Download or read book Passive Sampling Techniques in Environmental Monitoring written by Richard Greenwood and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2007-07-03 with total page 487 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Monitoring pollutants in air, soil and water is a routine requirement in the workplace, and in the wider environment. Passive samplers can provide a representative picture of levels of pollutants over a period of time from days to months by measuring the average concentrations to which they have been exposed. Air monitors are widely used, for instance to measure the exposure of workers to volatile compounds, but also for monitoring the fate of pollutants in the atmosphere. Passive sampling devices are now becomining increasingly used to monitor pollutants in rivers, coastal waters and ground water where contamination results from sources such as domestic and industrial discharges, and the use of agrochemicals. Passive Sampling Techniques in Environmental Monitoring provides a timely collection of information on a set of techniques that help monitor the quality of air, surface and ground waters. Passive sampling can provide an inexpensive means of obtaining a representative picture of quality over a period of time, even where levels of pollutants fluctuate due to discontinuous discharges or seasonal application of chemicals such as pesticides. Recent changes in legislation have increased the pressure to obtain better information than that provided by classical infrequent spot sampling.Brought together in one source, this book looks at the performance of a range of devices for the passive sampling of metals, and of non-polar and polar organic chemicals in air and in water. The strengths and weaknesses and the range of applicability of the technology are considered.* Comprehensive review of passive sampling - covering air, water and majority of available technologies in one volume* Chapters written by international specialist experts * Covers theory and applications, providing background information and guidelines for use in the field

Download or read book Evaluation of passive sampling devices PSDs written by Robert W. Coutant and published by . This book was released on 1985 with total page 3 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Evaluation of Passive Samplers for the Monitoring of Contaminants in Sediment and Water written by Martin Larsen and published by Nordic Council of Ministers. This book was released on 2009 with total page 103 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Passive samplers spiked with performance reference compounds (PRC) were prepared in Holland, and deployed at 9 sites in the Nordic countries and Greenland. Mussels were collected at the same sites to compare passive sampler results with the mussel-watch approach usually applied in national monitoring. Sediments were sampled from 6 sites, and analysed both by total methods and passive samplers for pore water concentration. From the spiked PRCs, sampling rates was calculated, and used to determine water phase concentration of PAHs and other organic compounds with a high octanol-water partitioning coefficient. The project has shown that silicone passive samplers can be used for monitoring programmes, and development of guidelines and quality assurance of analysis are underway. Within the next 2-3 years it could become part of the monitoring strategy of OSPAR, EU and the Nordic Countries.

Download or read book Advances in Passive Sampling written by Carey E. Donald and published by . This book was released on 2017 with total page 158 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Passive sampling devices have been used for decades to measure complex mixtures of bioavailable organic chemicals in a variety of environmental media. More recently passive sampler applications have expanded beyond monitoring chemical concentrations, and this dissertation continues to advance methods of passive sampling on many fronts. Despite their growing use, no practical, evidence-based guidelines exist to ensure concentrations of chemicals sequestered in passive samplers are stable in transport and storage. We demonstrated that concentrations of semivolatile chemicals sequestered within passive samplers would be stable with low-cost shipping from isolated locales by simulating in the laboratory a worst-case scenario at 35 °C for two weeks. Quantitative measures of the flux of semivolatile chemicals between soil and air have been limited by the challenges of collecting soil and estimating chemical fugacity from soil. We avoided these pitfalls by adapting passive sampling equipment to directly sample gas-phase chemicals in air above the soil. The sensitivity of the novel technique was demonstrated at three disparate sites, where volatilization was measured at a site with historically contaminated soil, and deposition was measured at another site with a recent oil spill and fire. In a related study, we deployed the same equipment on artificial turf fields to provide the first quantitative measure of semivolatile flux between artificial turf and overlying air. We detected an additional 26 compounds that have not been previously associated with artificial turf, including some that have known human health impacts. Finally, passive sampling principles were applied to measure chemicals in the human personal environment, using a newly-developed silicone passive sampler wristband. Nineteen pesticides were detected that were not reportedly used among 35 rural farmer participants, demonstrating the utility of the wristband in measuring personal exposures to pesticides. Pesticide concentrations in multiple wristbands, worn by a participant over time, were more similar to each other than to other participants, signifying the uniqueness of personal environments and the importance of taking personalized measurements when assessing risk. The advancements in this dissertation capitalize on the features of passive sampling techniques: easy, yet robust, transport capabilities were demonstrated to provide evidence-based transport criteria; ability to directly measure gas-phase chemicals led to quantitative flux measurements from soil and artificial turf; non-selective organic chemical sequestration allowed for identification of unexpected, or previously unreported chemicals; and the polymer qualities that mimic biological membranes sampled the bioavailable fraction for comparing human exposures. The advancements herein provide logistical solutions and sensitive measures of chemical transport and human exposures, and contribute to the expanding range of possibilities for passive sampling.

