Download or read book Physicochemical Characterization of Biodiesel from Vegetable Oils written by Ali Saqib and published by LAP Lambert Academic Publishing. This book was released on 2015-06-03 with total page 72 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Biodiesel was synthesized from vegetable oils by base-catalyzed transesterification with methanol in the presence of NaOH. The optimization of experimental parameters was established to achieve the maximum yield of product. The physical and fuel properties of biodiesel like dynamic viscosity, kinematic viscosity, acid number, density, flash point, cetane number, cloud point and pour point were determined and found comparable to ASTM standards. Prepared biodiesel was chemically characterized by FT-IR, NMR (1H & 13C) and GC-MS to elucidate the identification, quantification and chemical composition. The synthesis of biodiesel was confirmed by comparison of FT-IR and NMR (1H & 13C) analysis of oil and biodiesel. GC-MS analyses identified the chemical compositions of FAMEs in biodiesel and were verified by retention time data and mass fragmentation pattern.
Download or read book Biodiesel written by Martin Mittelbach and published by . This book was released on 2004 with total page 350 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Developments in Biodiesel written by R Geetha Balakrishna and published by Royal Society of Chemistry. This book was released on 2024-06-28 with total page 303 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Transportation remains one of the largest contributors to global carbon dioxide emissions with the majority of vehicles using fossil-based fuels such as gasoline and diesel. Therefore, alternatives that come from a renewable feedstock and create fewer carbon emissions are urgently needed. Biodiesel, an alternative to fossil-based diesel fuel, can be produced from renewable or waste feedstocks such as biomass, animal fats and industrial wastes making it much more sustainable. However, challenges remain in improving and refining the properties of biodiesel, developing production processes and choosing feedstocks with optimal sustainability. Focusing on recent advances in the areas of feedstocks for biodiesel, production processes, and testing and enhancement of properties, Developments in Biodiesel provides a balance between academic and industrial viewpoints across a range of topics. It is an ideal reference for both academics and industrialists interested in sustainable energy, sustainable fuels and biomass/waste valorisation.
Download or read book Lipid Oxidation written by Edwin N. Frankel and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2014-01-23 with total page 487 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In this second edition, Edwin Frankel has updated and extended his now well-known book Lipid oxidation which has come to be regarded as the standard work on the subject since the publication of the first edition seven years previously. His main objective is to develop the background necessary for a better understanding of what factors should be considered, and what methods and lipid systems should be employed, to achieve suitable evaluation and control of lipid oxidation in complex foods and biological systems. The oxidation of unsaturated fatty acids is one of the most fundamental reactions in lipid chemistry. When unsaturated lipids are exposed to air, the complex, volatile oxidation compounds that are formed cause rancidity. This decreases the quality of foods that contain natural lipid components as well as foods in which oils are used as ingredients. Furthermore, products of lipid oxidation have been implicated in many vital biological reactions, and evidence has accumulated to show that free radicals and reactive oxygen species participate in tissue injuries and in degenerative disease. Although there have been many significant advances in this challenging field, many important problems remain unsolved. This second edition of Lipid oxidation follows the example of the first edition in offering a summary of the many unsolved problems that need further research. The need to understand lipid oxidation is greater than ever with the increased interest in long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids, the reformulation of oils to avoid hydrogenation and trans fatty acids, and the enormous attention given to natural phenolic antioxidants, including flavonoids and other phytochemicals.
Download or read book Biodiesel written by Ayhan Demirbas and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2007-12-20 with total page 214 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Biodiesel: A Realistic Fuel Alternative for Diesel Engines describes the production and characterization of biodiesel. The book also presents current experimental research work in the field, including techniques to reduce biodiesel’s high viscosity. Researchers in renewable energy, as well as fuel engineers, will discover a myriad of new ideas and promising possibilities.
Download or read book Vegetable Oil as Biofuel Chemical Characteristics and Transesterification Procedure written by Joseph Ekpuka and published by . This book was released on 2020-02-04 with total page 26 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Research Paper (postgraduate) from the year 2012 in the subject Engineering - Chemical Engineering, grade: 5.00, Covenant University, language: English, abstract: This essay tries to examines how and under which circumstances vegetabel oil can be transformed to and used as biofuel. Reacting oils or fats in an esterification process basically contain monoglycerides, diglycerides, triglycerides, lipids and free fatty acids. Triglyceride (TAGs) nevertheless has a good prospect as an alternative fuel. Triglyceride has a benefit as been renewable and biodegradable with higher cetane number. Biodiesel is the product from a variety of reacting feedstocks. Feedstocks used will vary from vegetable oils (soybean, cottonseed, palm, peanut, rapeseed/canola, sunflower), animal fats (tallow, chicken fat, fish oils) to waste cooking oil and grease. A transesterification reaction involving oil or fat with alcohol will lead to biodiesel which is a mixture of fatty esters. Each ester component contributes to the properties of the fuel. Esters containing higher alcohol content with fatty acids can also be used as biolubricants. This fuel is biodegradable, non-toxic and has low emission profiles than petroleum diesel. Biodiesel can mix with petro-diesel in all distinction and can be used as such with petroleum diesel for direct appliance in diesel engines. Thus, it is very essential and critical to have the data of fatty acid profile of oil and fat used. This should also include their chemical properties. It is concluded that seeds can be grown for biodiesel production purposes, because theyprovided the highest yields among the varieties tested.
