Download or read book Polarity Regulation During Neuronal Migration and Differentiation written by Holden Richard Higginbotham and published by . This book was released on 2008 with total page 172 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A key requirement of normal brain development is that during their proliferation, migration and differentiation precursors and daughter neurons establish and maintain a specific cell polarity, defined as having one or more axes of symmetry. Cell polarization divides the cell into different functional domains and facilitates the orientation of neurons within the overall brain framework, allowing functional connections to be established. In this dissertation I will describe work I have performed to address the question of how cell polarity is regulated during neuron migration and differentiation. I will address how the cytoskeleton and cell polarity are dynamically regulated in migrating neurons of the embryonic and adult forebrain. Specifically, I will investigate how the position of the centrosome is regulated in response to guidance cues in tangentially migrating neurons. To visualize the centrosome I have generated a transgenic mouse line that expresses a GFP-tagged centrosomal protein. In vitro studies were conducted using tangentially migrating neurons from postnatal transgenic mice to determine what molecules regulate the centrosome's position. I found that the polarity molecules GSK-3[Beta] and aPKC[Xi] regulate the centrosome's position and that repolarization in response to guidance cues depends the activity of these factors. Additionally, I analyze centrosomal position during radial migration in the embryonic cortex and report on the effect of disrupting polarity factors during migration. Next I report on the role of the microtubule-associated protein Doublecortin (DCX) in tangentially migrating neurons and show that loss of DCX results in inefficient consolidation of a single leading process during migration. Lastly, I show that during radial migration in embryogenesis, DCX cooperates with its gene-family member DCK1 to exit the multipolar stage of migration and assume a bipolar morphology.
Download or read book Cell Polarity 1 written by Klaus Ebnet and published by Springer. This book was released on 2015-03-04 with total page 396 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This work provides a state-of-the art overview on the most relevant aspects of cell polarity. Volume 1 addresses cell polarity and cell migration (front-rear polarity), cell polarity and barrier formation (apico-basal polarity) and neuronal polarity. It particularly focuses on cell polarity at the molecular level and the underlying molecular mechanisms. It also elaborates the common principles and mechanisms that regulate cellular polarization in different cell types and contexts. Both volumes are intended for professors, group leaders and researchers in cell biology as well as medical professionals in the fields of anatomy, cell biology, physiology, pathology and tumor biology.
Download or read book Neuronal Polarity Establishment and Maintenance written by Froylan Calderon de Anda and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2018-07-12 with total page 172 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The term polarity in a biological context is used to describe an asymmetry in morphology and distribution of molecules. In neurons, their complex shape with typically one axon and several dendrites reflects this asymmetry. Although neurons assume many different shapes and sizes they always maintain these two domains, which are essential for neuronal function. In the most simple view, neurons use their axon to transmit signals over long distances due to its capacity to extend to enormous lengths. Dendrites, on the other hand, are shorter and receive and integrate signals from different locations. The selection of the site where the axon and dendrites initially emerge during embryonic development is a tightly regulated event, eventually important for the correct formation of neuronal circuits, and disturbances of these processes can have pathological consequences due to circuit malformation. An important question is which mechanisms neurons utilize to specify the sites where axonal and dendrite outgrowth occurs and how their identities are maintained during and after development. The formation of these functionally diverse domains is the result of polarized differences of membrane and protein delivery, mitochondria transport, actin dynamics and microtubule stability. However how and in which temporal order all those events which coordinate the selection and maintenance of axons and dendrites is still under investigation. This selection of articles shall highlight new findings, which help to unravel all molecular and cellular events important for neuronal polarity establishment and maintenance.
