Download or read book Opportunistic Premise Plumbing Pathogens written by Joseph O. Falkinham, III and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2023-03-31 with total page 179 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Legionella pneumophila, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Mycobacterium avium are water-borne opportunistic premise plumbing pathogens (OPPPs) that cause human disease of great economic cost. The incidence and prevalence of OPPP-disease caused by these three exemplary OPPPs is increasing at alarming rates. As the first book-length review of OPPPs, this book describes the shared characteristics of the emerging group of water-borne pathogens that are normal inhabitants of drinking water systems and premise plumbing. It discusses the selective conditions of drinking water distribution systems and premise plumbing that have led to the emergence of OPPPs. The text also reviews the results of the studies that describe microbial adaptations leading to survival, persistence, and growth in drinking water distribution systems and premise plumbing.
Download or read book Opportunistic Premise Plumbing Pathogens written by Falkinham and published by Wiley-Blackwell. This book was released on with total page 350 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Customer Messaging on Opportunistic Pathogens in Plumbing Systems written by Sheldon Masters and published by . This book was released on 2018 with total page 111 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "The goal of this study was to develop and validate a series of messages to inform those who maintain building water systems about OPPPs [opportunistic premise plumbing pathogens], with a focus on Legionella, and to offer proven steps they can take to protect themselves (and their tenants) from waterborne disease. More specifically, the project objectives were to (1) identify the target audiences, routes of communication, and messages based on interviews, workgroups, and material review of existing guidelines; (2) host a workshop to elicit experts' review and feedback on messaging materials; (3) refine the messages and routes of communication developed in the workshop; and (4) test the message(s) through pilots in at least three geographical areas."--Page xi
Download or read book Management of Legionella in Water Systems written by National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2020-02-20 with total page 291 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Legionnaires' disease, a pneumonia caused by the Legionella bacterium, is the leading cause of reported waterborne disease outbreaks in the United States. Legionella occur naturally in water from many different environmental sources, but grow rapidly in the warm, stagnant conditions that can be found in engineered water systems such as cooling towers, building plumbing, and hot tubs. Humans are primarily exposed to Legionella through inhalation of contaminated aerosols into the respiratory system. Legionnaires' disease can be fatal, with between 3 and 33 percent of Legionella infections leading to death, and studies show the incidence of Legionnaires' disease in the United States increased five-fold from 2000 to 2017. Management of Legionella in Water Systems reviews the state of science on Legionella contamination of water systems, specifically the ecology and diagnosis. This report explores the process of transmission via water systems, quantification, prevention and control, and policy and training issues that affect the incidence of Legionnaires' disease. It also analyzes existing knowledge gaps and recommends research priorities moving forward.
Download or read book Managing Water Quality in Premise Plumbing written by Md Rasheduzzaman and published by . This book was released on 2021 with total page 183 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Managing water quality in premise plumbing systems, such as water systems in hotels, apartment buildings, and hospitals, is complex and often requires expenses to protect public health. Opportunistic premise plumbing pathogens (OPPPs) such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Mycobacterium avium, and Legionella pneumophila are responsible for a large number of infections and the reported infections are increasing significantly day by day. Nearly 40,000 hospitalizations per year have been reported in the United States, and the cost of treatment for the relevant diseases exceeds $900 million. This thesis work focused on addressing water quality issues in building water systems and providing sustainable solutions to manage the risk of waterborne pathogens. A lack of consensus on current measures and their appropriate application to control these OPPPs is present in the existing literature and guidance documents, which indicates a need for more evidence-based research.To address water quality issues in building water systems, several research efforts have been conducted in this dissertation which include (i) compiling a database for water quality assessment and management through guidance document review and subject matter expert (SMEs) based interviews, (ii) identifying critical operational factors and their appropriate levels to reduce the risk of microbial contamination, iii) performing systematic reviews and meta-analyses of the available evidence to identify the required water temperature, the effective disinfectant and corresponding residual disinfectant levels for effective remediation and control of OPPPs v) eliciting experts' knowledge through implementing a Delphi study to identify control measures for the knowledge gaps and areas of disagreement in managing water quality and to develop best practice guidance based on a consensus of the experts.This thesis is divided into six chapters. Chapter 1 provides general background and current state of the literature knowledge on the water quality issues in building plumbing systems and lays out the specific objectives for this thesis. Chapter 2 identified 11 operational topics as critical for managing water quality in buildings. No one guidance document addressed all these topics, suggesting that a compendium of available guidance is needed. SMEs most frequently recommended temperature and residual disinfectant measurements as good parameters for monitoring overall building water quality. In Chapter 3, qualitative synthesis and quantitative analysis were performed on 13 studies that met our inclusion criteria to identify the effect of temperature on Legionella colonization. Both qualitative synthesis and meta-analyses of the data collected indicated maintaining temperatures ranging from 55°C to 59°C as the required hot water temperature to control Legionella in premise plumbing systems. Similar analyses for residual type and concentration in Chapter 4 identified chlorine as more effective against Legionella than chloramine and found risk-based required residual concentration levels for both chlorine and chloramine. Chapter 5 conducted a modified literature-engaged Delphi study, which identified areas where consensus on water quality management issues in buildings has not been achieved (e.g., disinfectant residual levels, flushing frequency, etc.). The study is useful in guiding future efforts to develop a better-shared knowledge base on these topics. Chapter 6 summarizes key findings and broader implications of the results of this dissertation. The findings will not only provide guidance for stakeholders to manage their building water systems but also add significantly to the knowledge base for providing clean drinking water and protecting public health.
