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Book Outlasting the Nazis and Communists

Download or read book Outlasting the Nazis and Communists written by Paul Vantoch and published by . This book was released on 2013-05 with total page 340 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: When Germany invaded Czechoslovakia in 1939, the fate of Paul Vantoch's Jewish father hung in the balance. To save the family business, Eugen Vantoch divorced his wife and went into hiding only to see, after liberation from the Nazis, Czechoslovakia fall under Stalin's harsh Communist doctrine. Paul Vantoch's book offers a revealing and little-known portrait of the life a Mischling (half-breed) in Prague under German occupation, followed by Soviet ideological tyranny. The tightly woven chronicle tells the unforgettable tale of how Paul helped his father survive Hitler's systematic extermination of Jews, and how Paul and his mother escaped the Communists.

Book The German Communists and the Rise of Nazism

Download or read book The German Communists and the Rise of Nazism written by C. Fischer and published by Springer. This book was released on 1991-04-03 with total page 300 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In this radically revisionist work Conan Fischer investigates how the public brawling between Communists and Nazis during the Weimar Era masked a more subtle and complex relationship. It examines the way in which the National Socialists' growth across traditional class and regional barriers came to threaten the Communists on their home ground and forced them to adopt increasingly precarious, compromising strategies to confront this challenge. Encouraged by Moscow, they ascribed a qualified legitimacy to grass-roots Nazism which justified fraternisation with Hitler's ordinary supporters.

Book Communist Resistance in Nazi Germany

Download or read book Communist Resistance in Nazi Germany written by Allan Merson and published by Lawrence & Wishart. This book was released on 1985 with total page 392 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Book Stalinism and Nazism

    Book Details:
  • Author : Henry Rousso
  • Publisher : U of Nebraska Press
  • Release : 2004-01-01
  • ISBN : 0803290004
  • Pages : 352 pages

Download or read book Stalinism and Nazism written by Henry Rousso and published by U of Nebraska Press. This book was released on 2004-01-01 with total page 352 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In this volume Europe?s leading modern historians offer new insights into two totalitarian regimes of the twentieth century that have profoundly affected world history?Nazi Germany and the Stalinist Soviet Union. Until now historians have paid more attentionøto the similarities between these two regimes than to their differences. Stalinism and Nazism explores the difficult relationship between the history and memory of the traumas inflicted by Nazi and Soviet occupation in several Eastern European countries in the twentieth century. ø The first part of the volume explores the origins, nature, and organization of Hitler?s and Stalin?s dictatorial power, the manipulation of violence by the state systems, and the comparative power of the dictator?s personal will and the encompassing totalitarian system. The second part examines the legacies of the Nazi and Stalinist regimes in Eastern European countries that experienced both. Stalinism and Nazism features the latest critical perspectives on two of the most influential and deadly political regimes in modern history.

Book Beating the Fascists

    Book Details:
  • Author : Eve Rosenhaft
  • Publisher : Cambridge University Press
  • Release : 2008-11-06
  • ISBN : 9780521089388
  • Pages : 0 pages

Download or read book Beating the Fascists written by Eve Rosenhaft and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2008-11-06 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In this book Eve Rosenhaft examines the involvement of Communists in political violence during the years of Hitler's rise to power in Germany (1929-33). Specifically, she aims to account for their participation in `street-fighting' or 'gang-fighting' with National Socialist storm-troopers. The origins of this conflict are examined at two levels. First Dr Rosenhaft analyses the official policy of the Communist Party towards fascism and Nazism, and the special anti-fascist and self-defence organizations which it developed. Among the aspects of Communist policy that are explored are the relation between the international confrontation between Communists and Social Democrats as claimants to lead the left, and the implications of this dispute in German politics; the ideological difficulties in the implementation of Communist policy in a period of economic dislocation; and the organizational problems posed by the fight against fascism. Dr Rosenhaft then explores the attitudes and experience of the Communist rank and file engaged in the struggle against fascism, concentrating on the city of Berlin, where a fierce contest for control of the streets was waged.

