Download or read book Oxidative Stress in High Fat Diet induced Metabolic Syndrome Hypertension and Endothelial Dysfunction written by Anna Mai and published by . This book was released on 2017 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Investigation of High fat Diet induced Metabolic Disorders and Endothelial Dysfunction in Wild type Nox2 Knockout and ApoE Knockout Mice written by Junjie Du and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Dietary obesity after middle age is associated with insulin resistance and oxidative stress and is a major risk factor for the development of cardiovascular diseases. However it remains unclear about the effects of high-fat diet (HFD) on vascular oxidative status and endothelial function, and both of them are interactive and pivotal to the development of obesity-associated cardiovascular disease, such as atherosclerosis. Nox2 is a major source of vascular reactive oxygen species (ROS); however its role in diet-induced metabolic disorders and vascular dysfunction is unclear. Therefore, the objective of this PhD project is to investigate the role of Nox2 and oxidative stress in HFD-induced metabolic disorders and endothelial dysfunction in mice. Male C57BL/6J wild-type (WT) mice and Nox2 knockout (KO) mice at 7 month of age were fed with a HFD or a normal chow diet (NCD) for 16 weeks. Body weight, blood pressure (BP) and fasting blood samples were taken before and after diet intervention. Mice were sacrificed for assessment of aortic function ex vivo. Compared to NCD-fed mice, WT mice fed with HFD showed significant increases in body weight, fasting glucose and insulin levels with elevated lipids profiles and BP. These changes were accompanied by significant increases in nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH)-dependent ROS production by aortas and a decrease in endothelium-dependent vessel relaxation and this was reversed back to control levels by adding superoxide scavenger tiron. Compared to WT mice, Nox2 KO mice fed with HFD has no significant increase in fasting glucose with less augmented lipids profiles and unaltered BP. The aortic NADPH-dependent ROS production remained unchanged and the endothelium-dependent vessel relaxation was well preserved. In a parallel study, HFD-fed WT mice were supplied with a Nox2 inhibitor apocynin in drinking water. Apocynin treatment significantly attenuated the HFD-induced overweight, the high lipids levels and the high BP, but had no significant effect on blood glucose levels. Apocynin treatment also preserved the endothelium-dependent vessel relaxation to acetylcholine in HFD group. To further investigate the relationship between HFD and the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis, we fed HFD to apolipoprotein E (apoE) KO mice at age of 6 weeks for 10 weeks. The HFD promoted obesity, hyperglycaemia, hyperinsulinemia, type 2 diabetes-like insulin resistance and accelerated the accumulation of low-density lipoprotein in apoE KO mice. HFD also attenuated the endothelium-dependent relaxation responses of aortas accompanied with higher BP in apoE KO mice. In conclusion, HFD increases the levels of ROS production in the vasculature. Activated Nox2 and induced oxidative stress by diet-induced obesity contribute to metabolic disorders including impaired glucose and lipids metabolism, and endothelial dysfunction. Deletion or inhibition of Nox2 attenuates these detrimental pathological progresses. Therefore, Nox2 and Nox2-derived ROS play a key role in mediating dietary obesity-related metabolic disorders and endothelial dysfunction after middle-age.

Download or read book Obesity written by Amelia Marti del Moral and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2018-08-10 with total page 306 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Obesity: Oxidative Stress and Dietary Antioxidants cover the science of oxidative stress in obesity and associated conditions, including metabolic syndrome, bariatric surgery, and the potentially therapeutic usage of natural antioxidants in the diet or food matrix. The processes within the science of oxidative stress are not described in isolation, but in concert with other processes, such as apoptosis, cell signaling and receptor mediated responses. This approach recognizes that diseases are often multifactorial and oxidative stress is but a single component. The book is designed for nutritionists, dietitians, food scientists, physicians and clinical workers, health care workers and research scientists. Covers the basic processes of oxidative stress, from molecular biology, to whole organs Highlights antioxidants in foods, including plants and other components of diet Provides the framework for further, in-depth analysis or studies via well-designed clinical trials or via the analysis of pathways, mechanisms and componentsa