Download or read book Lost Crops of Africa written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2006-10-27 with total page 378 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This report is the second in a series of three evaluating underexploited African plant resources that could help broaden and secure Africa's food supply. The volume describes the characteristics of 18 little-known indigenous African vegetables (including tubers and legumes) that have potential as food- and cash-crops but are typically overlooked by scientists and policymakers and in the world at large. The book assesses the potential of each vegetable to help overcome malnutrition, boost food security, foster rural development, and create sustainable landcare in Africa. Each species is described in a separate chapter, based on information gathered from and verified by a pool of experts throughout the world. Volume I describes African grains and Volume III African fruits.
Download or read book Biodiesel written by Amit Sarin and published by Royal Society of Chemistry. This book was released on 2012 with total page 281 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A professional reference book that will provide a detailed and comprehensive review on the production and properties of biodiesel
Download or read book Biodiesel Production written by Biodiesel Production Technologies Challenges and Future Prospects Task Committee and published by . This book was released on 2019 with total page 848 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Biodiesel Production: Technologies, Challenges, and Future Prospects provides in-depth information on fundamentals, approaches, technologies, source materials and associated socio-economic and political impacts of biodiesel production.
Download or read book Characterization of Biodiesel written by Michael R. Rowell and published by . This book was released on 2017 with total page 82 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Biodiesel is an alternative fuel produced by a process known as transesterification of waste cooking oil. The chemical process reacts potassium hydroxide, methanol, and triglycerides. Triglycerides are found in many feedstock oils such as waste vegetable oil. California State University Sacramento (CSUS) has a production system on campus that converts waste cooking oil into biodiesel. The university has collaborated with the Sacramento Biofuels Network (SBN) to test and produce biodiesel that adheres to ASTM D6751 standards. The ASTM characteristics focused on in this study refer to cloud point, pour point, and corrosion strip test. The SBN fuel was utilized to develop standardized tests for these characteristics and used as baseline values for future production. The corrosion strip test resulted in a standard classification number of 2a, which is below the ASTM specification. The cloud point and the pour point were found to be -3.9°C and -9.7°C, respectively.
Download or read book Practical Handbook on Biodiesel Production and Properties written by Mushtaq Ahmad and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2012-09-25 with total page 167 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Biodiesel-a fuel substitute produced from vegetable oils, animal fats, or algae-is one of the most important renewable natural resources for agrarian countries. The justification for developing biodiesel as an alternate fuel is manifold, and rising crude oil prices and the vulnerability of energy security have made biodiesel necessary and inevitabl
Download or read book Biodiesel Handling and Use Guidelines 3rd Ed written by K. S. Tyson and published by DIANE Publishing. This book was released on 2009-05 with total page 69 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A guide for those who blend, distribute, and use biodiesel and biodiesel blends. Will help fleets and individual users, blenders, distributors, and those involved in related activities understand procedures for handling and using biodiesel fuels. Biodiesel is a renewable fuel manufactured from vegetable oils, animal fats, and recycled cooking oils. It offers many advantages: It is renewable; It is energy efficient; It displaces petroleum derived diesel fuel; It can be used in most diesel equipment with no or only minor modifications; It can reduce global warming gas emissions; It can reduce tailpipe emissions; It is nontoxic, biodegradable, and suitable for sensitive environ; It is made in the U.S. from either ag. or recycled resources; and it is easy to use.
