describes how communities have learned the importance of enlisting the support of local authorities. Shows how patrol officers can become effective at uncovering environmental crime. Report is designed to encourage more agencies to become involved & emphasizes interagency cooperation. Tables.
Download or read book Environmental Crime in the United States written by Karen Clark and published by Taylor & Francis. This book was released on 2024-07-24 with total page 187 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Environmental Crime in the United States provides an introduction to the laws that govern environmental crime, how these laws are implemented and enforced, and the impact they have had since their passing in the twentieth century and their continued applications. Environmental crimes such as wildlife trafficking, over‐fishing, artisanal mining, and deforestation are lucrative contributors to a global illicit trade market and sources of cheap resources for corporations to exploit. This book presents a review of U.S.‐based laws and regulations regarding such environmental crimes at the state and federal level, combined with examples of international convention or trade agreements which can be prosecuted within the United States. It examines attempts to modify these laws, the exceptions granted to prevent enforcement, and the ability of political and social groups to address inefficiencies of the laws or their implementations. Both criminal and administrative laws are reviewed to assess how laws governing the environment compare to other areas of law that seek to protect and improve social well‐being and public health; this includes a review of how environmental crimes overlap with general crimes, and how these crimes fuel illicit commerce while strengthening international crime syndicates. Trends such as the actions taken by non‐governmental organizations and other entities other than law enforcement to stop environmental crimes such as poaching will be explained, with a discussion of how environmental crimes spurn illicit markets and provide lucrative schemes for international crime rings as well as corporations. This book will be of great interest to students of environmental crime and justice, green criminology, environmental conservation, natural resource management, and environmental law.
Download or read book The Limits of Law written by Peter Cleary Yeager and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 1993-08-27 with total page 380 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: An analysis of the development of US water pollution laws, showing how legal processes and social relations interact as the state struggles to reconcile contradictory responsibilities.