Download or read book Drinking Water Distribution Systems written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2007-01-22 with total page 405 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Protecting and maintaining water distributions systems is crucial to ensuring high quality drinking water. Distribution systems-consisting of pipes, pumps, valves, storage tanks, reservoirs, meters, fittings, and other hydraulic appurtenances-carry drinking water from a centralized treatment plant or well supplies to consumers' taps. Spanning almost 1 million miles in the United States, distribution systems represent the vast majority of physical infrastructure for water supplies, and thus constitute the primary management challenge from both an operational and public health standpoint. Recent data on waterborne disease outbreaks suggest that distribution systems remain a source of contamination that has yet to be fully addressed. This report evaluates approaches for risk characterization and recent data, and it identifies a variety of strategies that could be considered to reduce the risks posed by water-quality deteriorating events in distribution systems. Particular attention is given to backflow events via cross connections, the potential for contamination of the distribution system during construction and repair activities, maintenance of storage facilities, and the role of premise plumbing in public health risk. The report also identifies advances in detection, monitoring and modeling, analytical methods, and research and development opportunities that will enable the water supply industry to further reduce risks associated with drinking water distribution systems.
Download or read book Legionella Contamination in Water Environment written by Silvia Bonetta and published by MDPI. This book was released on 2021-09-01 with total page 298 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Legionella spp. are ubiquitous microorganisms that are widely distributed in aquatic environments. Water systems of large buildings, such as hospitals, hotels, and rental units are often contaminated by legionellae and various parameters such as physical, chemical, and microbial building water system characteristics can influence Legionella occurrence. A range of physical and chemical disinfection methods have been proposed to control Legionella contamination; however, to date, the most effective procedures have not been defined. There is a need to survey legionellae in water systems to prevent legionellosis. Although the assessment of L. pneumophila in water is typically performed by culture isolation on selective media, it has several limits. For this reason, alternative tools for rapid, sensitive, and specific detection of Legionella in water samples have been proposed. In order to increase knowledge on different aspects of Legionella contamination in the water environment, this book gathers research studies related to the occurrence of Legionella in water systems of different environments; the role of different factors that can influence the Legionella contamination, as well as the advantages and disadvantages of different methodological approaches.