Book From Hitler to Ulbricht

Download or read book From Hitler to Ulbricht written by Gregory W. Sandford and published by . This book was released on 2017-03-21 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book traces the development of the Communists unique approach to postwar German democratization, showing how the Soviet Union approached the German problem primarily as a task of social and economic restructuring. Originally published in 1983. The Princeton Legacy Library uses the latest print-on-demand technology to again make available previously out-of-print books from the distinguished backlist of Princeton University Press. These editions preserve the original texts of these important books while presenting them in durable paperback and hardcover editions. The goal of the Princeton Legacy Library is to vastly increase access to the rich scholarly heritage found in the thousands of books published by Princeton University Press since its founding in 1905.

Book Communist Resistance in Nazi Germany

Download or read book Communist Resistance in Nazi Germany written by A. Merson and published by New York University Press. This book was released on 1985-04-01 with total page 372 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Book HITLER WAS SOCIALIST  Nazis  Communists  Fascists

Download or read book HITLER WAS SOCIALIST Nazis Communists Fascists written by Johnny Quest and published by No Pledge Publishing. This book was released on with total page 340 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Adolf Hitler was a socialist. Most of what is written about Hitler is deceitfully designed to hide the fact that he touted “socialism” by the very word. Consider the following revelations explained herein (with special thanks to archives of Dr. Rex Curry’s work): 1. Hitler called himself a “Socialist.” The word "Socialist" appears throughout Mein Kampf as a self-description by Hitler. Hitler and his supporters self-identified as “socialists” by the very term in voluminous speeches and writings. 2. Hitler never called himself a "Nazi." There was no “Nazi Party” nor “Nazi Germany” as those are lies to hide the true names of the entities. 3. Hitler never called himself a “Fascist.” 4. The term “Nazi” isn’t in "Mein Kampf" nor in "Triumph of the Will." 5. The term “Fascist” never appears in Mein Kampf as a self-description by Hitler. 6. The term “swastika” never appears in the original Mein Kampf. 7. There is no evidence that Hitler ever used the word “swastika.” 8. The symbol that Hitler did use was intended to represent “S”-letter shapes for “socialist.” 9. Hitler altered his own signature to reflect his “S-shapes for socialism” logo branding. 10. Hitler was influenced by American socialists - the USA's Pledge of Allegiance to the flag was the origin of Nazi salutes and Nazi behavior. 11. The classic military salute (to the brow) also contributed to the creation of the Nazi salute (with the right-arm extended stiffly). 12. Mussolini was a long-time socialist leader, with a socialist background, raised by socialists to be a socialist, and he joined socialists known as “fascio, fasci, and fascisti.” 13. Fascism came from a socialist (e.g. Mussolini). Communism came from a socialist (e.g. Marx). Fascism and Communism came from socialists. 14. German socialists partnered with Soviet socialists to launch WWII, invading Poland together, and going onward from there, killing millions. Hitler, Mussolini, Stalin, Mao, and other tyrants were influenced by propaganda in the USA, including the childish American socialists Francis Bellamy and Edward Bellamy. Both Bellamy cousins wanted government to take over all schools, to teach socialism to all youngsters worldwide. Francis Bellamy was the author of the Pledge of Allegiance to the flag, the origin of the infamous stiff-armed salute adopted later under German socialism and Adolf Hitler. Long before the Deutschland fad began, American schoolchildren were taught to chant in unison and perform the same salute each day in government schools that imposed segregation by law and taught racism as official policy. Anyone who rejected the ritual in the schools was persecuted. “America’s Nazi salute” was often performed by public officials in the USA from 1892 through 1942. What happened to old photographs and films of the American Nazi salute performed by federal, state, county, and local officials? Those photos and films are rare because people don't want to know the truth about the government’s past. TV, newspapers and other MSM will not show a historic photo or video of the early American straight-arm salute nor mention its history and impact worldwide. American youth groups (Scouting) adopted Bellamy's American Nazi salute (with Bellamy’s encouragement) AND saluted swastika badges (卐) worn by fellow scouts. Many Americans were accustomed to “Nazi salutes for swastikas” long before German socialism (and Hitler Youth) adopted similar behavior under Hitler. That helps to explain another inconvenient truth: swastikas were promoted in the US military and worn as a patch on the upper left arm of American soldiers in a fashion that would become uniform under German socialism. There are photos in this book! The military salute was the origin of Nazi salutes, via the USA's flag pledge in government schools. Public officials in the USA who preceded the German socialist (Hitler) and the Italian socialist (Mussolini) were sources for the stiff-armed salute (and brainwashed chanting) in Germany, Italy, and other foreign countries.