Download or read book Endothelium and Cardiovascular Diseases written by Protasio L. Da Luz and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2018-02-03 with total page 760 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Endothelium and Cardiovascular Diseases: Vascular Biology and Clinical Syndromes provides an in-depth examination of the role of endothelium and endothelial dysfunction in normal vascular function, and in a broad spectrum of clinical syndromes, from atherosclerosis, to cognitive disturbances and eclampsia. The endothelium is a major participant in the pathophysiology of diseases, such as atherosclerosis, diabetes and hypertension, and these entities are responsible for the largest part of cardiovascular mortality and morbidly. Over the last decade major new discoveries and concepts involving the endothelium have come to light. This important reference collects this data in an easy to reference resource. Written by known experts, and covering all aspects of endothelial function in health and disease, this reference represents an assembly of recent knowledge that is essential to both basic investigators and clinicians. Provides a complete overview of endothelial function in health and diseases, along with an assessment of new information Includes coverage of groundbreaking areas, including the artificial LDL particle, the development of a new anti-erectile dysfunction agent, a vaccine for atherosclerosis, coronary calcification associated with red wine, and the interplay of endoplasmic reticulum/oxidative stress Explores the genetic features of endothelium and the interaction between basic knowledge and clinical syndromes

Download or read book Oxidative Stress and Inflammation as Therapeutic Targets of High fat Diet induced Metabolic Diseases written by Eric L. Kendig and published by . This book was released on 2009 with total page 210 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: We are faced with a metabolic disease pandemic. The prevalence of obesity-related metabolic diseases has increased exponentially in the last 50 years, in large part from a sedentary lifestyle and consumption of a diet high in fat (HFD) and simple sugars. Many diet-induced metabolic diseases, such as type 2 diabetes, atherosclerosis and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, are associated with obesity. The direct connection between metabolic diseases and obesity is in part related to the development of low grade inflammation and disruption of metabolic regulation caused by oxidative stress. Using mouse models, we demonstrate the therapeutic potential of antioxidants and over-the-counter anti-inflammatory drugs in targeting and preventing diet-induced metabolic disease, and conclude that oxidative stress and inflammation provide common etiological mechanisms and potential therapeutic targets for prevention or reversal of diet-induced metabolic diseases. Consumption of a HFD causes dramatic changes in physiology of an individual. In particular, dyslipidemia induced by consumption of a high-fat or unbalanced diet can cause alterations in the structure and function of adipose, vasculature, liver, and muscle. Chronic imbalance in plasma lipids can cause an oxidative response in these tissues through the induction of the NADPH oxidase (NOX) complex, producing superoxide anion (O2) in the cytoplasm. Chronic activation of NOX results in overproduction of reactive oxygen, which can alter expression of adipose tissue-derived cytokines and inflammatory mediators such as adiponectin, leptin, visfatin, resistin, TNF[alpha], IL-6, and IL-1[beta]. Disruption of these signals cause global modulation of metabolism, resulting in accumulation of lipid in muscle and liver, elevation of blood pressure, and insulin resistance. Treating mice with antioxidants and anti-inflammatory drugs prevents the development of obesity, insulin resistance, and dyslipidemia, suggesting that ablation of this common etiological factor in metabolic disease may prove a useful therapeutic strategy for disease prevention or reversal. The analgesic drug, acetaminophen (APAP), demonstrated the greatest effect in preventing HFD-induced metabolic disease in mice, likely through its combined anti-inflammatory and antioxidant potential. Other over-the-counter analgesic drugs and antioxidants were tested yielding similar results. One potentially important mechanism for APAPs protective effects is the inhibition of NOX activity in white adipose tissue, which may help to maintain normal adipose homeostasis. We have also examined the protective effects of endogenous antioxidant systems in preventing diet-induced metabolic disease. Mice lacking the modifier subunit [Gclm ( -/- )] of glutamate cysteine ligase (GCL) were fed a HFD for 10 weeks and compared to wildtype [Gclm (+/+)] mice. We found that Gclm ( -/- ) mice were resistant to diet-induced obesity and hepatic lipid accumulation. Gclm ( -/- ) mice also appeared to have higher basal metabolic rate, indicated by increased systemic oxygen consumption.Combined, these findings highlight the importance of oxidative stress in the development of diet-induced metabolic disease, and provide a common etiological target for development of new therapeutic strategies. Further characterization of the effects of oxidative stress in development of these diseases may provide more specific targets for prevention or reversal of HFD-induced metabolic diseases.

