Download or read book Physics and Applications of Hydrogen Negative Ion Sources written by Marthe Bacal and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2023-05-10 with total page 622 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book gives a comprehensive overview of hydrogen negative ion sources and their applications to particle acceleration and nuclear fusion. The book begins with fundamental aspects of negative ion production by volume and surface processes in hydrogen and its isotopes. It covers key topics, such as the need for separation of negative ion production and extraction regions, the need for lowering the work function of the plasma electrode by using caesium vapor or special materials for caesium-free sources, and the ion extractor structure required for hydrogen negative ion sources. Chapters covering various specific ion sources and applications are written by scientists who participated in their development and include sources for accelerators and for neutral beam injection into controlled nuclear fusion reactors.
Download or read book Formation of Hydrogen Negative Ions by Surface and Volume Processes with Application to Negative Ion Sources written by and published by . This book was released on 1979 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: During the last few decades interest in negative-hydrogen ion sources has been directed mainly toward synchrotron and other particle accelerator applications, with emphasis on high current densities delivered for short pulses. But within the last several years there has been an awareness in the magnetic fusion program of the future need for negative ions as a means for generating high energy neutral beams, beams with energies above a few hundred keV. Negative ions seem to be the only effective intermediary for efficiently producing such beams. Although methods for generating negative ion beams have relied upon synchrotron concepts, the requirements for fusion are very different: here one is interested in more moderate current densities, up to 100 m A cm−2, but with continuous operation. Proposed source modules would accelerate of the order of 10 A of beam current and deliver several megawatts of beam power. Both H− and D− beams are being considered for application in different reactor systems. The conceptualization of negative ion sources is now in a very volatile stage. But of the great variety of proposals that have been offered to date, three general areas appear ready for development. These are: first, the double charge exchange method for converting a positive ion beam into a negative ion beam; second, electron-volume processes wherein low energy electrons interacting with molecular species lead to negative ion products via dissociative attachment or recombination; and third, generation of negative ions in surface interactions, principally via desorption and backscattering. Both our qualitative and our quantitative understanding of these processes diminishes as one proceeds from the first through the third. The physics of these three methods is considered in detail.
Download or read book Development and Applications of Negative Ion Sources written by Vadim Dudnikov and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2023-06-22 with total page 498 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book describes the development of sources of negative ions and their application in science and industry. It describes the physical foundations and implementation of the key methods of negative ion production and control, such as charge exchange, thermionic emission, plasma volume, secondary emission (sputtering) and surface-plasma sources, as well as the history of their development. Following on from this essential foundational material, the book goes on to explore transport of negative ion beams, and beam-plasma instabilities. Now in its second edition, the book has been substantially expanded and updated to address the many developments since it was first published, most importantly the development and investigation of cesiated surfaces with work function ~1.2-1.3 eV in conditions close to discharges in surface plasma sources. The book also includes a new chapter on development of conversion targets for high-energy neutral beam injectors, covering gas targets, plasma targets and photon targets for efficient conversion of high energy negative ion beams to neutral beams. With exposition accessible at the graduate level, and a comprehensive bibliography, this book will appeal to all students and researchers whose work concerns ion sources and their applications to accelerators, beam physics, storage rings, cyclotrons, and plasma traps.
Download or read book Second International Symposium on Negative Ions Beams and Sources written by Yasuhiko Takeiri and published by American Institute of Physics. This book was released on 2011-11-08 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The topic of Negative ion, beams and ion sources covers all fields related to fusion, accelerator, industrial applications. This proceedings would be of interest to Industry (Energy and electricity companies), Physics and Engineering Departments at Universities, as secondary audience I would consider many scientists working in many areas who, because they are curious, will be interested in reading this book. NIBS2010 is the only symposium dedicated to all aspects of negative ions in physics and technology from formation to application. NIBS2010 covers negative hydrogen ion production, extraction, acceleration, and transport mainly for fusion and accelerator applications. New approaches of negative heavy ions are introduced for material science and space propulsion.
Download or read book The Physics and Technology of Ion Sources written by Ian G. Brown and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2006-03-06 with total page 396 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The first edition of this title has become a well-known reference book on ion sources. The field is evolving constantly and rapidly, calling for a new, up-to-date version of the book. In the second edition of this significant title, editor Ian Brown, himself an authority in the field, compiles yet again articles written by renowned experts covering various aspects of ion source physics and technology. The book contains full chapters on the plasma physics of ion sources, ion beam formation, beam transport, computer modeling, and treats many different specific kinds of ion sources in sufficient detail to serve as a valuable reference text.
