Download or read book Payment Card Regulation and the mis application of the Economics of Two sided Markets written by Timothy J. Muris and published by . This book was released on 2006 with total page 64 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Understanding Marginal Costs in Two Sided Markets written by Bruce Levinson and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page 9 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The paper reviews the economic literature's treatment of marginal costs in two-sided markets is discussed below with particular emphasis on literature discussing the payment card market. An underlying issue explored in this paper is the how financial reform legislation's use of the term “incremental costs” compares with the use of the term in the literature and with the definition of marginal cost. Also discussed is the significance of the two-sided market phenomena to efficient pricing decisions, the need to consider costs incurred on both sides of the market, and estimates of the marginal cost to banks of processing debit card payments. The paper will conclude with a summary of five key principles that the Federal Reserve should apply when developing their proposed debit card interchange fee regulation.
Download or read book The Economics of Two Sided Payment Card Markets written by James McAndrews and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page 36 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This paper provides a new theory for two-sided payment card markets by positing better microfoundations. Adopting payment cards by consumers and merchants requires a fixed cost, but yields lower marginal costs of making payments. Considering this together with the heterogeneity of consumer income and merchant size, our theory derives card adoption and usage pattern consistent with cross-section and time-series evidence. Our analyses also help explain the observed card pricing pattern, particularly the rising merchant (interchange) fees over time. This is because a private card network, besides internalizing the two-sided market externality, has the incentive to inflate the card transaction value. We show that privately determined card pricing, adoption and usage tend to deviate from the social optimum, and imposing a ceiling on interchange fees may improve consumer welfare.
Download or read book Interchange Fee Economics written by Jakub Górka and published by Springer. This book was released on 2018-11-29 with total page 181 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Interchange fees have been the focal point for debate in the card industry, among competition authorities and policy makers, as well as in the economic literature on two-sided markets and on the regulation of market failures. This book offers insight into the economics of interchange fees. First, it explains the nature of two-sided markets/platforms/networks and elaborates on four-party schemes and on the rationale behind interchange fees according to Baxter’s model and its later refinements. It also includes the debate about the optimum level of interchange fees and its determination (“tourist test”), and presents the original framework for assessing the impact of interchange fee regulatory reductions for the market participants: consumers, merchants, acquirers, issuers, and card organisations. The framework addresses three areas of concern in reference to the transmission channels of interchange fee reductions (pass-through) and the card scheme domain (triangle: payment organisation, issuer, acquirer). The book discusses the effects of regulatory interchange fee reductions in Australia, USA, Spain, and, most specifically, Poland. It will be of interest to policy makers, card and payments industry practitioners, academics, and students.
Download or read book Two Sided Market R D and Payments System Evolution written by Bin Grace Li and published by International Monetary Fund. This book was released on 2019-03-18 with total page 48 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: It takes many years for more efficient electronic payments to be widely used, and the fees that merchants (consumers) pay for using those services are increasing (decreasing) over time. We address these puzzles by studying payments system evolution with a dynamic model in a twosided market setting. We calibrate the model to the U.S. payment card data, and conduct welfare and policy analysis. Our analysis shows that the market power of electronic payment networks plays important roles in explaining the slow adoption and asymmetric price changes, and the welfare impact of regulations may vary significantly through the endogenous R&D channel.
Download or read book Interchange Fees written by David S. Evans and published by CreateSpace. This book was released on 2011-09-22 with total page 226 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Interchange fees have become increasingly controversial. These fees constitute the bulk of the cost that merchants incur for taking cards because most consumers pay with a card from a four-party system that assesses these fees. The total interchange fees paid by merchants have increased dramatically as consumers have switched to electronic payments. Merchants have complained, have filed lawsuits, and have lobbied governments to do something about this. Meanwhile governments around the world have intensified their examination of these fees. For example, the US Congress passed legislation in 2010 that required the Federal Reserve Board to regulate debit card interchange fees; the Reserve Bank of Australia decided to regulate credit card interchange fees in 2002 after concluding that a market failure had resulted in merchants paying fees that were too high; and in 2007 the European Commission ruled that MasterCard's interchange fees violated the EU's antitrust laws. The controversy raises two broad issues. The first relates to how payment card systems decide how much merchants should pay for taking cards either through the interchange fee for four-party systems or the merchant discount for three party systems. The second concerns whether the setting of interchange fees by private businesses results in a market failure and if so what if any regulation should be adopted to correct this market failure. This interchange fee debate helped stimulate a new literature on multi-sided platforms or what are sometimes called two-sided markets. Payment card systems serve as intermediaries between merchants and consumers and operate a platform that enables these two different kinds of customers to interact. It turns out that there are many other businesses that have similar features including software platforms like the iPhone OS, shopping malls, search engines, and exchanges. Economists have developed general models of multi-sided businesses and applied them to payment cards.