Download or read book Obesity and Lipotoxicity written by Ayse Basak Engin and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on with total page 958 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book How Tobacco Smoke Causes Disease written by United States. Public Health Service. Office of the Surgeon General and published by . This book was released on 2010 with total page 728 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This report considers the biological and behavioral mechanisms that may underlie the pathogenicity of tobacco smoke. Many Surgeon General's reports have considered research findings on mechanisms in assessing the biological plausibility of associations observed in epidemiologic studies. Mechanisms of disease are important because they may provide plausibility, which is one of the guideline criteria for assessing evidence on causation. This report specifically reviews the evidence on the potential mechanisms by which smoking causes diseases and considers whether a mechanism is likely to be operative in the production of human disease by tobacco smoke. This evidence is relevant to understanding how smoking causes disease, to identifying those who may be particularly susceptible, and to assessing the potential risks of tobacco products.

Download or read book The Endothelium written by Michel Félétou and published by Morgan & Claypool Publishers. This book was released on 2011 with total page 309 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The endothelium, a monolayer of endothelial cells, constitutes the inner cellular lining of the blood vessels (arteries, veins and capillaries) and the lymphatic system, and therefore is in direct contact with the blood/lymph and the circulating cells. The endothelium is a major player in the control of blood fluidity, platelet aggregation and vascular tone, a major actor in the regulation of immunology, inflammation and angiogenesis, and an important metabolizing and an endocrine organ. Endothelial cells controls vascular tone, and thereby blood flow, by synthesizing and releasing relaxing and contracting factors such as nitric oxide, metabolites of arachidonic acid via the cyclooxygenases, lipoxygenases and cytochrome P450 pathways, various peptides (endothelin, urotensin, CNP, adrenomedullin, etc.), adenosine, purines, reactive oxygen species and so on. Additionally, endothelial ectoenzymes are required steps in the generation of vasoactive hormones such as angiotensin II. An endothelial dysfunction linked to an imbalance in the synthesis and/or the release of these various endothelial factors may explain the initiation of cardiovascular pathologies (from hypertension to atherosclerosis) or their development and perpetuation. Table of Contents: Introduction / Multiple Functions of the Endothelial Cells / Calcium Signaling in Vascular Cells and Cell-to-Cell Communications / Endothelium-Dependent Regulation of Vascular Tone / Conclusion / References

Download or read book Endothelial Dysfunction written by Helena Lenasi and published by BoD – Books on Demand. This book was released on 2018-10-24 with total page 432 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The endothelium enables communication between blood and tissues and is actively involved in cardiovascular homeostasis. Endothelial dysfunction has been recognized as an early step in the development of cardiovascular diseases: respectively, endothelium represents a potential therapeutic niche with multiple targets. The purpose of the book is to point out some recent findings of endothelial physiology and pathophysiology emphasizing various aspects of endothelial dysfunction connected to the body's internal and external environment. While basic features of the endothelium are presented in an introductory chapter, the authors of the following 17 chapters have provided extensive insight into some selected topics of endothelial (dys)function. The book would hopefully be useful for anyone interested in recapitulating endothelial (patho)physiology and expanding knowledge of molecular mechanisms involved in endothelial dysfunction, relevant also for further clinical investigations.

Download or read book The Effect of a High fat Refined carbohydrate Diet on Blood Pressure and Nitric Oxide Synthase written by Christian Kenneth Roberts and published by . This book was released on 1999 with total page 340 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Report of the Hypertension Task Force written by National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. Hypertension Task Force and published by . This book was released on 1979 with total page 192 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Mitochondrial Dysfunction written by Lawrence H. Lash and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2013-10-22 with total page 527 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Methods in Toxicology, Volume 2: Mitochondrial Dysfunction provides a source of methods, techniques, and experimental approaches for studying the role of abnormal mitochondrial function in cell injury. The book discusses the methods for the preparation and basic functional assessment of mitochondria from liver, kidney, muscle, and brain; the methods for assessing mitochondrial dysfunction in vivo and in intact organs; and the structural aspects of mitochondrial dysfunction are addressed. The text also describes chemical detoxification and metabolism as well as specific metabolic reactions that are especially important targets or indicators of damage. The methods for measurement of alterations in fatty acid and phospholipid metabolism and for the analysis and manipulation of oxidative injury and antioxidant systems are also considered. The book further tackles additional methods on mitochondrial energetics and transport processes; approaches for assessing impaired function of mitochondria; and genetic and developmental aspects of mitochondrial disease and toxicology. The text also looks into mitochondrial DNA synthesis, covalent binding to mitochondrial DNA, DNA repair, and mitochondrial dysfunction in the context of developing individuals and cellular differentiation. Microbiologists, toxicologists, biochemists, and molecular pharmacologists will find the book invaluable.

