Download or read book Particulate Matter PM Emissions Analysis for Commercial Aircraft Operating in the Landing and Takeoff LTO Cycle written by Niharika Burla and published by . This book was released on 2005 with total page 102 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "The UMR Mobile Aerosol Sampling System (MASS) has measured the particulate matter (PM) emissions from commercial aircrafts during the routine takeoff operation within 100m of a runway and 200m of a taxiway at a major US airport for two days in September 2004. The emissions were measured with 1s time resolution using a differential mobility spectrometer (DMS500). The plumes were measured for 2 days, from over 400 commercial aircrafts, ranging from 717's, 767's, MD-88's, to Turboprop's ... In order to interpret these PM data it is important to be able to uniquely identify a given aircraft with a specific emission plume. As is common at many airports departure frequency varies throughout the day. At high departure frequencies, the data gathered cannot be attributed to any specific single aircraft since the emission plumes arriving at the sampling system are convoluted by overlapping departures and from up;wind aircraft stopping and starting while taxiing forward in a line towards the number one departure slot. The data presented here are "first of a kind" PM measurements of advective plumes from commercial aircraft. Although it is planned to eventually interpret high frequency departure data, in this thesis only low frequency departure data specifically attributable to given aircraft will be studied"--Abstract, leaf iii.
Download or read book Summarizing and Interpreting Aircraft Gaseous and Particulate Emissions Data written by Philip D. Whitefield and published by Transportation Research Board National Research. This book was released on 2008 with total page 72 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Measuring Particulate Matter Emissions from Aircraft Auxiliary Power Units Tires and Brakes written by Prem Lobo and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page 43 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "TRB's Airport Cooperative Research Program (ACRP) Report 97: Measuring PM Emissions from Aircraft Auxiliary Power Units, Tires, and Brakes presents the results of a comprehensive test program designed to measure particulate matter (PM) emissions from auxiliary power units and from tires and brakes during the landing phase of operations of in-service commercial aircraft. The research results are designed to provide a significant contribution to the characterization of emissions from these sources with the goal of helping airports improve the accuracy of their PM emissions inventories."--Publisher's description.
Download or read book Federal Register written by and published by . This book was released on 2012-06 with total page 292 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Phoenix Sky Harbor International Airport written by and published by . This book was released on 2006 with total page 408 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book USAF Aircraft Pollution Emission Factors and Landing and Takeoff LTO Cycles written by Dennis F. Naugle and published by . This book was released on 1975 with total page 48 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Analysis of total pollution emissions from USAF aircraft requires basic data such as aircraft engine pollution emission factors and landing and takeoff (LTO) time-in-modes. The report updates the list of measured pollution emission factors specific to each major USAF aircraft engine type. Results of original research to define USAF LTO cycle times for nine operational modes per aircraft type are presented.
Download or read book Research Needs Associated with Particulate Emissions at Airports written by Sandy Webb and published by Transportation Research Board. This book was released on 2008 with total page 59 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: TRB¿s Airport Cooperative Research Program (ACRP) Report 6: Research Needs Associated with Particulate Emissions at Airports examines the state of industry research on aviation-related particulate matter emissions and explores knowledge gaps that existing research has not yet bridged.
Download or read book Griffiss Air Force Base AFB Disposal and Reuse of Airfield Property written by and published by . This book was released on 1995 with total page 656 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Preliminary Assessment of the Impact of Commercial Aircraft on Local Air Quality in the U S written by Gayle Lois Ratliff and published by . This book was released on 2007 with total page 92 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This thesis examines the impact of aircraft emissions on local air quality by performing two analyses: an assessment of U.S. commercial aircraft contribution to county budgets of primary pollutants in nonattainment areas, and an assessment of the health effects caused by commercial aircraft emissions that serve as precursors to changes in ozone and ambient particulate matter (PM). Based on 148 airports located in 134 counties, this work found that for the base year 2002, the commercial aircraft contribution to county budgets of primary pollutants of CO, NOx, SOx, VOCs, PM2.5, and PM10 ranged from less than 0.01% to as high as 36.36% with an average contribution of 0.82%. The average contribution for CO was found to be 0.81%, NOx 1.73%, SOx 1.39%, VOCs 0.67%, PM2.5 0.24%, and PM0o 0.07%. In general, this research found public health detriments resulting predominantly from PM2.5 related to aircraft emissions. However, the inventories used for the health impacts analysis are not consistent with the inventories that are described above and have several known errors. Therefore the results are presented only to illustrate the methodologies rather than as a good estimate of the health impacts. Notably, ozone disbenefits occurred with the removal of aircraft emissions of NOx. Urban cores experienced increased levels of ozone resulting in a net increase in incidences of ozone-related health endpoints. There are several limitations to the work described in this thesis. In particular, the inventories used for assessing the health impacts may be in error by as much as +50% and the air quality simulations were completed for only 4 months of the year. Therefore, the primary contribution of this thesis is in providing a description of the methodologies that will be used later within a more comprehensive study.