Book Little Man  What Now

    Book Details:
  • Author : Hans Fallada
  • Publisher : Melville House
  • Release : 2011-03-29
  • ISBN : 1612190642
  • Pages : 410 pages

Download or read book Little Man What Now written by Hans Fallada and published by Melville House. This book was released on 2011-03-29 with total page 410 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The return of a “superb” forgotten masterpiece about a young couple living in Weimar Germany during the Nazi’s rise to power (Graham Greene) Written just before the Nazis came to power, this darkly enchanting novel tells the simple story of a young couple trying to eke out a devent life amidst an economic crisis that’s transforming their country into a place of anger and despair. It was an international bestseller upon its release, and made into a Hollywood movie—by Jewish producers, which prompted the rising Nazis to begin paying ominously close attention to Hans Fallada, even as his novels held out stirring hope for the human spirit. Ultimately, it is the book that led to Hans Fallada’s downfall with the Nazis. It is presented here in its first-ever uncut translation, by Susan Bennett, and with an afterword by Philip Brady that details the calamitous background of the novel, its worldwide reception, and how it turned out to be, for the author, a dangerous book. “Painfully true to life . . . I have read nothing so engaging as Little Man, What Now? for a long time.” —Thomas Mann

Book Carl Schmitt

    Book Details:
  • Author : Reinhard Mehring
  • Publisher : Polity
  • Release : 2022-01-18
  • ISBN : 9780745652252
  • Pages : 700 pages

Download or read book Carl Schmitt written by Reinhard Mehring and published by Polity. This book was released on 2022-01-18 with total page 700 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Carl Schmitt is one of the most widely read and influential German thinkers of the twentieth century. His fundamental works on friend and enemy, legality and legitimacy, dictatorship, political theology and the concept of the political are read today with great interest by everyone from conservative Catholic theologians to radical political thinkers on the left. In his private life, however, Schmitt was haunted by the demons of his wild anti-Semitism, his self-destructive and compulsive sexuality and his deep-seated resentment against the complacency of bourgeois life. As a young man from a modest background, full of social envy, he succeeded in making his way to the top of the academic world in Germany, and yet he never felt at home in the academic establishment and among those of high social standing. When the Nazis seized power, Schmitt was susceptible to their ideology. He broke with his Jewish friends, joined the Nazi Party in May 1933 and lent a helping hand to Hitler, thereby becoming deeply entangled with the regime. Schmitt was irrevocably compromised by his role as the ‘crown jurist’ of the Third Reich. After the war, he led a secluded life in his home town in the Sauerland and became a key background figure in the intellectual scene of postwar Germany. Reinhard Mehring’s outstanding biography is the most comprehensive work available on the life and work of Carl Schmitt. Based on thorough research and using new sources that were previously unavailable, Mehring portrays Schmitt as a Shakespearean figure at the centre of the German catastrophe.

Book The Great Escape

    Book Details:
  • Author : Kati Marton
  • Publisher : Simon and Schuster
  • Release : 2006-10-17
  • ISBN : 1416542450
  • Pages : 233 pages