Download or read book Differential Requirements for Mitochondria During Neuronal Migration written by Erika G. Lin-Hendel and published by . This book was released on 2017 with total page 224 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: During the development of the cortex neurons must migrate from their sites of birth to their final destinations. There are two main types of migration in the developing cortex, the radial migration of pyramidal neurons and the non-radial migration of cortical interneurons. There are limited studies directly comparing these two migration processes, and thus our understanding for perturbations that are selective to either non-radial versus radial migration is limited. Understanding causes of disruption of interneuron migration specifically is clinically relevant due to several interneuron specific developmental diseases. There is a growing body of literature observing a link between interneuron disorders and mitochondrial dysfunction, and thus regulation of mitochondria and their functions are promising targets for identifying selective effects on interneuron development. Mitochondria are organelles serving multiple functions in cells, including energy production, calcium buffering, redox homeostasis, and regulation of cell death. Although mitochondria are known to play essential roles in maintaining neuronal health and function in the adult brain, the importance of mitochondria during neuronal development is poorly understood. Using in vitro mouse brain explant and slice culture systems, we observed distinct localization patterns of mitochondria between interneurons and pyramidal neurons. Mitochondria in migrating interneurons move cyclically throughout the cell during the migration process while remaining in front of the nucleus in migrating radial neurons. Fluorescence immunohistochemistry confirmed these localization patterns in embryonic mouse brains in vivo. We then applied pharmacologic tools to disrupt mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation and discovered that interneuron migration is profoundly sensitive to these disruptions compared to radially migrating pyramidal neurons. This was confirmed by examination of a genetic model of compromised oxidative phosphorylation (Ant1). Interneurons with compromised mitochondrial function exhibit decreased migration, increased changes in direction, increased trailing process length, changes in branching behavior, and shifts in centrosome positioning. We then utilized a dominant negative form of Miro1, a protein involved in mitochondrial trafficking to alter mitochondrial trafficking behavior. We also observed increased direction changes and reduced ability of interneurons to invade the cortex. However, interneuron migration rate was unaffected. The changes in cell migration behavior suggest that mitochondria play a central role in maintaining interneuron cell polarity to allow for progressive interneuron migration during their long journey. These data collectively support a model in which mitochondrial perturbations have a selective effect on interneuron migration. This work suggests that neuronal deficits occurring in mitochondrial disorders are not exclusively due to neuronal metabolic insufficiency in postnatal stages, but can also have developmental origins.
Download or read book In vivo Cell Biology of Cerebral Cortical Development and Its Related Neurological Disorders Cellular Insights into Neurogenesis and Neuronal Migration written by Takeshi Kawauchi and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2016-09-21 with total page 270 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The brain consists of a complex but precisely organized neural network, which provides the structural basis of higher order functions. Such a complex structure originates from a simple pseudostratified neuroepithelium. During the developing mammalian cerebral cortex, a cohort of neural progenitors, located near the ventricle, differentiates into neurons and exhibits multi-step modes of migration toward the pial surface. Tight regulation of neurogenesis and neuronal migration is essential for the determination of the neuron number in adult brains and the proper positioning of excitatory and inhibitory neurons in a specific layer, respectively. In addition, defects in neurogenesis and neuronal migration can cause several neurological disorders, such as microcephaly, periventricular heterotopia and lissencephaly. Recent advances in genetic approaches to study the developing cerebral cortex, as well as the use of a number of novel techniques, particularly in vivo electroporation and time-lapse analyses using explant slice cultures, have significantly increased our understanding of cortical development. These novel techniques have allowed for cell biological analyses of cerebral cortical development in vivo or ex vivo, showing that many cellular events, including endocytosis, cell adhesion, microtubule and actin cytoskeletal regulation, neurotransmitter release, stress response, the consequence of cellular crowding (physical force), dynamics of transcription factors, midbody release and polarity transition are required for neurogenesis and/or neuronal migration. The aim of this research topic is to highlight molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying cerebral cortical development and its related neurological disorders from the cell biological point of views, such as cell division, cell-cycle regulation, cytoskeletal organization, cell adhesion and membrane trafficking. The topic has been organized into three chapters: 1) neurogenesis and cell fate determination, 2) neuronal migration and 3) cortical development-related neurological disorders. We hope that the results and discussions contributed by all authors in this research topic will be broadly useful for further advances in basic research, as well as improvements in the etiology and care of patients suffering from neurological and psychiatric disorders.
Download or read book Cell Polarity in Development and Disease written by Douglas W Houston and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2017-11-14 with total page 238 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Cell Polarity in Development and Disease offers insights into the basic molecular mechanisms of common diseases that arise as a result of a loss of ordered organization and intrinsic polarity. Included are diseases affecting highly polarized epithelial tissues in the lung and kidney, as well as loss and gain of cell polarity in the onset and progression of cancer. This book provides a basic resource for understanding the biology of polarity, offering a starting point for those thinking of targeting cell polarity for translational medical research. Provides basic science understanding of cell polarity disease and development Covers diseases affecting polarized epithelial tissues in the lung and kidney, also covering the progression of cancer Includes historical context of cell polarity research for potential future breakthroughs
Download or read book Partitioning Defective Protein 6 A Mechanistic Regulator of Neuronal Migration written by Danielle E. Howell and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: As cerebellar granule neurons (CGNs) mature they undergo a specific pattern of events. However, the manner which neurons exit the germinal zone (GZ) is not entirely understood. As CGNs polarize and differentiate, they migrate from the outer to the internal layers, a process regulated by polarity genes and post-translational modifications. Due to its role in neuronal migration, we were interested in the functionof the polarity gene Pard6 and its domains. Using the structure function assays, we found that some domains were required for GZ exit. Also, a two-hybrid screen indicated that the E3 ubuiqtin ligase FbxW5 binds to the PDZ domain of Pard6. Thus, overexpression of FbxW5 resulted in an inhibited migration of CGNs, while overexpression of Pard6 restored migration. Therefore, we propose that not all domains are required for Pard6 activity in neuronal migration and there is a functional interaction between Pard6 and FbxW5 regulating cells exiting the GZ.