Download or read book San Jose International Airport Master Plan Update Improvements written by and published by . This book was released on 1999 with total page 456 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Procedure for the Calculation of Aircraft Emissions written by A-21 Aircraft Noise Measurement Aviation Emission Modeling and published by . This book was released on 2009 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This AIR describes procedures for calculating emissions resulting from the main engines of commercial jet and turboprop aircraft through all modes of operation for all segments of a flight. Piston engine aircraft emissions are not included in this AIR. Some information about piston engine aircraft emissions can be found in FOCA 2007. The principal purpose of the procedures is to assist model developers in calculating aircraft emissions in a consistent and accurate manner that can be used to address various environmental assessments including those related to policy decisions and regulatory requirements.The pollutants considered in this document are: Nitrogen Oxides (NOx) Carbon Monoxide (CO) Total unburned Hydrocarbons (THC) Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Water (H2O) Sulfur Oxides (SOx) Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC) Methane (CH4) Non-Methane Hydrocarbons (NMHC) Non-Methane Volatile Organic Compounds (NMVOC) Nitrous Oxide (N2O) Particulate Matter (PM2.5 and PM10)As indicated above, hazardous air pollutants (HAPs) are not individually accounted for; many of these are simply included as part of THC. Also, trace metals are not included other than those that may already be accounted for as part of PM emissions. Since the scope is limited to aircraft engine emissions only, emissions from Ground Service Equipment (GSE), roadway vehicles, power plants, training fires, etc., are not included within this document. Athough Auxilliary Power Units (APU), brakes, and tires are also part of the aircraft, their emissions (e.g., tire wear) are not within the scope of this document.The methods are based on aircraft performance and emissions modeling. This means that only the pollutants exiting the exhaust of an engine are considered. Any atmospheric effects including those that occur in the near-field (e.g., exhaust plume) and the subsequent atmospheric dispersion are not modeled. The exception to this is in the computation of PM emissions.In meeting the needs of modelers who may have varying fidelity requirements for both emissions and aircraft performance modeling, this document does not try to promote a single database and methodology. Therefore, several methods have been included in this document as indicated below with the emissions methods categorized by pollutants: Emissions Modeling Methods NOx, CO, and THC P3T3 Boeing Fuel Flow Method 2 (BFFM2) Deutsche Forschungsanstalt fur Luft- and Raumfahrt (DLR) Method International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) Reference Method CO2, H2O, and SOx Fuel Composition Method (FCM) VOC, NMVOC, CH4 and NMTHC Derivative Factor Method (DFM) N2O Approximate Factor Method (AFM) PM2.5 and PM10 First Order Approximation (FOA) Aircraft Performance Methods Aircraft performance data from flight data recorders Manufacturer aircraft performance models SAE AIR 1845 combined with Eurocontrol's Base of Aircraft Data (BADA) Eurocontrol's BADA Other aircraft performance models such as the Project Interactive Analysis and Optimisation (PIANO) toolBoth of these sets of emissions and aircraft performance methods are listed in the order in which they are presented in this document. And as previously indicated, the order generally denotes the level of accuracy where the first method in each section represents the most accurate method based on current understanding. The exceptions to this are:Emissions Methods BFFM2 DLRAircraft Performance SAE 1845 + BADA BADAThe ordering of these methods are arbitrary since they are considered comparable (e.g., BFFM2 is comparable to DLR). One other possible exception is the last listing under aircraft performance methods ("Other aircraft performance models"). The data from these other sources may be more accurate, comparable, or less accurate than the previously mentioned methods. This last category was added to include all other methods that were not based on manufacturer, SAE 1845, and BADA models.In order to provide a better understanding of the relative condition of these methods, they have been defined into development status (i.e., "mature" or "developing") and fidelity (i.e., "simple," "intermediate," or "advanced") categories as presented in Table 1. The "other" aircraft model category was not included in Table 1 since it is understood that it can be listed in any of the categories depending on which method/model is employed. The definitions for each of the categories are as follows: In modeling aircraft performance and emissions, the main focus is on a single flight. This includes the complete operation and movement of the aircraft from gate-to-gate: Main engine start-up Ground taxi-out and delay activities Takeoff: Runway roll Takeoff: Initial ascent Climbout En route/cruise Airborne delay activities Approach Landing roll Thrust reverser Ground taxi-in and delay activities Engine shut-downFor modeling purposes, these modes can generally be simplified so that they are equated to one of the four LTO modes. Depending on the method, the actual modeling of the gate-to-gate movement may involve a segment-by-segment approach where results can be integrated to obtain totals by mode and flight. Currently, the AIR does not address emissions during engine start-up and shut-down activities. Also, thrust reverse operations are not directly covered in this AIR. This Aerospace Information Report (AIR) describes procedures for calculating emissions resulting from operations of jet and turboprop aircraft through all modes of operation. The procedures assume that reference emissions and performance data are available for each airplane involved. The fundamental element of the procedures is a method for deriving emissions indices for an airplane when performing any specified operation for a segment of a flight. The principal purpose of using the procedures is to assist model developers in calculating aircraft emissions in a consistent and accurate manner that can be used to address various environmental assessments including those related to policy decisions and regulatory requirements.Rather than presenting one method, many viable methods are presented for both emissions and aircraft performance modeling with descriptions of the uncertainties involved. As a loose guide to the user, the methods are also ordered such that the most accurate methods are presented first in each section based on current understanding. This document is intended to be updated periodically. Hence, the methodology descriptions and uncertainty assessments will be modified accordingly as the various methods evolve and new information becomes available.