Download or read book The Biodiesel Handbook written by Gerhard Knothe and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2015-08-13 with total page 516 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The second edition of this invaluable handbook covers converting vegetable oils, animal fats, and used oils into biodiesel fuel. The Biodiesel Handbook delivers solutions to issues associated with biodiesel feedstocks, production issues, quality control, viscosity, stability, applications, emissions, and other environmental impacts, as well as the status of the biodiesel industry worldwide. Incorporates the major research and other developments in the world of biodiesel in a comprehensive and practical format Includes reference materials and tables on biodiesel standards, unit conversions, and technical details in four appendices Presents details on other uses of biodiesel and other alternative diesel fuels from oils and fats
Download or read book Oilseed Crops written by Parvaiz Ahmad and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2017-02-15 with total page 483 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Oil Seed Crops: Yield and Adaptations under Environmental Stress is a state-of-the-art reference that investigates the effect of environmental stress on oil seed crops and outlines effective ways to reduce stress and improve crop yield. With attention to physiological, biochemical, molecular, and transgenic approaches, the chapters discuss a variety of oil seed crops and also cover a broad range of environmental stressors including microbes, salt, heavy metals, and climate change. Featuring up-to-date research from a global group of experts, this reference provides innovative recommendations for mitigating environmental stress and promoting the healthy growth, development, and adaptation of crops.
Download or read book Liquid Biofuels written by Krushna Prasad Shadangi and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2021-06-29 with total page 754 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Compiled by a well-known expert in the field, Liquid Biofuels provides a profound knowledge to researchers about biofuel technologies, selection of raw materials, conversion of various biomass to biofuel pathways, selection of suitable methods of conversion, design of equipment, selection of operating parameters, determination of chemical kinetics, reaction mechanism, preparation of bio-catalyst: its application in bio-fuel industry and characterization techniques, use of nanotechnology in the production of biofuels from the root level to its application and many other exclusive topics for conducting research in this area. Written with the objective of offering both theoretical concepts and practical applications of those concepts, Liquid Biofuels can be both a first-time learning experience for the student facing these issues in a classroom and a valuable reference work for the veteran engineer or scientist. The description of the detailed characterization methodologies along with the precautions required during analysis are extremely important, as are the detailed description about the ultrasound assisted biodiesel production techniques, aviation biofuels and its characterization techniques, advance in algal biofuel techniques, pre-treatment of biomass for biofuel production, preparation and characterization of bio-catalyst, and various methods of optimization. The book offers a comparative study between the various liquid biofuels obtained from different methods of production and its engine performance and emission analysis so that one can get the utmost idea to find the better biofuel as an alternative fuel. Since the book covers almost all the field of liquid biofuel production techniques, it will provide advanced knowledge to the researcher for practical applications across the energy sector. A valuable reference for engineers, scientists, chemists, and students, this volume is applicable to many different fields, across many different industries, at all levels. It is a must-have for any library.
Download or read book Automotive Fuels Reference Book written by Paul Richards and published by SAE International. This book was released on 2014-03-05 with total page 870 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The first two editions of this title, published by SAE International in 1990 and 1995, have been best-selling definitive references for those needing technical information about automotive fuels. This long-awaited new edition has been thoroughly revised and updated, yet retains the original fundamental fuels information that readers find so useful. This book is written for those with an interest in or a need to understand automotive fuels. Because automotive fuels can no longer be developed in isolation from the engines that will convert the fuel into the power necessary to drive our automobiles, knowledge of automotive fuels will also be essential to those working with automotive engines. Small quantities of fuel additives increasingly play an important role in bridging the gap that often exists between fuel that can easily be produced and fuel that is needed by the ever-more sophisticated automotive engine. This book pulls together in a single, extensively referenced volume, the three different but related topics of automotive fuels, fuel additives, and engines, and shows how all three areas work together. It includes a brief history of automotive fuels development, followed by chapters on automotive fuels manufacture from crude oil and other fossil sources. One chapter is dedicated to the manufacture of automotive fuels and fuel blending components from renewable sources. The safe handling, transport, and storage of fuels, from all sources, are covered. New combustion systems to achieve reduced emissions and increased efficiency are discussed, and the way in which the fuels’ physical and chemical characteristics affect these combustion processes and the emissions produced are included. There is also discussion on engine fuel system development and how these different systems affect the corresponding fuel requirements. Because the book is for a global market, fuel system technologies that only exist in the legacy fleet in some markets are included. The way in which fuel requirements are developed and specified is discussed. This covers test methods from simple laboratory bench tests, through engine testing, and long-term test procedures.
Download or read book Biofuels written by Krzysztof Biernat and published by BoD – Books on Demand. This book was released on 2015-09-30 with total page 584 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The edited volume presents the progress of first and second generation biofuel production technology in selected countries. Possibility of producing alternative fuels containing biocomponents and selected research methods of biofuels exploitation characteristics (also aviation fuels) was characterized. The book shows also some aspects of the environmental impact of the production and biofuels using, and describes perspectives of biofuel production technology development. It provides the review of biorefinery processes with a particular focus on pretreatment methods of selected primary and secondary raw materials. The discussion includes also a possibility of sustainable development of presented advanced biorefinery processes.