Download or read book Guidelines for the Use of the Semipermeable Membrane Device Spmd and the Polar Organic Chemical Integrative Sampler Pocis in Environmental Monitoring Studies written by David A. Alvarez and published by CreateSpace. This book was released on 2014-06-16 with total page 34 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The success of an environmental monitoring study using passive samplers, or any sampling method, begins in the office or laboratory. Regardless of the specific methods used, the general steps include the formulation of a sampling plan, training of personnel, performing the field (sampling) work, processing the collected samples to recover chemicals of inter- est, analysis of the enriched extracts, and interpretation of the data. Each of these areas will be discussed in the following sections with emphasis on specific considerations with the use of passive samplers.

Download or read book Field Tests of Diffusion Samplers for Inorganic Constituents in Wells and at a Ground water Discharge Zone written by Don A. Vroblesky and published by . This book was released on 2002 with total page 38 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book New Applications and Emerging Contaminants written by Steven G. O'Connell and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page 156 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Passive sampling is a popular technology for environmental monitoring, and silicone is an ideal choice for a variety of passive sampling applications. The silicone work described here encompasses laboratory and field studies that demonstrate the use of this polymer in novel environments, for new applications, and for emerging compounds. Unique attributes of silicone polymers make them advantageous for targeting semi-polar contaminants not typically targeted in environmental research. Oxygenated polycyclic hydrocarbons (OPAHs) represent an emerging class of contaminants with chemical properties well suited to silicone passive sampling. The first challenge was to create a robust OPAH analytical method to examine these compounds in silicone, and two independent methods (liquid as well as gas chromatography) were optimized and demonstrated for 24 ketone-containing aromatic hydrocarbons, more than other methods published at that time. An isotopically labeled OPAH was used as an internal standard in contrast to previous methods which used only labeled polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). The efficacy of each method was further demonstrated by comparing standard addition to internal standard quantitation. Next, OPAHs, PAHs and pesticides were used to compare several silicone materials with low density polyethylene (LDPE) at Portland Harbor Superfund field sites. Target analyte detection, precision, and practical considerations in the field and laboratory were used to evaluate silicone materials. Individual differences between LDPE and the most optimal silicone polymer for OPAHs highlighted the importance of using optimized methods or polymer choice for a particular analyte class. Biggest differences were found for 9-fluorenone, benzanthrone, and 5,12-naphtacenequinone. After this successful polymer comparison, the next study involved a novel application of silicone wristbands as personal passive samplers. Commercially available silicone was modified to serve as personal samplers and tested in both an ambient and occupational settings. Silicone wristbands provided a valuable tool to monitor individual exposures that were time weighted averages of personalized exposure. The ambient study captured 49 individual compounds including PAHs, personal and consumer products, pesticides, phthalates, and as well as other industrial compounds. In the occupational study, roofers working with hot asphalt wore silicone samplers and evidence of both temporal (day versus week deployment, p

Download or read book Can Passive Sampling Devices Provide More Sueful Data Than Discrete Samples written by J. Jonsson (Writer on water) and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Development and Evaluation of Passive Sampling Devices to Characterize the Sources Occurrence and Fate of Polar Organic Contaminants in Aquatic Systems written by Jonathan K. Challis and published by . This book was released on 2018 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The primary goal of this dissertation was to develop and evaluate an improved aquatic passive sampling device (PSD) for measurement of polar organic contaminants. Chemical uptake of current polar-PSDs (e.g., POCIS - polar organic chemical integrative sampler) is dependent on the specific environmental conditions in which the sampler is deployed (flow-rate, temperature), leading to large uncertainties when applying laboratory-derived sampling rates in-situ. A novel configuration of the diffusive gradients in thin-films (DGT) passive sampler was developed to overcome these challenges. The organic-DGT (o-DGT) configuration comprised a hydrophilic-lipophilic balance® sorbent binding phase and an outer agarose diffusive gel (thickness = 0.5-1.5 mm), notably excluding a polyethersulfone protective membrane which is used with all other polar-PSDs. Sampler calibration exhibited linear uptake and sufficient capacity for 34 pharmaceuticals and pesticides over typical environmental deployment times, with measured sampling rates ranging from 9-16 mL/d. Measured and modelled diffusion coefficients (D) through the outer agarose gel provided temperature-specific estimates of o-DGT sampling rates within 20% (measured-D) and 30% (modelled-D) compared to rates determined through full-sampler calibration. Boundary layer experiments in lab and field demonstrated that inclusion of the agarose diffusive gel negated boundary layer effects, suggesting that o-DGT uptake is largely insensitive to hydrodynamic conditions. The utility of o-DGT was evaluated under a variety of field conditions and performance was assessed in comparison to POCIS and grab samples. o-DGT was effective at measuring pharmaceuticals and pesticides in raw wastewater effluents, small creeks, large fast-flowing rivers, open-water lakes, and under ice at near-zero water temperatures. Concentrations measured by o-DGT were more accurate than POCIS when compared to grab samples, likely resulting from the influence in-situ conditions have on POCIS. Modelled sampling rates were successfully used to estimate semi-quantitative water concentrations of suspect wastewater contaminants using high-resolution mass spectrometry, demonstrating the unique utility of this o-DGT technique. This dissertation establishes o-DGT as a more accurate, user-friendly, and widely applicable passive sampler compared to current-use polar-PSDs. The o-DGT tool will help facilitate more accurate and efficient monitoring efforts and ultimately lead to more appropriate exposure data and environmental risk assessment.