Download or read book Stress Activated Protein Kinases written by Francesc Posas and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2008-01-24 with total page 322 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In this book leading researchers in the field discuss the state-of-the-art of many aspects of SAPK signaling in various systems from yeast to mammals. These include various chapters on regulatory mechanisms as well as the contribution of the SAPK signaling pathways to processes such as gene expression, metabolism, cell cycle regulation, immune responses and tumorigenesis. Written by international experts, the book will appeal to cell biologists and biochemists.

Download or read book Metabolic Cardiomyopathy written by H. Böhles and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2004 with total page 188 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: During the last years the understanding for the aetiology of cardiomyopathies could be greatly improved. A great deal of information has accumulated in the field of inherited metabolic diseases, which provides a new basis for our understanding of many heart muscle problems and their corresponding clinical disease entities. This book is meant to give the reader a comprehensive overview of the cardiological manifestations of inborn errors of metabolism. Latest information, such as cardiomyopathy in Fabry disease or in patients with CDG-syndrome is included. It should be helpful, not only to cardiologists, paediatricians, internists and general practicioners, but also to all those interested in a better understanding of the metabolic basis of clinical disease entities.

Download or read book Oxidative Stress and Inflammatory Mechanisms in Obesity Diabetes and the Metabolic Syndrome written by Helmut Sies and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2007-07-27 with total page 346 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Characterized by obesity, insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, and hypertension, metabolic syndrome is associated with the risks of type 2 diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular disease. Obesity, which increases the incidence of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease and subsequently leads to increased stress and inflammation, appears to play a central

Download or read book High Calorie Diet and the Human Brain written by Akhlaq A. Farooqui and published by Springer. This book was released on 2015-03-25 with total page 325 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The purpose of this monograph is to present readers with a comprehensive and cutting edge description of neurochemical effects of diet (beneficial and harmful effects) in normal human brain and to discuss how present day diet promotes pathogenesis of stroke, AD, PD, and depression in a manner that is useful not only to students and teachers but also to researchers, dietitians, nutritionists and physicians. A diet in sufficient amount and appropriate macronutrients is essential for optimal health of human body tissues. In brain, over-nutrition, particularly with high-calorie diet, not only alters cellular homeostasis, but also results in changes in the intensity of signal transduction processes in reward centers of the brain resulting in food addiction. Over-nutrition produces detrimental effects on human health in general and brain health in particular because it chronically increases the systemic and brain inflammation and oxidative stress along with induction of insulin resistance and leptin resistance in the brain as well as visceral organs. Onset of chronic inflammation and oxidative stress not only leads to obesity and heart disease, but also promotes type II diabetes and metabolic syndrome, which are risk factors for both acute neural trauma (stroke) and chronic age-related neurodegenerative and neuropsychological disorders, such as Alzheimer disease (AD), Parkinson disease (PD) and depression.

Download or read book The Ketogenic Diet written by John Mark Freeman and published by Demos Medical Publishing. This book was released on 2000 with total page 236 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This completely revised and updated third edition includes: new data from clinical studies and laboratory research that has expanded our knowledge about many aspects of the ketogenic diet; a clearer understanding of the best approaches to helping children and their families cope with the limitations and restrictions of the diet based on experience with hundreds of new patients; feedback and dialog from many sources, including neurologists, dietitians, and parents; new and improved menus, including some developed by professional chefs whose children were on the diet; and revised instructions for calculating and managing the diet on a day-to-day basis that reflect the needs of modern dietitians."--BOOK JACKET.