Download or read book Operational Factors Influencing Occurrence and Risk Exposure to Pseudomonas Aeruginosa and Legionella Pneumophila from Hospital Water Systems written by Émilie Bédard and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page 241 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Viruses Bacteria and Fungi in the Built Environment written by F Pacheco Torgal and published by Woodhead Publishing. This book was released on 2021-12-02 with total page 350 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Viruses, Bacteria and Fungi in the Built Environment: Designing Healthy Indoor Environments opens with a brief introduction to viruses, bacteria and fungi in the built environment and discusses their impact on human health. Sections discuss the microbiology of building materials, the airborne transmission of viruses and bacteria in the built environment, and plumbing-associated microbiome. As the first book on this important area to be written in light of the COVID-19 pandemic, this work will be a valuable reference resource for researchers, civil engineers, architects, postgraduate students, contractors and other professionals working and interested in the field of the built environment. Elements of building design, including choice of materials, ventilation and plumbing can have important implications for the microbiology of a building, and consequently, the health of the building's occupants. This important new reference work explains the microbiology of buildings and disease control in the built environment to those who design and implement new construction and renovate. Provides an essential guide on the microbiology of buildings, covering bacteria, fungi and viruses on surfaces, in air and in water Comprehensively examines how humidity influences fungal growth in several building materials Includes important information about the airborne transmission of infectious agents Addresses ventilation design to improve human health Presents the first book on disease control in buildings since the COVID-19 pandemic
Download or read book Microbial Growth in Drinking Water Supplies written by Dick van der Kooij and published by IWA Publishing. This book was released on 2013-09-14 with total page 484 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Maintaining the microbial quality in distribution systems and connected installations remains a challenge for the water supply companies all over the world, despite many years of research. This book identifies the main concerns and knowledge gaps related to regrowth and stimulates cooperation in future research. Microbial Growth in Drinking Water Supplies provides an overview of the regrowth issue in different countries and the water quality problems related to regrowth. The book assesses the causes of regrowth in drinking water and the prevention of regrowth by water treatment and distribution. Editors: Dirk van der Kooij and Paul W.J.J. van der Wielen, KWR Watercycle Research Institute, The Netherlands
Download or read book Pathogenic Mycobacteria in Water written by Steve Pedley and published by IWA Publishing. This book was released on 2004-08-31 with total page 264 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Environmental mycobacteria can be found in diverse environments around the world and most appear to exhibit a saprophytic lifestyle. However, some have the ability to infect animals, birds and humans, and have evolved mechanisms by which they can invade and grow within host cells: the pathogenic environmental mycobacteria (PEM). Although the diseases caused by these organisms have been known for many years, it is only recently that the potential significance of PEM as a waterborne pathogen has been appreciated. Pathogenic Mycobacteria in Water describes the current knowledge of the distribution of PEM in water and other parts of the environment. The routes of transmission that lead to human infection are discussed and there is a detailed analysis of the most significant disease symptoms that can follow infection. Many species of PEM are difficult to isolate in culture and so detection and identification rely upon the use modern techniques such as those based on selective nucleic acid amplification (PCR). The classical and modern methods of analysis are described. The book concludes with a discussion of the issues surrounding the control of PEM in drinking-water and the assessment and management of risks. Pathogenic Mycobacteria in Water has been developed from an expert workshop convened by the World Health Organization and the US Environmental Protection Agency. Contents Natural ecology and survival in water of mycobacteria of potential public health significance Environmental sources of Mycobacterium avium linked to routes of exposure Biology of waterborne pathogenic mycobacteria Analytical methods for the detection of waterborne and environmental pathogenic mycobacteria The Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis problem and its relation to the causation of Crohn disease Disseminated infection, cervical adenitis and other MAC infections Skin, Bone, and Soft Tissue Infections Pulmonary infection in non-HIV infected individuals Disease resulting from contaminated equipment and invasive procedures Control, Treatment and Disinfection of Mycobacterium avium Complex in Drinking Water Approaches to risk management in priority settings
Download or read book Modeling Risk for Intranasal Inhalation and Corneal Exposures to Opportunistic Pathogens of Concern in Drinking Water written by Kara Dean and published by . This book was released on 2019 with total page 112 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This study developed dose response models for determining the probability of eye, respiratory or central nervous system infections from previously conducted studies using Naegleria fowleri, Acanthamoeba spp. and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. These opportunistic pathogens have been identified in drinking water and premise plumbing systems, and a lack of dose response models for the appropriate exposure routes of concern has prevented researchers from quantifying the risk they pose to human health. Using the newly developed dose response model for P. aeruginosa, a reverse quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA) was completed to determine the threshold concentrations of P. aeruginosa associated with an annual risk of 10-4 for corneal and inhalation exposures. The results indicated that an average concentration of 1 CFU/L in the bulk water could result in an annual risk greater than the guideline set by the Environmental Protection Agency. The threshold concentration responsible for a 10 -4 risk of pneumonia from P. aeruginosa was 11 orders of magnitude greater than the threshold concentration for bacterial keratitis. Modeling all possible exposure routes of concern for opportunistic pathogens in drinking water is critical, as the exposure route dramatically affects the concentrations of concern. This reverse QMRA and future risk assessments that utilize the dose response models developed in this study can be used to inform decisions on drinking water treatment, monitoring protocols, and future plumbing design.