Download or read book The Great Escape written by Kati Marton and published by Simon and Schuster. This book was released on 2006-10-17 with total page 233 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The “intensely gripping story” of John von Neumann, Leo Szilard, Arthur Koestler, and six other world-renowned Hungarian Jews who fled the Nazis (The Washington Post Book World). In this book, New York Times–bestselling author Kati Marton tells the stunning tale of nine men who grew up in Budapest’s brief Golden Age, then, driven from Hungary by anti-Semitism, fled to the West, especially to the United States, and changed the world. These nine men, each celebrated for individual achievements, were part of a unique group who grew up in a time and place that will never come again. Four helped usher in the nuclear age and the computer, two were major movie myth-makers, two were immortal photographers, and one was a seminal writer. From a Peabody Award–winning journalist and finalist for a National Book Critics Circle Award, The Great Escape is a groundbreaking, poignant American story and an important untold chapter of the tumultuous last century. “Describes the crossroads where art and politics meet, the perils of dictatorship and the horrors of war, all of it punctuated by the frantic struggle to create the atomic bomb. . . . Deserves a special place on bookshelves alongside Budapest 1900.” —The New York Times Book Review “By looking at these nine lives—salvaged, and crucial—Marton provides a moving measure of how much was lost.” —The New Yorker “[Marton has] a keen understanding of what it means to leave one’s country behind.” —The Seattle Times “A haunting tale of the wartime Hungarian diaspora. . . . Marton writes beautifully.” —Publishers Weekly (starred review) “Filled with a number of wonderful anecdotes.” —Chicago Sun-Times “An engrossing book.” —Library Journal

Book MARX  HITLER  COMMUNISM  NAZISM

Download or read book MARX HITLER COMMUNISM NAZISM written by Micky Barnetti and published by No Pledge Publishing. This book was released on with total page 353 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Karl Marx and Adolph Hitler are always trending on the internet. Their ideas are adored and repeated incessantly on social media and by the mainstream media (MSM). Their books were once considered too dangerous for the general public. But Mein Kampf was a bestseller as recently as 2017. Its popularity grows worldwide. It has always been one of Amazon’s better-selling book titles. Web searches reveal the embarrassing 2018 video “Chinese President Xi Jinping delivers speech on anniversary of Marx’s birth.” In it, Xi openly drooled over the western male racist socialist. China is led around by its nose tied to the same old German who influenced Hitler. Is there any other country of that size that openly worships a foreigner as their great white savior? Marx’s larger-than-life posters are often paired with the outdated hammer and sickle symbol that China parroted from Soviet socialism. How embarrassing. America’s love affair with German philosophy stretches back to the mid-1800s, and farther. Many Americans struggle to bring Germany’s past into the present at every election. MSM polling reports that 70 percent of millennials say they would vote for a candidate who self-identifies the same as Hitler (2019 YouGov poll). Two politicians in the USA (Alexanderia Ocasio Cortez -AOC- & Bernie Sanders -BS) boastfully self-identify the same as Hitler: SOCIALIST. Other politicians gladly adopt and repeat the same ideas even if they are too dishonest to admit that they are socialist. According to another report, 60 percent of Millennials (age 24-39) support a “complete change of our economic system.” Marx and Hitler were both anti-bourgeois and advocated revolution. Many Americans long for the same revolutions. The ideas of the beloved Deutschland duo continue to grow in popularity. Germany’s two top white male racist political philosophers stay in vogue even though their policies remain a mystery. For example, the following facts (with credit to the archives of the historian Dr. Rex Curry) will come as news to most readers: 1. Hitler and Marx were popular in the USA. Two famous American socialists (the cousins Edward Bellamy and Francis Bellamy) were heavily influenced by Marx. The American socialists returned the favor: Francis Bellamy created the “Pledge of Allegiance to the Flag” that was the origin of Nazi salutes and Nazi behavior. The Bellamys were American national socialists. For more on that advance to chapter 6 on “Bellamy salutes.” 