Download or read book Production and Neutralization of Negative Ions and Beams written by Joseph D. Sherman and published by American Institute of Physics. This book was released on 2005-04-20 with total page 374 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This symposium addresses all aspects of H- and D- sources, the formation of negative hydrogen and deuterium beams from these sources, and their beam transport properties. The discussion includes both the latest theoretical and experimental work in these areas. The negative ion sources are multicusp, Penning, magnetron, rf (1-13 MHz), surface converter, microwave/ECR (GHz frequency), and polarized source types. Experimental work also includes beam chopping, space-charge lenses, optimized negative ion extraction systems, and beam diagnostics. The negative ion production mechanisms are volume (pure hydrogen or deuterium discharge) and surface production using cesium or other alkali metal to catalyze negative ion production. Theoretical analyses include plasma chemistry, particle-in-cell modeling, and H-/D- extraction physics simulations. The main applications for H- sources are in high-energy neutral beam injectors for fusion reactors and H- sources for charge exchange injection into synchrotrons or spallation neutron source storage rings.
Download or read book Negative Ion Sources and Their Applications written by National Laboratory for High Energy Physics and published by . This book was released on 1988 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Theory and Design of Charged Particle Beams written by Martin Reiser and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2008-09-26 with total page 634 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Although particle accelerators are the book's main thrust, it offers a broad synoptic description of beams which applies to a wide range of other devices such as low-energy focusing and transport systems and high-power microwave sources. Develops material from first principles, basic equations and theorems in a systematic way. Assumptions and approximations are clearly indicated. Discusses underlying physics and validity of theoretical relationships, design formulas and scaling laws. Features a significant amount of recent work including image effects and the Boltzmann line charge density profiles in bunched beams.
Download or read book Plasma Technology written by M. Capitelli and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 226 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The present book contains the proceedings of the workshop "Plasma Technology and Applications" which was held at 11 Ciocco (Lucca-Italy) during 5-6 July 1991. The workshop was organized just before ICPIG XX to emphasize the role of plasma physics and plasma chemistry in different fields of technology. Topics cover different applications such as lamps, plasma treatment of materials (etching, deposition, nitriding), plasma sources (microwave excitation, negative ion sources) and plasma destruction of pollutants. Several chapters deal with basic concepts in plasma physics, non equilibrium plasma modeling and plasma diagnostics as well as with laser interaction with solid targets. The authors gratefully acknowledge the financial support provided by university of Bari (Italy) and by CNR (Centro di Studio per la Chimica dei Plasmi, Istituto di Fisica Atomica e Molecolare (IFAM) and Progetto Finalizzato Materiali Speciali per Tecnologie Avanzate) as well as the sponsorship of ENEA. M. Capitelli C. Gorse v CONTENTS Plasmas in nature, laboratory and technology 1 A.M. Ignatov and A.A. Rukhadze Laser diagnostics of plasmas 11 L. Pyatnitsky Probe diagnostics of plasmas 27 G. Dilecce Theory, properties and applications of non equilibrium plasmas created by external energy sources 45 E. Son Non-Equilibrium plasma modeling 59 M. Capitel1i, R. Celiberto, G. Capriati, C. Gorse and S. Longo Gas discharge lamps 81 M. Koedam Plasma etching processes and diagnostics 93 R. d'Agostino and F. Fracassi Plasma deposition: processes and diagnostics 109 A
Download or read book Modeling of the Negative Ion Extraction from a Hydrogen Plasma Source written by Serhiy Mochalskyy and published by . This book was released on 2011 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The development of the negative ion source constitutes a crucial step in the construction of the neutral beam injector of ITER. To fulfil the ITER requirements in terms of heating and current drive, the negative ion source should deliver 40 A of D-. The achievement of such a source is challenging from technical and scientific points, and it requires a deeper understanding of the underlying physics. The present knowledge of the ion extraction mechanism from the negative ion source is limited due to the complexity of the problem that involves the comprehension of the behaviour of magnetized plasma sheaths when negative ions and electrons are pulled out from the plasma. Moreover, due to the asymmetry induced by the crossed magnetic configuration used to filter the electrons, any realistic study of this problem must consider the three spatial dimensions. To address this problem in a realistic way, a 3D Particles-in-Cell electrostatic code specifically designed for this system was developed. The code uses Cartesian coordinate system and it can deal with complex boundary geometry as it is the case of the extraction apertures. The complex magnetic field that is applied to deflect electrons is also taken into account. This code, called ONIX, was used to investigate the plasma properties and the transport of negative ions and electrons close to a source extraction aperture. Results on the formation of the plasma meniscus and the screening of the extraction field by the plasma are presented here, as well as negative ions trajectories. Negative ion extraction efficiency from volume and surfaces was investigated showing the capital importance of the surface negative ion production.