Download or read book Extracellular and Intracellular Signaling written by James D. Adams and published by Royal Society of Chemistry. This book was released on 2011 with total page 319 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Intracellular cell signaling is a well understood process. However, extracellular signals such as hormones, adipokines, cytokines and neurotransmitters are just as important but have been largely ignored in other works. Aimed at medical professionals and pharmaceutical specialists, this book integrates extracellular and intracellular signalling processes and offers a fresh perspective on new drug targets.
Download or read book Reelin Glycoprotein written by S.H. Fatemi and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2008-06-04 with total page 473 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Reelin glycoprotein is a serine protease with important roles in embryogenesis and during adult life. This comprehensive and integrative book examines the role that reelin plays in the etiology of various neuropsychiatric disorders, including schizophrenia and autism. The book provides an unprecedented analysis of this emerging and novel protein by examining evidence from genetic, neuroanatomic, biochemical, and behavioral studies.
Download or read book Invertebrate and Vertebrate Eye Development written by and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2010-11-24 with total page 337 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Vision is our primary sensory modality, and we are naturally curious as to how the visual system assembles. The visual system is in many ways remarkably simple, a repeating assemblage of neurons and support cells that parse the visual field through precision and redundancy. Through this simplicity the eye has often led the way in our exploration of how an organ is assembled. Eye development has therefore long been a favorite for exploring mechanisms of cell fate choice, patterning and cell signaling. This volume, which is part of the Current Topics in Developmental Biology series, highlights the exceptional advances over the past 20 years. Chapters emphasize our knowledge of transcription factors and how these generate networks to direct the eye field and associated structures. Topics such as cell fate specification are also explored, along with the potential of Drosophila as a model for lens formation and the progress made in using the Drosophila eye to examine planar cell polarity. Contributions from researchers who are active in identifying new paradigms to explore Review of our current state of knowledge Chapters written by authors with a new generation approach that takes a more systems approach to identifying factors and better defines cell subtypes
Download or read book Amphibian Models of Development and Disease written by and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2021-05-30 with total page 362 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Amphibian Models of Development and Disease, Volume 145 in the Current Topics in Developmental Biology series, highlights new advances in the field written by an international board of experts. New chapters in this release include Building a ciliated epithelium: Transcriptional regulation and radial intercalation of multiciliated cells, Biomechanics of Amphibian Morphogenesis, Planar cell polarity during neural tube closure, Xenopus neural crest and its relevance to human disease, Endoderm organogenesis, From egg to embryo in marsupial frogs, Evo-devo lessons from the analysis of Xenopus genomes, Transcriptional regulation during zygotic genome activation, Proteomics and metabolomics for cell lineage analysis in frog embryos, and more. Provides the authority and expertise of leading contributors from an international board of authors Presents the latest release in the Current Topics in Developmental Biology series Includes the latest information on Amphibian Models of Development and Disease
Download or read book Encyclopedia of Cell Biology written by and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2015-08-07 with total page 2972 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Encyclopedia of Cell Biology, Four Volume Set offers a broad overview of cell biology, offering reputable, foundational content for researchers and students across the biological and medical sciences. This important work includes 285 articles from domain experts covering every aspect of cell biology, with fully annotated figures, abundant illustrations, videos, and references for further reading. Each entry is built with a layered approach to the content, providing basic information for those new to the area and more detailed material for the more experienced researcher. With authored contributions by experts in the field, the Encyclopedia of Cell Biology provides a fully cross-referenced, one-stop resource for students, researchers, and teaching faculty across the biological and medical sciences. Fully annotated color images and videos for full comprehension of concepts, with layered content for readers from different levels of experience Includes information on cytokinesis, cell biology, cell mechanics, cytoskeleton dynamics, stem cells, prokaryotic cell biology, RNA biology, aging, cell growth, cell Injury, and more In-depth linking to Academic Press/Elsevier content and additional links to outside websites and resources for further reading A one-stop resource for students, researchers, and teaching faculty across the biological and medical sciences
Download or read book Mouse Brain Development written by Andre M. Goffinet and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-08-10 with total page 347 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Our understanding of the molecular mechanisms involved in mammalian brain development remains limited. However, the last few years have wit nessed a quantum leap in our knowledge, due to technological improve ments, particularly in molecular genetics. Despite this progress, the available body of data remains mostly phenomenological and reveals very little about the grammar that organizes the molecular dictionary to articulate a pheno type. Nevertheless, the recent progress in genetics will allow us to contem plate, for the first time, the integration of observation into a coherent view of brain development. Clearly, this may be a major challenge for the next century, and arguably is the most important task of contemporary develop mental biology. The purpose of the present book is to provide an overview that syn thesizes up-to-date information on selected aspects of mouse brain devel opment. Given the format, it was not possible to cover all aspects of brain development, and many important subjects are missing. The selected themes are, to a certain extent, subjective and reflect the interests of the contributing authors. Examples of major themes that are not covered are peripheral nervous system development, including myelination, the development of the hippocampus and several other CNS structures, as well as the developmental function of some important morphoregulatory molecules.