2. The classic military salute (to the brow) also contributed to the creation of the Nazi salute (with the right-arm extended stiffly). 3. The Bellamy cousins promoted socialist schools that imposed segregation by law and taught racism as official policy. 4. Hitler and his supporters self-identified as “socialists” by the very word in voluminous speeches and writings. The term "Socialist" appears throughout Mein Kampf as a self-description by Hitler. 5. Hitler never called himself a "Nazi." There was no “Nazi Germany.” There was no “Nazi Party.” Those terms are slang to hide how Hitler and his comrades self-identified: SOCIALIST. 6. Hitler never called himself a “Fascist.” That term is misused to hide how Hitler and his comrades self-identified: SOCIALIST. 7. The term “Nazi” isn’t in "Mein Kampf" nor in "Triumph of the Will." 8. The term “Fascist” never appears in Mein Kampf as a self-description by Hitler. 9. The term “swastika” never appears in the original Mein Kampf. 10. There is no evidence that Hitler ever used the word “swastika.” 11. The symbol that Hitler did use was intended to represent “S”-letter shapes for “socialist.” 12. Hitler altered his own signature to reflect his “S-shapes for socialism” logo branding. 13. Mussolini was a long-time socialist leader, with a socialist background, raised by socialists to be a socialist, and he joined socialists known as “fascio, fasci, and fascisti.” 14. Fascism came from a socialist (e.g. Mussolini). Communism came from a socialist (e.g. Marx). Fascism and Communism came from socialists. 15. German socialists and Soviet socialists partnered for International Socialism in 1939. They launched WWII, invading Poland together, and continued onward from there, killing millions. Soviet socialism had signed on for Hitler’s Holocaust. 16. After Hitler’s death, Stalin continued the plan he had made with Hitler for Global Socialism. Stalin took over the same areas that Hitler had captured. He used the same facilities that Hitler had used. Hitler’s Holocaust never ended. Stalin replaced Hitler. Hitler, Stalin, Mao, Mussolini, and other tyrants were influenced by propaganda in the USA, including the childish American socialists Francis Bellamy and Edward Bellamy. Both Bellamy cousins wanted government to take over all schools, to teach socialism to all youngsters worldwide. Francis Bellamy was the author of the Pledge of Allegiance to the flag, the origin of the infamous stiff-armed salute adopted later under German socialism and Adolf Hitler. Long before the Deutschland fad began, American schoolchildren were taught to chant in unison and perform the same salute each day in government schools that imposed segregation by law and taught racism as official policy. Anyone who rejected the ritual in the schools was persecuted. “America’s Nazi salute” was often performed by public officials in the USA from 1892 through 1942. What happened to old photographs and films of the American Nazi salute performed by federal, state, county, and local officials? Those photos and films are rare because people don't want to know the truth about the government’s past. TV, newspapers and other MSM will not show a historic photo or video of the early American straight-arm salute nor mention its history and impact worldwide. American youth groups (Scouting) adopted Bellamy's American Nazi salute (with Bellamy’s encouragement) AND saluted swastika badges (卐) worn by fellow scouts. Many Americans were accustomed to “Nazi salutes for swastikas” long before German socialism (and Hitler Youth) adopted similar behavior under Hitler. That helps to explain another inconvenient truth: swastikas were promoted in the US military and worn as a patch on the upper left arm of American soldiers in a fashion that would become uniform under German socialism. There are extremely rare photographs in this book!