Download or read book The Air Quality and Health Impacts of Aviation in Asia written by In Hwan Lee (S.M.) and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page 78 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Aviation in Asia is growing more rapidly than other regions around the world. Adverse health impacts of aviation are linked to an increase in the concentration of particulate matter smaller than 2.5 [mu]m in diameter (PM2.5). This thesis aims to quantify the regional-scale health impacts of aviation in Asia by modeling the air quality in Asia and applying Concentration-Response Functions (CRFs) to the aviation-attributable PM2.5 perturbations. In order to quantify the perturbation to the ambient air quality due to aviation emissions, the Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) model---a regional-scale chemical transport model--utilized after its performance is evaluated in predicting ambient PM2.5 concentrations. Aviation emissions for 2006 are from the Aviation Environmental Design Tool (AEDT), and background emissions for 2006 are generated using a combination of four Asian and global emissions inventories. A domain average increase of approximately 15ng/m3 in annual PM2.5 is observed due to full flight aviation emissions, while Landing and Takeoff (LTO) cycle emissions account for an increase of approximately 0.75ng/m3. Calculations using two different CRFs used by the EPA and the WHO estimate the following amount of aviation-attributable premature mortalities in Asia: 9400 (using the EPA CRF) or 6400 (using the WHO CRF) in the full flight scenario, and 550 or 390 in the LTO cycle scenario. Finally, comparisons to the global-scale model simulation results show consistent spatial patterns of air quality perturbations, while the regional-scale model estimates approximately 1.4 times the number of mortalities obtained from corresponding global-scale studies.
Download or read book The Air Quality Impact of Aviation in Future year Emissions Scenarios written by Akshay Ashok and published by . This book was released on 2011 with total page 128 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The rapid growth of aviation is critical to the world and US economy, and it faces several important challenges among which lie the environmental impacts of aviation on noise, climate and air quality. The first objective of this thesis addresses the requirements of section 753 of the US Energy Policy Act, and entails the quantification of present and future-year regional air quality impacts of US Landing and Take-Off (LTO) aviation emissions. In addition, this thesis characterizes the sensitivity of these impacts to variations in the projection of non-aviation anthropogenic emissions (referred to as background emissions). Finally, the implication of a future-year background emissions scenario on the current policy analysis tool, the response surface model (RSMv2), is discussed. Aviation emissions for 2006 are generated using the Aviation Environmental Design Tool (AEDT), while future-year aviation emissions are developed for 2020 and 2030 using the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) Terminal Area Forecast (TAF) and the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) Committee on Aviation Environmental Protection (CAEP/8) NOx Stringency scenario #6. Background emissions for the year 2005 and 2025 are generated from the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) National Emissions Inventory (NEI), and two additional sensitivity scenarios are derived from the emissions forecasts. Uncertainties in present and forecast aviation and background emissions are also characterized. The Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) model is evaluated to quantify its performance in predicting ambient PM2.5 and ozone concentrations, and it is used to estimate aviation air quality impacts of aviation. Future-year aviation particulate matter (PM2.5) concentrations are found to increase by a factor of 2 and 2.4 by 2020 and 2030, and are dominated by nitrate and ammonium PM. Aviation 8-hour daily maximum ozone is seen to grow by a factor of 1.9 and 2.2 by 2020 and 2030, with non-homogeneous spatial impacts. Aviation PM2.5 varies by +/-25% with a +/-50% variation of the forecast change in background emissions, while changes in ozone impacts are less symmetric at +34%/-21%. The RSMv2 is shown to under-predict future-year aviation nitrate and ammonium PM2.5. Finally, the implications of these results on the aviation industry and on aviation policy are discussed.
Download or read book Aviation and the environment strategic framework needed to address challenges posed by aircraft emissions report to the chairman Subcommittee on Aviation Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure House of Representatives written by and published by DIANE Publishing. This book was released on with total page 76 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Handbook for Analyzing the Costs and Benefits of Alternative Aviation Turbine Engine Fuels at Airports written by Fred Morser and published by Transportation Research Board. This book was released on 2011 with total page 80 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: At head of title: Airport Cooperative Research Program.
Download or read book Guidance on Aircraft Emissions Charges Related to Local Air Quality written by and published by . This book was released on 2007 with total page 30 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Aircraft Emissions written by United States. Environmental Protection Agency. Office of Air Programs and published by . This book was released on 1972 with total page 76 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