Download or read book Negative Hydrogen Ion Sources for Accelerators written by and published by . This book was released on 2005 with total page 14 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A variety of H− ion sources are in use at accelerator laboratories around the world. A list of these ion sources includes surface plasma sources with magnetron, Penning and surface converter geometries as well as magnetic-multipole volume sources with and without cesium. Just as varied is the means of igniting and maintaining magnetically confined plasmas. Hot and cold cathodes, radio frequency, and microwave power are all in use, as well as electron tandem source ignition. The extraction systems of accelerator H− ion sources are highly specialized utilizing magnetic and electric fields in their low energy beam transport systems to produce direct current, as well as pulsed and/or chopped beams with a variety of time structures. Within this paper, specific ion sources utilized at accelerator laboratories shall be reviewed along with the physics of surface and volume H− production in regard to source emittance. Current research trends including aperture modeling, thermal modeling, surface conditioning, and laser diagnostics will also be discussed.
Download or read book Production and Neutralization of Negative Ions and Beams written by Alessi and published by American Inst. of Physics. This book was released on 1998-04-15 with total page 978 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Production and Neutralization of Negative Ions and Beams written by Joseph D. Sherman and published by American Inst. of Physics. This book was released on 2005-04-20 with total page 376 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This symposium addresses all aspects of H- and D- sources, the formation of negative hydrogen and deuterium beams from these sources, and their beam transport properties. The discussion includes both the latest theoretical and experimental work in these areas. The negative ion sources are multicusp, Penning, magnetron, rf (1-13 MHz), surface converter, microwave/ECR (GHz frequency), and polarized source types. Experimental work also includes beam chopping, space-charge lenses, optimized negative ion extraction systems, and beam diagnostics. The negative ion production mechanisms are volume (pure hydrogen or deuterium discharge) and surface production using cesium or other alkali metal to catalyze negative ion production. Theoretical analyses include plasma chemistry, particle-in-cell modeling, and H-/D- extraction physics simulations. The main applications for H- sources are in high-energy neutral beam injectors for fusion reactors and H- sources for charge exchange injection into synchrotrons or spallation neutron source storage rings.
Download or read book Experimental Evaluation of a Negative Ion Source for a Heavy Ion Fusion Negative Ion Driver written by and published by . This book was released on 2004 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Negative halogen ions have recently been proposed as a possible alternative to positive ions for heavy ion fusion drivers because electron accumulation would not be a problem in the accelerator, and if desired, the beams could be photo-detached to neutrals. To test the ability to make suitable quality beams, an experiment was conducted at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory using chlorine in an RF-driven ion source. Without introducing any cesium (which is required to enhance negative ion production in hydrogen ion sources) a negative chlorine current density of 45 mA/cm2 was obtained under the same conditions that gave 57 45 mA/cm2 of positive chlorine, suggesting the presence of nearly as many negative ions as positive ions in the plasma near the extraction plane. The negative ion spectrum was 99.5% atomic chlorine ions, with only 0.5% molecular chlorine, and essentially no impurities. Although this experiment did not incorporate the type of electron suppression technology that i s used in negative hydrogen beam extraction, the ratio of co-extracted electrons to Cl− was as low as 7 to 1, many times lower than the ratio of their mobilities, suggesting that few electrons are present in the near-extractor plasma. This, along with the near-equivalence of the positive and negative ion currents, suggests that the plasma in this region was mostly an ion-ion plasma. The negative chlorine current density was relatively insensitive to pressure, and scaled linearly with RF power. If this linear scaling continues to hold at higher RF powers, it should permit current densities of 100 45 mA/cm2, sufficient for present heavy ion fusion injector concepts. The effective ion temperatures of the positive and negative ions appeared to be similar and relatively low for a plasma source.
Download or read book Proceedings of the Symposium on Negative Ion Sources and Their Applications written by and published by . This book was released on 1997 with total page 140 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Negative hydrogen ion Sources written by and published by . This book was released on 1983 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: There are two main areas of negative hydrogen ion applications: injection into high energy accelerators and production of beams of energetic hydrogen atoms for fusion devices. In both cases, the ease with which the charge state of negative ions can be changed by either single or double electron stripping is the reason that made their application attractive. In tandem accelerators, the final energy of H ions is twice as high as it would correspond to the terminal voltage, in circular accelerators (synchrotrons, storage rings) injection of H ions by full stripping of H− ions in a foil inside the ring is not limited by the Liouville's theorem and results in a higher phase space density than achieved by direct H+ injection. Finally, beams of hydrogen atoms at energies above 100 keV, which will be required for plasma heating and current drive in future fusion devices, can efficiently be produced only by acceleration of negative ions and their subsequent neutralization.
Download or read book Development of a High current Hydrogen negative Ion Source for LHD NBI System written by Yasushiko Takeiri and published by . This book was released on 1998 with total page 8 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