Book Transnational Nazism

    Book Details:
  • Author : Ricky W. Law
  • Publisher : Cambridge University Press
  • Release : 2019-05-23
  • ISBN : 1108474632
  • Pages : 361 pages

Download or read book Transnational Nazism written by Ricky W. Law and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2019-05-23 with total page 361 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The first English-language study of German-Japanese interwar relations to employ sources in both languages.

Book Imperium

    Book Details:
  • Author : Francis Parker Yockey
  • Publisher : The Palingenesis Project (Wermod and Wermod Publishing Group)
  • Release : 2013-01-14
  • ISBN : 0956183573
  • Pages : 926 pages

Download or read book Imperium written by Francis Parker Yockey and published by The Palingenesis Project (Wermod and Wermod Publishing Group). This book was released on 2013-01-14 with total page 926 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Written without notes in Ireland, and first published pseudonymously in 1948, Imperium is Francis Parker Yockey’s masterpiece. It is a critique of 19th-century rationalism and materialism, synthesising Oswald Spengler, Carl Schmitt, and Klaus Haushofer’s geopolitics. In particular, it rethinks the themes of Spengler’s The Decline of the West in an effort to account for the United States’ then recent involvement in World War II and for the task bequeathed to Europe’s political soldiers in the struggle to unite the Continent—heroically, rather than economically—in the realisation of the destiny implied in European High Culture. Yockey’s radical attack on liberal thought, especially that embodied by Americanism (distinct from America or Americans), condemned his work to obscurity, its appeal limited to the post-war fascist underground. Yet, Imperium transcents both the immediate post-war situation and its initial readership: it opened pathways to a deconstruction of liberalism, and introduced the concept of cultural vitalism— the organic conceptualisation of culture, with all that attends to it. These contributions are even more relevant now than in their day, and provide us with a deeper understanding of, as well as tools to deal with, the situation in the West in current century. It is with this in mind that the present, 900-page, fully-annotated edition is offered, complete with a major foreword by Dr Kerry Bolton, Julius Evola’s review as an afterword (in a fresh new translation), a comprehensive index, a chronology of Yockey's life, and an appendix, revealing, for the first time, much previously unknown information about the author's genealogical background.

Book On Tyranny

    Book Details:
  • Author : Timothy Snyder
  • Publisher : Crown
  • Release : 2017-02-28
  • ISBN : 0804190127
  • Pages : 130 pages

Download or read book On Tyranny written by Timothy Snyder and published by Crown. This book was released on 2017-02-28 with total page 130 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: #1 NEW YORK TIMES BESTSELLER • A “bracing” (Vox) guide for surviving and resisting America’s turn towards authoritarianism, from “a rising public intellectual unafraid to make bold connections between past and present” (The New York Times) “Timothy Snyder reasons with unparalleled clarity, throwing the past and future into sharp relief. He has written the rare kind of book that can be read in one sitting but will keep you coming back to help regain your bearings.”—Masha Gessen The Founding Fathers tried to protect us from the threat they knew, the tyranny that overcame ancient democracy. Today, our political order faces new threats, not unlike the totalitarianism of the twentieth century. We are no wiser than the Europeans who saw democracy yield to fascism, Nazism, or communism. Our one advantage is that we might learn from their experience. On Tyranny is a call to arms and a guide to resistance, with invaluable ideas for how we can preserve our freedoms in the uncertain years to come.

Book Hitler s Final Fortress

    Book Details:
  • Author : Richard Hargreaves
  • Publisher : Stackpole Books
  • Release : 2015-04-01
  • ISBN : 0811715515
  • Pages : 321 pages

Download or read book Hitler s Final Fortress written by Richard Hargreaves and published by Stackpole Books. This book was released on 2015-04-01 with total page 321 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In early 1945, the Red Army plunged into the Third Reich from the east, rolling up territory and crushing virtually everything in its path, with one exception: the city of Breslau, which Hitler had declared a fortress-city, to be defended to the death. This book examines in detail the notorious four-month siege of Breslau. • The first full-length English-language account of the bloody siege • Chronicles the bitter struggle as the Red Army encircled Breslau and eventually pillaged the city, taking savage retribution on the survivors • Details the brutal methods used by the city's Nazi leaders to keep German troops fighting and maintain order

Book Creating German Communism  1890 1990

Download or read book Creating German Communism 1890 1990 written by Eric D. Weitz and published by Princeton University Press. This book was released on 2021-04-13 with total page 465 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Eric Weitz presents a social and political history of German communism from its beginnings at the end of the nineteenth century to the collapse of the German Democratic Republic in 1990. In the first book in English or in German to explore this entire period, Weitz describes the emergence of the Communist Party of Germany (KPD) against the background of Imperial and Weimar Germany, and clearly explains how the legacy of these periods shaped the character of the GDR to the very end of its existence. In Weimar Germany, social democrats and Germany's old elites tried frantically to discipline a disordered society. Their strategies drove communists out of the workplace and into the streets, where the party gathered supporters in confrontations with the police, fascist organizations, and even socialists and employed workers. In the streets the party forged a politics of display and spectacle, which encouraged ideological pronouncements and harsh physical engagements rather than the mediation of practical political issues. Male physical prowess came to be venerated as the ultimate revolutionary quality. The KPD's gendered political culture then contributed to the intransigence that characterized the German Democratic Republic throughout its history. The communist leaders of the GDR remained imprisoned in policies forged in the Weimar Republic and became tragically removed from the desires and interests of their own populace.