Download or read book Microbiomes of the Built Environment written by National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2017-10-06 with total page 318 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: People's desire to understand the environments in which they live is a natural one. People spend most of their time in spaces and structures designed, built, and managed by humans, and it is estimated that people in developed countries now spend 90 percent of their lives indoors. As people move from homes to workplaces, traveling in cars and on transit systems, microorganisms are continually with and around them. The human-associated microbes that are shed, along with the human behaviors that affect their transport and removal, make significant contributions to the diversity of the indoor microbiome. The characteristics of "healthy" indoor environments cannot yet be defined, nor do microbial, clinical, and building researchers yet understand how to modify features of indoor environmentsâ€"such as building ventilation systems and the chemistry of building materialsâ€"in ways that would have predictable impacts on microbial communities to promote health and prevent disease. The factors that affect the environments within buildings, the ways in which building characteristics influence the composition and function of indoor microbial communities, and the ways in which these microbial communities relate to human health and well-being are extraordinarily complex and can be explored only as a dynamic, interconnected ecosystem by engaging the fields of microbial biology and ecology, chemistry, building science, and human physiology. This report reviews what is known about the intersection of these disciplines, and how new tools may facilitate advances in understanding the ecosystem of built environments, indoor microbiomes, and effects on human health and well-being. It offers a research agenda to generate the information needed so that stakeholders with an interest in understanding the impacts of built environments will be able to make more informed decisions.
Download or read book Bacterial Pathogens and Their Virulence Factors written by Douglas I. Johnson and published by Springer. This book was released on 2017-11-23 with total page 451 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Bacterial Pathogens and their Virulence Factors contains a detailed description of 32 major bacterial pathogens that affect human health and their associated virulence determinants. Chapter 1 gives an overview of the different types and classes of general virulence factors involved in host cell adherence and invasion, dissemination within the host, host cell damage, and evasion of host defense systems, as well as mechanisms by which these virulence factors are regulated. Chapters 2 through 33 give concise descriptions of the disease states associated with the 32 bacterial genera and their major pathogenic species, along with an in-depth description of the individual virulence factors that have been found to be functionally involved in pathogenicity. A detailed bibliography derived from primary literature and review articles accompanies each of these chapters, allowing the reader to delve more deeply into individual pathogens and their virulence determinants. Chapter 34 discusses the exciting possibilities and initial successes of using detailed information on a pathogen’s virulence toolkit to design new therapeutics aimed at specific virulence traits.
Download or read book Infection Prevention and Control in Healthcare Part I Facility Planning An Issue of Infectious Disease Clinics of North America written by Keith S. Kaye and published by Elsevier Health Sciences. This book was released on 2021-08-06 with total page 329 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Infection Prevention and Control in Healthcare, Part I: Facility Planning, An Issue of Infectious Disease Clinics of North America, E-Book
Download or read book Water Safety in Buildings written by World Health Organization and published by . This book was released on 2011 with total page 146 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Extensive experience shows that poor design and management of water systems in buildings can cause outbreaks of disease. The types of building, water uses, disease outcomes and individuals affected are diverse. The health risks are preventable and can be readily controlled. However, evidence from outbreak detection suggests that the overall trend is increasing. With increasing global urbanization, the overall exposure of the human population to poorly designed or managed water systems in buildings is increasing rapidly. Consequently, the risk of disease outbreaks is also increasing. Actions to reduce the risk of disease should be considered a public health priority. This document provides guidance for managing water supplies in buildings where people may drink water; use water for food preparation; wash, shower, swim or use water for other recreational activities; or be exposed to aerosols produced by water-using devices, such as cooling towers. These uses occur in a variety of buildings, such as hospitals, schools, child and aged care, medical and dental facilities, hotels, apartment blocks, sport centres, commercial buildings and transport terminals. The target audience for this document includes the full range of "actors" who influence the overall safe management of building water supplies. In particular, it is directed at those who design, construct, manage, operate, maintain and regulate building water systems.
Download or read book Antimicrobial Stewardship written by and published by BoD – Books on Demand. This book was released on 2024-06-26 with total page 230 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Over the past many years, new and novel antibiotics have been developed against resistant bacterial species, but their increased clinical usage has led to reduced bacterial susceptibility and increased bacterial resistance to these novel agents. When a new antibiotic is developed, bacterial species initially show susceptibility to the agent, but with the passage of time, as the use of the antibiotic increases, the bacterial species acquire resistance against the drug or even the drug class. This book provides a comprehensive overview of antimicrobial stewardship programs and the obstacles to implementing and maintaining such programs. Antimicrobial stewardship is an important part of a multifaceted approach to preventing the emergence of antibiotic resistance in various microbial species. The book highlights the basic and initial steps necessary for initiating an antimicrobial stewardship program, as well as explores the different strategies of antimicrobial stewardship.