Download or read book Evaluation of Passive Sampling Devices PSD s written by Robert W. Coutant and published by . This book was released on 1985 with total page 74 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Passive Sampling Device for Ambient Air and Personal Monitoring written by and published by . This book was released on 1984 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Development and Application of a New Passive Sampling Device written by Lucas W. Quarles and published by . This book was released on 2010 with total page 350 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Contaminants can exist in a wide range of states in aqueous environments, especially in surface waters. They can be freely dissolved or associated with dissolved or particulate organic matter depending on their chemical and physical characteristics. The freely dissolved fraction represents the most bioavailable fraction to an organism. These freely dissolved contaminants can cross biomembranes, potentially exerting toxic effects. Passive sampling devices (PSDs) have been developed to aid in sampling many of these contaminants by having the ability to distinguish between the freely dissolved and bound fraction of a contaminant. A new PSD, the Lipid-Free Tube (LFT) sampler was developed in response to some of the shortcomings of other current PSD that sample hydrophobic organic contaminants (HOCs). The device and laboratory methods were original modeled after a widely utilized PSD, the semipermeable membrane device (SPMD), and then improved upon. The effectiveness, efficiency, and sensitivity of not only the PSD itself, but also the laboratory methods were investigated. One requirement during LFT development was to ensure LFTs could be coupled with biological analyses without deleterious results. In an embryonic zebrafish developmental toxicity assay, embryos exposed to un-fortified LFT extracts did not show significant adverse biological response as compared to controls. Also, LFT technology lends itself to easy application in monitoring pesticides at remote sampling sites. LFTs were utilized during a series of training exchanges between Oregon State University and the Centre de Recherches en Ecotoxicologie pour le Sahel (CERES)/LOCUSTOX laboratory in Dakar, Senegal that sought to build "in country" analytical capacity. Application of LFTs as biological surrogates for predicting potential human health risk endpoints, such as those in a public health assessment was also investigated. LFT mass and accumulated contaminant masses were used directly, representing the amount of contaminants an organism would be exposed to through partitioning assuming steady state without metabolism. These exposure concentrations allow for calculating potential health risks in a human health risk model. LFT prove to be a robust tool not only for assessing bioavailable water concentrations of HOCs, but also potentially providing many insights into the toxicological significance of aquatic contaminants and mixtures.

Download or read book Can Passive Sampling Devices Provide More Useful Data Than Discrete Samples written by J. Jonsson and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page 64 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Emerging Freshwater Pollutants written by Tatenda Dalu and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2022-01-29 with total page 410 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Emerging Freshwater Pollutants: Analysis, Fate and Regulations comprises of 20 chapters, all written by leading experts. This book is written in the most practical terms and is easy to understand, with numerous helpful examples and case studies and can be used as a practical guide and important educational tool on issues concerning freshwater emerging pollutants. The organisation of the book exposes the reader in logical succession to the full range of complex scientific and management aspects of emerging freshwater pollutants in the developing world. The book recognises that water chemistry, emerging freshwater pollutants and management are inter-dependent disciplines. The book covers (i) the different monitoring techniques, current analytical approaches and instrumental analyses, (ii) fate and occurrence of emerging pollutants in aquatic systems and (iii) management policies and legislations on emerging pollutants. Thus, subsequent chapters elucidate chemicals with pollution potential, multi-detection approaches to analysis of organic pollutants in water, microplastics effects and photochemical transformation of emerging pollutants in freshwater systems. Whereas, other chapters address oxidation of organic compounds in aquatic systems, biomonitoring systems for detection of toxic levels of water pollutants, and health aspects of water recycling practices. This book melds several different perspectives on the subject of freshwater emerging pollutants and shows the interrelationships between the various professions that deal with water quality issues. Further, within the presentation of each separate chapter is discussion of how the various scientific and management aspects of the subject interrelate. - Includes case studies and practical examples in each chapter - Presents a much-needed interdisciplinary approach, representing the overlap between water chemistry and emerging freshwater pollutants - Provides a thorough introduction to emerging tropical and freshwater pollutants that typically occur in these systems

Download or read book Investigating the Applicability of Passive Sampling Devices to Pesticide Monitoring written by C. Wells and published by . This book was released on 2007 with total page 46 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Development of a Passive Sampling Device for Combined Chemical and Toxicological Long term Monitoring of Groundwater written by Stephanie Bopp and published by . This book was released on 2004 with total page 91 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Monitors of Organic Chemicals in the Environment written by James N. Huckins and published by Springer. This book was released on 2010-10-29 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The authors of this book are pioneers of the passive, integrative sampling approach and developers of globally applied semipermeable membrane devices (SPMDs). The book will boost understanding of how passive samplers such as SPMD function by examining basic exchange processes that mediate the concentration of SVOCs in a sampling matrix. The book delineates fundamental theory and modeling techniques, while providing a practical guide for its proper application.