Download or read book Competition Policy and Regulation in Credit Card Markets written by Dennis W. Carlton and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page 23 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This paper reexamines the economics of two common features of credit card networks: the interchange fee paid by merchant banks, or acquirers, to cardholder banks, or issuers; and the restraint commonly placed on merchants against surcharging for credit card transactions. We show that the parallels with the economics of conventional one-sided markets offer insights that have been overlooked in the credit card economics literature, which stresses the two-sided nature of the market. The characterization of the optimal interchange fee is equivalent to the Dorfman-Steiner theorem from conventional price theory. The principle that the interchange fee maximizes output when an optimum exists and the possibility of interchange fee neutrality also have precise parallels in one-sided markets with promotion. Our analysis shows that the no-surcharge rule is equivalent to a retail MFN constraint. The no-surcharge rule raises prices to merchants due to a competition-suppression effect as well as a cost-externalization effect. The market condition underlying interchange neutrality (when surcharging is allowed) eliminates the impact of the no-surcharge rule in the case of a credit-card duopoly. Yet the same condition magnifies the impact in the presence of cash customers.
Download or read book The Law and Economics of Interchange Fees written by United States. Congress. House. Committee on Energy and Commerce. Subcommittee on Commerce, Trade, and Consumer Protection and published by . This book was released on 2006 with total page 120 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Two Sided Markets Bank Card Payment Networks and Public Policy written by David D. VanHoose and published by . This book was released on 2009 with total page 26 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This policy brief reviews recent studies that have sought to apply analysis of network externalities and the theory of two-sided markets to card payment networks, and it evaluates the public policy implications of this body of work. Three general conclusions emerge from the bulk of the research to date. First, this industrial-organization focus on the roles of network externalities and market two-sidedness in shaping the card payment industry's pricing structure is likely to prove much more fruitful for analysis of relevant public policy issues than the alternative approach to payment economics offered in the modern monetary economics literature that emphasizes dynamic general equilibrium modeling of payment systems. Second, in light of the complex balancing act entailed in managing competing interests of card issuers, payment acquirers, cardholders, and retailers in the presence of network externalities, governmental regulation of card payment networks' fee structures is unlikely to yield welfare improvements and in fact could yield significant inefficiencies. Third, welfare-improving competition among card payment networks is best promoted by permitting card issuers, payment acquirers, cardholders, and retailers to participate in multiple card payment networks, suggesting that recent antitrust challenges of restrictive rules imposed by some card payment networks have been appropriate.
Download or read book Regulatory Intervention in Card Payment Systems written by Eliana Garces and published by . This book was released on 2019 with total page 51 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This paper assesses the extent to which regulatory intervention targeting interchange fees has been consistent with the economic theory of two-sided markets and examines the available evidence on the impact of these regulations. The last two decades have seen a drive to regulate the interchange fees of open payment card systems that was primarily motivated by merchants' complaints. Although pursuing the same objective of decreasing interchange fees, the theoretical and legal basis for interventions were diverse and often based on questionable premises. Economic research on two sided markets has shown that prices in such markets serve to distribute the costs and benefits of the system among the different types of users in a way that maximizes their voluntary participation. Prices to the different types of users are not mainly determined by costs but by the value that these users indirectly bring to the system, contributing to its attractiveness for other users. Regulatory interventions were mostly founded on a partial analysis of payment card systems and their impact was riddled with unintended consequences. Besides a transfer of rent from consumers and issuing banks to mostly large merchants, there is no empirical evidence that any other policy objectives in the form of overall efficiency or consumer welfare was achieved. Two decades of regulatory intervention in payment card systems provide sufficient evidence to call for much caution for further intervention in an increasingly dynamic and fast changing market.