Download or read book The Neural Crest in Development and Evolution written by Brian K. Hall and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2013-03-14 with total page 322 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A discussion of the neural crest and neural crest cells, dealing with their discovery, their embryological and evolutionary origins, their cellular derivatives - in both agnathan and jawed vertebrates or gnathostomes - and the broad topics of migration and differentiation in normal development. The book also considers what goes wrong when development is misdirected by mutations, or by exposure of embryos to exogenous agents such as drugs, alcohol, or excess vitamin A, and includes discussions of tumours and syndromes and birth defects involving neural crest cells.
Download or read book Microtubule Dynamics written by Anne Straube and published by Humana Press. This book was released on 2017-04-30 with total page 319 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Microtubules are at the heart of cellular self-organization, and their dynamic nature allows them to explore the intracellular space and mediate the transport of cargoes from the nucleus to the outer edges of the cell and back. In Microtubule Dynamics: Methods and Protocols, experts in the field provide an up-to-date collection of methods and approaches that are used to investigate microtubule dynamics in vitro and in cells. Beginning with the question of how to analyze microtubule dynamics, the volume continues with detailed descriptions of how to isolate tubulin from different sources and with different posttranslational modifications, methods used to study microtubule dynamics and microtubule interactions in vitro, techniques to investigate the ultrastructure of microtubules and associated proteins, assays to study microtubule nucleation, turnover, and force production in cells, as well as approaches to isolate novel microtubule-associated proteins and their interacting proteins. Written in the highly successful Methods in Molecular BiologyTM series format, chapters include introductions to their respective topics, lists of the necessary materials and reagents, step-by-step, readily reproducible laboratory protocols, and tips on troubleshooting and avoiding known pitfalls. Definitive and practical, Microtubule Dynamics: Methods and Protocols provides the key protocols needed by novices and experts on how to perform a broad range of well-established and newly-emerging techniques in this vital field.
Download or read book Mechanisms of Neuronal Migration during Corticogenesis written by Chiaki Ohtaka-Maruyama and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2016-07-15 with total page 185 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The cerebral cortex plays central roles in many higher-order functions such as cognition, language, consciousness, and the control of voluntary behavior. These processes are performed by the densely interconnected networks of excitatory pyramidal neurons and inhibitory interneurons, and the balanced development of these two types of neuron is quite important. During cortical development, pyramidal neurons and interneurons show quite different migratory behaviors: radial migration and tangential migration, respectively. Pyramidal neurons are generated in the ventricular zone of the dorsal telencephalon, and migrate radially along radial glial fibers toward the pial surface, forming a six-layered cortical structure in an “ inside-out” manner. On the other hand, cortical interneurons are generated in the medial and caudal ganglionic eminence in the ventral telencephalon, and follow long tangential migratory paths into the cortex. Defects in these migration processes result in abnormalities in the cortical layer structure and neuronal networks, which may cause various neurological and psychiatric conditions such as epilepsy and schizophrenia. Accordingly, besides basic scientific interest, elucidation of the mechanism of neuronal migration is essential for understanding the pathogenesis of these diseases. This Research Topic includes a series of articles ranging from the basic mechanism of neocortical development to the malformation and evolution of the neocortex. We do hope that the present ebook will further stimulate the interest in the fascinating investigations of neuronal migration and corticogenesis.
Download or read book The Reeler Mouse as a Model of Brain Development written by Catherine Lambert de Rouvroit and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2013-03-12 with total page 117 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Only five years ago, nobody in his right mind would have consid ered publishing a book on reeler as a model for brain develop ment. Although this interesting mutation has been with us for half a century, it is fair to say that, in spite of a wave of enthusiasm in the late sixties and early seventies, generated primarily by Sidman, Caviness and colleagues, studies of reeler mice fell pro gressively out of fashion during the next two decades. All that changed almost overnight when the cloning of the reeler gene, dubbed reelin, was reported in Tom Curran's laboratory in 1995. The fact that the same gene was identified at the same time independently by two other groups using positional cloning sug gested strongly that reelin was the right candidate. Although the key experiments of transgenic rescue have not been made (and perhaps will never be), the equation "reeler is reelin" has been established beyond reasonable doubt, as alterations of the reelin gene and/or its expression have been found in at least five alleles of reeler and in the mutation Shaking Rat Kawasaki (SRK), an ortholog of reeler.