Download or read book Antitrust Law Journal written by and published by . This book was released on 1986 with total page 902 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Understanding the Federal Reserve s Proposed Rule on Interchange Fees written by United States. Congress. House. Committee on Financial Services. Subcommittee on Financial Institutions and Consumer Credit and published by . This book was released on 2011 with total page 380 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book EU Competition Law and the Financial Services Sector written by Andrea Lista and published by Taylor & Francis. This book was released on 2013-06-07 with total page 386 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Competition law is a complex and constantly evolving area of law which affects every aspect of the market economy, including the financial services sector. This book is a comprehensive and practical guide to the application of the EU competition rules to banking and insurance industries. This book is divided into two parts: the first part explores the application of Articles 101, 102 and 107 TFEU to the insurance industry. Emphasis is placed on recent changes which have progressively eroded the block exemption regime that traditionally benefited the insurance industry. In the second part of the book, focus is on the application of the Articles of TFEU to the banking industry, with specific reference to card payment systems, which give rise to some of the most intricate antitrust issues in the financial services sector. Relevant Commission decisions and European Court of Justice case law are discussed and suggestions are made for an alternative regulatory framework through comparative analysis of US regulations. This book will be an invaluable reference point for legal practitioners specialising in EU Competition law, as well as postgraduate students and academic researchers working in competition law and the financial services sector.
Download or read book Digital Communications Law written by Henry H. Perritt and published by Wolters Kluwer. This book was released on 2010-01-01 with total page 2634 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: If your company or your clients have any presence on the Internet, Digital Communications Law (Revised Edition of former Law and the Information Superhighway) is a must-have resource. This complete compendium helps you handle all Internet-related legal issuesand—from questions of liability connected to sales and communications on the Web, to issues of taxation, to problems that you never thought youand’d faceand—until youand’re faced with them! Digital Communications Law is the single, thorough reference that covers all the various laws that affect sales and communications on the Web, including: Liability for harmful communication Taxation Privacy Copyright Trademark Patent Civil litigation Criminal prosecution Constitutional considerations Legal issues in international communication and cross-border commerce As technology advances, Digital Communications Law will keep you current with the laws that arise out of and affect new developments, including disputes and liability connected with: Texting Tweeting Facebook and other social networking sites Net neutrality Dissemination of commercial music and video Advertising Consumer fraud Interoperability and compatibility Accessibility of public information And more!
Download or read book Cartels and Anti Competitive Agreements written by Sandra Marco Colino and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2017-03-02 with total page 566 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Antitrust is fast becoming a ’trending topic’, with over 120 countries having already adopted some form of competition legislation. This volume brings together carefully selected articles which reflect the evolution and progression of the regulation of joint conduct under competition law on both sides of the Atlantic, and which discuss principles of fundamental importance for antitrust law. The articles focus on various kinds of joint conduct between companies which might bear negative effects on competition, in particular on horizontal cartels and collusion between competitors. Attention is also paid to the debate surrounding the most adequate approach for vertical agreements, which take place between firms operating at different levels of production. Their effects on competition have traditionally been one of the most disputed issues in modern antitrust, and tend to divide the principal schools of thought that have influenced the evolution of competition policy around the world. The articles look primarily at two of the most established antitrust jurisdictions, namely the United States and the European Union. They discuss the general theoretical framework that has influenced the evolution of the law and policy; cover the most relevant practical developments; provide contrasting doctrinal views and pay particular attention to the main schools of thought that have influenced antitrust in the US and the EU; and are representative of the leading discussions in the course of antitrust history.
Download or read book Credit Card Interchange Fees written by United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on the Judiciary and published by . This book was released on 2006 with total page 192 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Moving Money written by Robert E. Litan and published by Rowman & Littlefield. This book was released on 2009-12-01 with total page 158 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Once we paid for things with bills, coins, or checks. Today we pay with zeroes and ones—digital entries on credit and debit cards, or electronic messages sent over the Internet. In Moving Money, distinguished analysts explore this trend, its development and likely future, and the ramifications of this transformation. This is a book about money as a medium of exchange—in the past, in the present, but particularly in the future. What forms has money taken over the years? Moreover, how have those means of payment changed in recent years, and how will they develop in the future? And what (if anything) should policymakers do to facilitate those changes, or at least allow them to develop and mature? Brookings economists Robert E. Litan and Martin Neil Baily and a distinguished group of experts dissect these issues and peer into the future of consumer payments. The landscape of the consumer payments industry will be shaped at least in part by public policies. Historically, governments have had monopolies on the manufacture of money. Any form of payment clearly requires trust on the part of both the seller and the buyer, and the government must establish and enforce laws to secure this relationship. More controversial is the issue of whether, and to what extent, government is also needed to protect the market in private sector payments systems. Why do these issues matter? The payments industry is a large and important sector of developed economies. In the United States, private-sector payments providers generate approximately $280 billion a year in revenue, while the government invests substantial resources into making money (minting coins and printing bills) or moving it (via checks and various electronic transfers). And the way we pay for things influences our purchases—what we spend money on, how much we spend, and where we spend it. Thus the future of consumer payments is intertwined with the health of national economies. Contri
